1. The importance of learning classical Chinese
The most direct importance is: you have to take the exam. If you don’t study and fail the exam, you will be unlucky. (This is a joke)
Classical Chinese is the carrier of China’s thousands of years of cultural accumulation. By studying classical Chinese, you can broaden your horizons and cultivate your own cultural heritage. Chinese civilization has continuity, and Chinese culture is integrated. Much of the knowledge we need now can be found in ancient classics. If you don't know anything about classical Chinese, you won't be able to study it in depth. Moreover, classical Chinese is not something that only those who study liberal arts need to learn. For example, if you want to be a physicist, there is a lot of physics knowledge in ancient documents, which are recorded in the form of essays or notebook novels. You need to refer to these documents, but no one will help you translate them into modern Chinese. You can only hold ancient books and read ancient texts by yourself. For another example, if you want to be an entrepreneur, there are many management philosophies in ancient times that you can learn from, and you need to learn from ancient books. Isn’t it miserable if you can’t understand classical Chinese?
In terms of personal cultivation, by studying classical Chinese, you can improve your own literacy and deepen your own thoughts, which has an impact on your personal temperament and life attitude.
So, if you are interested, study hard. If you are not interested, at least lay a foundation. It will come in handy one day. 2. The meaning of learning classical Chinese
In terms of mastering classical Chinese
Reading other people’s translations and translating yourself are two different things
Although Many have already been translated but are forced to force students to translate it. It is just a process of practice
The meaning of "of" and "of" if you memorize it ten times is not as profound as taking an article and practicing it yourself< /p>
The effect of repeated and boring memorization is definitely not as good as the actual effect of combining it several times... Does the so-called doing it just make you impressed?
As far as the necessity of learning classical Chinese is concerned
I have always felt that many of the ideas of the ancients are still relevant today
There are even many that you can understand at different levels at different ages
< p> Many of them are the essence of ancient people's understanding and grasp of life. It doesn't hurt to see it.Is the significance of learning classical Chinese lies in mastering the means of communicating with the ancients?
There are many things translated. It adds the translator’s understanding (not just classical Chinese)
And the same words used in classical Chinese may be understood differently by everyone. How can you dig into it if you don’t even have a basic understanding? The truth?
In the same realm of "inaction", how many people can have as many kinds of understandings?
You can also say that I can live a good life without learning classical Chinese or even knowing how to read, so why bother to spend so much effort?
Of course, it is also true that what kind of spiritual level determines you? The world in your eyes
So~ It depends on how you understand and choose
-------
But it is useless to say that what is in front of you is useless< /p>
So how many things do you think we can use in the future through exam-oriented education?
In a very utilitarian sense, is it all one point? Then why should we consider the points? Do you still need to consider which part is a waste of time? Just do it 3. The practical significance of learning classical Chinese is about 300 words
The practical significance of learning classical Chinese should be combined with the knowledge of classical Chinese with the humanistic thoughts and aesthetic values ??contained in the text. The emotions, situations, and language in the text are organically unified, allowing us to cultivate our sentiments, enrich our knowledge, enhance our sense of beauty, and cultivate our understanding of classical Chinese and our initiative in learning while mastering classical Chinese and reading and writing methods.
1. Understand the relationship between the long history and practical significance of classical Chinese. In the process of creating the history of civilization for more than 5,000 years, the Chinese nation has left volumes of immortal chapters through the hard work of generations of literati.
These works can be described as profound and profound to us later scholars, but they cause great learning difficulties because of their age. In addition to the difference in grammatical structure, another main reason is that we have difficulty understanding the historical background of classical Chinese and the profound truth contained in it.
It requires us not to just learn from word explanations, grammatical structures, and chapter layout, but also to go through the background of the times when the work was produced as detailed and vividly as possible, and to enter the era when the article was produced, so that we can learn from it. I have the feeling of being at the scene, so I can understand why the author is angry and sighing, and I have the urge to explore how the author narrates and demonstrates. We should also be sensible, talk about the past and the present, integrate the emotions and reasoning expressed in classical Chinese into our own state of mind, appreciate the beauty of its language, appreciate its thoughts and emotions arising from events, and the literati who have endured through the ages and have influenced the present. thoughts, and then understand the historical and cultural accumulation and practical significance contained in the article.
2. Understand the relationship between the profoundness and vividness of classical Chinese.
The splendid classical literature shows us the unique value of our country's ancient history and culture, reflects the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, formed a swaying literary style, and created an unparalleled rich and beautiful national language.
After we have a certain ability of image thinking and aesthetic taste, we should fully experience the artistic conception and beauty of ancient literature with both text and quality, and both form and spirit. The methods are: (1) *** recitation.
Use sound to convey emotions and express both emotions, so that you can integrate yourself into the artistic realm created by the author and experience the emotions and situations contained in the work; (2) Situational feelings. There are many chapters in middle school classical Chinese essays, all involving the famous places and historic sites of the motherland, such as Yueyang Tower, Tengwang Pavilion, Shizhong Mountain, Xiaoshitan, Lantan, etc. Through the appreciation of the content, we should understand the richness and variety of life in the author's writings and enjoy the beauty of nature. Beautiful scenery, and how to use language to describe life, turning the ancient "love and scenery" into a vivid situation that can be seen before the eyes, heard by the ears, and thought through in the mind, and then feel the artistic conception of the work, and achieve the goal of transforming the deep into the simple. , the learning effect of turning virtual reality into reality.
3. Clarify the relationship between the classical Chinese learning process and life enlightenment. The purpose of selecting a large number of classical Chinese texts in middle school texts is not only to cultivate our preliminary ability to read classical Chinese texts, but also to enable us to learn to appreciate excellent classical literary works, absorb excellent cultural and moral cultivation from them, and shape a perfect personality.
If you can not be afraid of the difficult language in the learning process, but actively integrate yourself into the "beautiful, intelligent and interesting" learning environment created by the teacher, and integrate yourself into the "friendly, helpful and happy" "The teacher-student interpersonal relationship stimulates the subjective initiative of one's own learning, absorbs historical and humanistic ideas, pays attention to one's own value orientation, "translates the text into feelings" and "uses analysis to promote evaluation", so that you will be able to reflect the direct beauty with excellent works , profound philosophy, and ideological sparks to enlighten yourself to establish a correct outlook on life and values, and to develop your own excellent qualities of persistent pursuit of truth, career, and perfect personality. 4. What is the most important thing to learn ancient Chinese well
How to learn classical Chinese. In the two sets of high school Chinese textbooks recommended by the Ministry of Education’s Basic Education Department, the teaching of classical Chinese accounts for 40% of the entire teaching content, and is relatively Concentrated in the first grade of high school.
Among them, the high school "Chinese Experimental Textbook" for the first grade has 6 units in each of the two semesters, and classical Chinese accounts for 3 units each; the "High School Chinese Experimental Textbook" for the first grade focuses on classical Chinese teaching throughout the year. , the upper and lower volumes each contain 4 units. As the total amount of classical Chinese teaching expands and the requirements increase, this article would like to share some ideas on how to learn classical Chinese well based on the specific requirements of the syllabus.
The newly revised "Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Full-time Ordinary Senior High Schools" puts forward the following requirements for classical Chinese teaching: recite classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and sentences and the ideological content of the works, and recite certain Quantity of famous articles. Focus on mastering the usage of 150 common classical Chinese content words, 18 classical Chinese function words and important classical Chinese sentence patterns in the text.
The requirements of the teaching syllabus have two basic meanings: one is the requirements and methods for reading classical Chinese, and the other is the accumulation and mastery of basic knowledge of classical Chinese. The following examples are explained separately.
First of all, the requirements and methods for reading classical Chinese are, in a nutshell, reading, understanding, and reciting. Reading, understanding, and reciting are the core, the key, and the foothold of classical Chinese learning.
The so-called recitation, Mr. Zhu Ziqing once said: "Recitation is a teaching process, the purpose is to cultivate students' understanding and writing ability. When teaching, the teacher first reads, then the students follow, and then the students read. Students practice reading, and sometimes they have to recite. In addition to reciting, they can look at the book. It can be seen from this that in recitation teaching, apart from the teacher's model reading, all the students have to do is "read along" and "read along." "Practice reading", "recite" and "look at the book (read)". In other words, recitation is an active inquiry learning process in which students actively participate under the guidance of teachers.
Among them, reading is the key. To read, you must first listen to the teacher's reading.
What should you learn from the teacher's model reading? Please read Mr. Liang Shiqiu's recollection of his teacher Mr. Xu Jincheng's lecture: After Mr. Xu introduced the author, he recited the full text. This recitation was very interesting. ...Whether it is ancient Chinese or vernacular, he recited it word for word, as if an actor was reciting his lines, and he seemed to express all the meaning contained in the words.
He read it with a tone, a clear sense, emotion, momentum, and cadence. After listening to it, we seemed to have understood half of the meaning of the original text. It may be an exaggeration to say that a good article makes a sound like a stone, but it must be catchy, which is true.
It can be seen from here that the tone, flatness, emotion, momentum, cadence and hidden meaning of the article must be expressed through recitation. When students listen to the teacher's model reading, they are also about to obtain the first and most intuitive impression and understanding of this aspect of the article, thereby stimulating their own desire to read in order to further "understand the meaning of the words and the ideological content of the work." purpose.
The tone, flatness, emotion, momentum, cadence and the meaning contained in the words, etc., cannot be read at once. They are students who constantly listen to the model reading, follow the reading, and practice It is gradually realized, comprehended and perceived in the process of reading and reciting. Pay special attention to the following points: First, the pronunciation must be correct.
This is due to the fact that there are many rare characters in classical Chinese, and there are also common characters, polyphonic characters and broken pronunciation. Generally speaking, the pronunciation of these words is indicated in the text annotations, so you must read them carefully according to the phonetic notation.
Here I want to focus on the issue of "broken reading". The so-called "broken reading" is a method of changing the pronunciation of characters (words) to distinguish different meanings or parts of speech.
For example, when "clothes" is used as a noun, it is pronounced yī, and when used as a verb (to dress), it is pronounced yì; when "food" means eating, it is pronounced shí, and when it means giving someone to eat, it is pronounced sì. However, some broken pronunciations have now entered modern Chinese and have been noted in dictionaries. For example, the word "good" (adjective) for beautiful is pronounced hǎo, the word "ho" (verb) for hobby is pronounced hào, and the word "good" (verb) for hobby is pronounced hào, and the word "difficult" (difficult) is pronounced in dictionaries. The adjective) is pronounced nán, the "difficulty" of disaster is pronounced nàn, etc.
Some broken pronunciations are no longer distinguished. For example, "Ye" in Ye Gonghaolong, which used to be pronounced shè, can now be read as yè. Mastering breaking reading is very necessary to analyze the parts and meanings of words and deepen the understanding of classical Chinese.
Second, pay attention to the pause. Includes mid-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses.
Being able to correctly distinguish mid-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses shows a correct understanding of the sentence level and main idea, which must be achieved through recitation during the training of understanding the meaning of words and sentences. In addition, pay attention to reading the tone, reading the gesture, etc.
In fact, recitation is a learning process in which, on the basis of preliminary understanding, the text is read over and over again, gradually deepening the understanding, until it can be recited. We do not agree with tedious grammatical analysis and mechanical memorization of nouns and terms in the study of classical Chinese, nor do we advocate rigid implementation of the so-called words and sentences.
We advocate that when learning classical Chinese, you should feel it through recitation, comprehend it through recitation, accumulate language materials during recitation, and finally make classical Chinese a part of your own language habits. In such a learning process, reading, memorizing, and understanding proceed simultaneously.
What we mean by understanding classical Chinese mainly refers to the overall understanding and grasp of the content of the article. This understanding and grasp should: ① focus on the content of the entire article; ② focus on the communication of textual meaning; ③ focus on the chapters of the article.
As for recitation, this is also determined by the particularity of classical Chinese learning. Memorizing words, understanding the meaning of words and sentences, and grasping the ideological content of works can only be achieved by reciting them thoroughly.
Moreover, concepts and rules are not the most important in language learning. Memorizing the rules does not mean that you can speak, write, and read; language learning is about practicing, applying, and then understanding. Therefore, Chinese language learning requires recitation, while classical Chinese learning emphasizes recitation.
Being able to "read classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, and understand the meaning of words and sentences and the ideological content of works" mainly relies on the continuous accumulation of recitation. Therefore, the newly revised Chinese teaching syllabus for primary schools, junior high schools, and high schools all have quantitative provisions on recitation.
Among them, primary school recited 80 ancient poems, junior high school recited 20 classical Chinese poems and 50 ancient poems, and high school recited 20 ancient poems and 50 poems. All these passages must be recited until they are memorized, and they must be thoroughly understood by heart to achieve the above-mentioned reading of classical Chinese. 5. 300 words of reflections on learning classical Chinese
Since elementary school, we have been exposed to and studied classical Chinese. Due to the age, Bai Juyi's so-called "old ladies can understand" poems are inevitably a bit obscure and difficult for us to read. But along the way, the gains and significance emerged unconsciously.
We have been reciting the "Three Character Classic" since we were babbling, reading "At the beginning of human beings, nature is good", and listening to our parents telling stories about "dogs save dogs" and "yellow fragrance warms the mat". After reading "Wen Zhengming's Calligraphy Practice", I was deeply moved by his learning spirit of "taking ten books a day as a guide and making great progress in writing".
When we enter high school, we study more and more famous classics in classical Chinese. I feel more and more how necessary it is for Chinese people and young people who want to make progress to learn classical Chinese.
Read "Zengguang Xianwen": sheep have the kindness of kneeling to breastfeed, and crows have the meaning of feeding back. We clearly understand that we must honor our parents. Reading "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" everyone in the world knows that taking is taking, but no one knows that taking is taking. I learned that giving to others is also a kind of gain. Reading "Gongsun Longzi" and seeing an insult but not fighting is an insult. It teaches us that it is a shame to not stand up when justice is insulted and bullied. Reading "Mencius", the old and the old are related to the old, and the young and the young are related to the young. Reading "Zhuangzi", the friendship between gentlemen is as light as water, while the friendship between villains is as sweet as sweet wine. Read "Zuo Zhuan", read "The Doctrine of the Mean", read Fan Zhongyan's "Be worried about the world first, and be happy after the world is happy".
By studying classical Chinese, I directly understood the history and the thoughts of the ancients. Much of the knowledge that Chinese people must know comes from classical Chinese. Three mountains and five mountains, three emperors and five emperors...
However, it is undeniable that when faced with the ideas and concepts of the ancients, we must seek truth from facts and understand them based on the historical background of the time. However, the reference effect it brings to us is absolutely undeniable.
The past serves the present, inherit and develop. Traditional Chinese medicine is a medicine that originated in China and has the characteristics of holistic concept, syndrome differentiation and treatment. It undoubtedly inherits our country's traditional culture very well. Even during the Cultural Revolution, traditional Chinese medicine continued to develop with the support of party and state policies as a medical example of "serving the past for the present". In modern times, traditional Chinese medicine is still one of the common methods of treating diseases in China. Classical Chinese has always been a required subject in the traditional Chinese medicine examination. Traditional Chinese medicine emerged from primitive society, and the theory of traditional Chinese medicine in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods has been basically formed. Regarding medicine alone, what a wealth of wisdom is contained in classical Chinese!
The Chinese nation is a nation with a long history. Five thousand years of long history are condensed in written classics. There are infinitely rich materials embodying the wisdom of the ancients in classical Chinese. Of course, studying these classic articles will have a positive effect and influence on our self-cultivation.
As sons and daughters of the Chinese nation, it is our unshirkable obligation and responsibility to carry forward the traditional culture of our motherland. As middle school students, in the process of inheriting and developing traditional culture, we can increase the charm of our conversation, broaden our horizons, and enrich our knowledge. Why not? 6. 400-word essay: The pain and joy of learning ancient Chinese
In today's increasingly fierce social competition, the talent recruitment market can be said to be "crowded" with talents, but there are still many college graduates who have difficulty finding jobs. So the students are working hard for their future. But in the face of this situation, some people shouted "Happy learning". In this regard, my point of view is: learning is both painful and happy.
From chiseling the wall to stealing light, hanging beams on the head, and stabbing the buttocks; from Fan Jin's madness with joy to the tragedy of Kong Yiji; from Sun Shan's repeated failure in the exam to Confucius's study tours...all kinds of examples illustrate this. The image of hard study, either success or failure. It is true that "only by enduring hardship can one become a master." "The edge of a sword comes from grinding, and the fragrance of plum blossoms comes from the bitter cold." "Three feet of ice does not freeze in one day." There is truth in these famous sayings that warn people to learn to endure hardship. Only after the young buds break through the seed coat with all their strength and endure the wind and rain can they bloom into dazzling flowers; only after the silkworm chrysalis breaks out of the shell with its wet body can it transform into a dancing butterfly; Only after experiencing the pain of broken wings again and again can the young eagle possess the graceful posture of soaring in the sky... Similarly, we who are young and ignorant can only make our lives bright and bright after studying hard.
Studying hard is necessary, but today, when quality education is vigorously promoted, it is no longer a requirement for us to just immerse ourselves in study. Learning knowledge in happiness and enjoying happiness in learning are what we advocate. Interest is the best teacher. Only when we are interested in learning and can feel happiness from learning can we like learning and learn to learn. On the contrary, if we have no interest in learning and feel that learning is a burden, then we will be disgusted with learning and even feel tired of learning, let alone climb to the peak of success and reach the other side of our ideal.
Here, the "pain" and "pleasure" of reading are not contradictory. People who know how to learn are the wise men who truly study hard, study happily, and enjoy hardship. Nowadays, more and more schools advocate cooperative learning and activate the classroom atmosphere. In this kind of class, students can discuss and explore each other, and their personal thoughts and emotions can be fully expressed; they can also sing and dance in class to show off their talents; they can also gain experience from social practice Theoretical knowledge and practical ability. Such a unique teaching method makes students feel the joy of learning. However, they also have the spirit of hard work. They carefully understand the teacher's ideas, study learning methods with concentration, and consolidate the knowledge they have learned in a timely manner. Students in the 21st century have thoroughly understood the true meaning of learning and demonstrated it to the fullest.
Learning, suffering and happiness, is the true connotation and the best method of learning. 7. What is the most important thing to learn ancient Chinese well
How to learn classical Chinese Department of Basic Education, Ministry of Education Among the two recommended sets of high school Chinese textbooks published by the People's Education Press, the teaching of classical Chinese accounts for 40% of the entire teaching content, and is relatively concentrated in the first grade.
Among them, the high school "Chinese Experimental Textbook" for the first grade has 6 units in each of the two semesters, and classical Chinese accounts for 3 units each; the "High School Chinese Experimental Textbook" for the first grade focuses on classical Chinese teaching throughout the year. , the upper and lower volumes each contain 4 units. As the total amount of classical Chinese teaching expands and the requirements increase, this article would like to share some ideas on how to learn classical Chinese well based on the specific requirements of the syllabus.
The newly revised "Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Full-time Ordinary Senior High Schools" puts forward the following requirements for classical Chinese teaching: recite classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and sentences and the ideological content of the works, and recite certain Quantity of famous articles. Focus on mastering the usage of 150 common classical Chinese content words, 18 classical Chinese function words and important classical Chinese sentence patterns in the text.
The requirements of the teaching syllabus have two basic meanings: one is the requirements and methods for reading classical Chinese, and the other is the accumulation and mastery of basic knowledge of classical Chinese. The following examples are explained separately.
First of all, the requirements and methods for reading classical Chinese are, in a nutshell, reading, understanding, and reciting. Reading, understanding, and reciting are the core, the key, and the foothold of classical Chinese learning.
The so-called recitation, Mr. Zhu Ziqing once said: "Recitation is a teaching process, the purpose is to cultivate students' understanding and writing ability. When teaching, the teacher first reads, then the students follow, and then the students read. Students practice reading, and sometimes they have to recite. In addition to reciting, they can look at the book. It can be seen from this that in recitation teaching, apart from the teacher's model reading, all the students have to do is "read along" and "read along." "Practice reading", "recite" and "look at the book (read)". In other words, recitation is an active inquiry learning process in which students actively participate under the guidance of teachers.
Among them, reading is the key. To read, you must first listen to the teacher's reading.
What should you learn from the teacher's model reading? Please read Mr. Liang Shiqiu's recollection of his teacher Mr. Xu Jincheng's lecture: After Mr. Xu introduced the author, he recited the full text. This recitation was very interesting. ...Whether it is ancient Chinese or vernacular, he recited it word for word, as if an actor was reciting his lines, and he seemed to express all the meaning contained in the words.
He read it with a tone, a clear sense, emotion, momentum, and cadence. After listening to it, we seemed to have understood half of the meaning of the original text. It may be an exaggeration to say that a good article makes a sound like a stone, but it must be catchy, which is true.
It can be seen from here that the tone, flatness, emotion, momentum, cadence and hidden meaning of the article must be expressed through recitation. When students listen to the teacher's model reading, they are also about to obtain the first and most intuitive impression and understanding of this aspect of the article, thereby stimulating their own desire to read in order to further "understand the meaning of the words and the ideological content of the work." purpose.
The tone, flatness, emotion, momentum, cadence and the meaning contained in the words, etc., cannot be read at once. They are students who constantly listen to the model reading, follow the reading, and practice It is gradually realized, comprehended and perceived in the process of reading and reciting. Pay special attention to the following points: First, the pronunciation must be correct.
This is due to the fact that there are many rare characters in classical Chinese, and there are also common characters, polyphonic characters and broken pronunciation. Generally speaking, the pronunciation of these words is indicated in the text annotations, so you must read them carefully according to the phonetic notation.
Here I want to focus on the issue of "broken reading". The so-called "broken reading" is a method of changing the pronunciation of characters (words) to distinguish different meanings or parts of speech.
For example, when "clothes" is used as a noun, it is pronounced yī, and when used as a verb (to dress), it is pronounced yì; when "food" means eating, it is pronounced shí, and when it means giving someone to eat, it is pronounced sì. However, some broken pronunciations have now entered modern Chinese and have been noted in dictionaries. For example, the word "good" (adjective) for beautiful is pronounced hǎo, the word "ho" (verb) for hobby is pronounced hào, and the word "good" (verb) for hobby is pronounced hào, and the word "difficult" (difficult) is pronounced in dictionaries. The adjective) is pronounced nán, the "difficulty" of disaster is pronounced nàn, etc.
Some broken pronunciations are no longer distinguished. For example, "Ye" in Ye Gonghaolong, which used to be pronounced shè, can now be read as yè. Mastering breaking reading is very necessary to analyze the parts and meanings of words and deepen the understanding of classical Chinese.
Second, pay attention to the pause. Includes mid-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses.
Being able to correctly distinguish mid-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses shows a correct understanding of the sentence level and main idea, which must be achieved through recitation during the training of understanding the meaning of words and sentences. In addition, pay attention to reading the tone, reading the gesture, etc.
In fact, recitation is a learning process in which, on the basis of preliminary understanding, the text is read over and over again, gradually deepening the understanding, until it can be recited. We do not agree with tedious grammatical analysis and mechanical memorization of nouns and terms in the study of classical Chinese, nor do we advocate rigid implementation of the so-called words and sentences.
We advocate that when learning classical Chinese, you should feel it through recitation, comprehend it through recitation, accumulate language materials during recitation, and finally make classical Chinese a part of your own language habits. In such a learning process, reading, memorizing, and understanding proceed simultaneously.
What we mean by understanding classical Chinese mainly refers to the overall understanding and grasp of the content of the article. This understanding and grasp should: ① focus on the content of the entire article; ② focus on the communication of textual meaning; ③ focus on the chapters of the article.
As for recitation, this is also determined by the particularity of classical Chinese learning. Memorizing words, understanding the meaning of words and sentences, and grasping the ideological content of works can only be achieved by reciting them thoroughly.
Moreover, concepts and rules are not the most important in language learning. Memorizing the rules does not mean that you can speak, write, and read; language learning is about practicing, applying, and then understanding. Therefore, Chinese language learning requires recitation, while classical Chinese learning emphasizes recitation.
Being able to "read classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, and understand the meaning of words and sentences and the ideological content of works" mainly relies on the continuous accumulation of recitation. Therefore, the newly revised Chinese teaching syllabus for primary schools, junior high schools, and high schools all have quantitative provisions on recitation.
Among them, primary school recited 80 ancient poems, junior high school recited 20 classical Chinese poems and 50 ancient poems, and high school recited 20 ancient poems and 50 poems. Read all these passages until they are memorized, and become familiar with them by heart, reaching the level of classical Chinese mentioned above.