Question 2: What does frugal training mean to show health? What is the main point of this article? What's the purpose? Cultivating Self-cultivation is a prose work by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty. It is a family instruction written by Sima Guang to his son Sima Kang, teaching him to advocate frugality.
The article first writes that Sima Guang himself did not like extravagance and waste when he was young, but paid attention to thrift, and kept his word. Then, modern customs tend to be extravagant and pay attention to ostentation and extravagance, which is quite different from the early Song Dynasty. They praised Li Wenjing, Lu Zongdao and Zhang Wenjie's thrifty words and deeds, and pointed out that Daxian's frugality was far-sighted, not beyond the reach of extravagant mediocrity. Then, citing Yu Sun's words in the Spring and Autumn Period, it explains the inevitable consequences of "frugality" and "extravagance" in theory, which makes the article more in-depth. Finally, six examples of ancient people and modern people are cited, and through the comparison of positive and negative facts, a profound truth is explained: thrift can make a name for itself, and extravagance will bring about its own failure. Finally, make a summary with "practicing calligraphy" and point out the theme. The full-text reasoning is thorough, well-founded, profound and far-reaching, and the repeated use of contrast enhances the persuasiveness of the article.
The first paragraph shows that the author did not like extravagance and waste when he was young, and advocated frugality; Although ridiculed by the world, I don't think I'm sick. At the beginning of the article, the author first explained his family background, explaining that frugality is the consistent style of their family, paving the way for teaching future generations to practice thrift to maintain a good family style at the end. Then give three examples to show that I don't like extravagant personality and style; First, I don't like to wear colorful clothes with gold and silver since I was a child; Second, when you are admitted to the Jinshi, you don't wear flowers when you attend the Wenxi banquet. He was a flower when he persuaded him to leave. The third is to eat clothes and vegetables all my life, but when I am covered with my cold stomach and laughed at by others, I don't regard this as a defect. The article is written for children, in which I listed my own life stories and put forward my own views, which are kind and touching.
The second paragraph laments the extravagance of customs in recent years, which is quite different from that in the early Song Dynasty, and then says that people in high positions should not go with the flow. At the beginning, the author lists the specific manifestations of luxury customs: first, the clothes are still gorgeous; Second, the diet tends to be fine and plump, compared with the literati banquets in the early Song Dynasty and in recent years. Food and clothing, the rest can be imagined. Enumerating the other two points has played an inferential role. Finally, with a rhetorical question, he euphemistically criticized the high-flying people for going with the flow.
In the third paragraph, Li, Lu and Zhang praised the words and deeds of advocating frugality in the early Song Dynasty and praised the great sage's foresight, which was beyond the reach of mediocre people. After pointing out the extravagance of customs in recent years, the author cites the thrifty examples of great sages in the early Song Dynasty to compare the differences between customs in recent years and those in the early Song Dynasty. Li Ling, the prime minister, only allowed horses to circle in the first hall in advance. He doesn't think it is too narrow, but thinks it is already very wide as a place to offer sacrifices and ceremonies for God's blessings. When I attended Lu Zongdao, I had to entertain guests in a restaurant because my family was poor. Since becoming a prime minister, Zhang Zhi still enjoys life as he did when he was a judge in Heyang. These three people are in high positions and can be thrifty. This foresight left a deep impression on the author.
The fourth paragraph quotes Yu Sun's words to explain the inevitable consequences of thrift and luxury. By comparing the extravagance of customs in recent years with the frugality of great sages in the early Song Dynasty, this paper highlights the extravagance of customs in recent years from both positive and negative aspects. On this basis, the author quotes Yu Sun, a doctor of the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and points out that thrift is a common behavior of virtuous people. People live frugally, so there are fewer selfish distractions. When people live in luxury, there will be more selfish distractions. Therefore, when they become officials, they are bound to take bribes, go to the countryside for the people and steal other people's property. This explains the inevitable consequences of thrift and luxury. The relationship between thrift and luxury is self-evident.
The fifth paragraph, based on the positive and negative facts and citing the deeds of six ancient people and contemporary people, shows that thrift can make a name for itself and extravagance will fail. Finally, the whole article is accompanied by an explanation.
The article first describes that I have always regarded frugality and simplicity as a virtue, and I don't think much of others' ridicule, and that I am not pretending to be different from the secular, but in line with my own temperament; I also recall the old days when the literati's official banquets were generally frugal during the reign of saints, and lamented the increasingly extravagant atmosphere in recent days. Then, taking the frugality virtue of people of insight in this dynasty as an example, it is explained that "it is difficult to go from frugality to luxury and from luxury to frugality"; Quote the teachings of the ancients and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of "frugality" and "extravagance"; Finally, based on the historical facts of the ancients' frugality and extravagance, this paper expounds that frugality can make a fortune, while extravagance will ruin the family, encouraging future generations to be frugal and abstain from extravagance and maintain family style. Although the theory is to save the lives of future generations, it is still of guiding significance to future generations. The full text is plain and natural, clear as words, widely quoted and thoroughly reasoned. Although he warned future generations, he didn't seriously exhort them, but wrote it in the kind style of the old man looking back and comparing the past with the present, without ... >>
Question 3: What does the basic idea mean? Five minutes to the sea (1989) has two interpretations of the word "idea". One is "thinking". The result of thinking activities ",and the second is" Greek concept ". Usually refers to ideas. Sometimes it also refers to the general image left by appearances or objective things in the human brain. "(Cihai 1367) Through the investigation of English idea, it is found that -ide is sometimes used as a suffix, which means" ... compound "or" composition ". However, the English meaning of the word idea is as much as 10. There are only four usages here. (1) a picture in my mind; (2) Imagination, guessing and sense of probability; (3) concept, rational concept, concept (a philosophical usage refers to a perfect and eternal prototype, and reality is its perfect copy. ); (4) understanding. These usages can be divided into two levels. First, a concept or viewpoint in a general sense. For example, we can say, "I have an idea, an idea, an idea, an idea" or "My opinion, an idea and an idea are ……"; The second is the concept or theory in the philosophical sense. We often use a general view or concept, that is, our views and beliefs about education and teaching. In order to better understand the meaning of the word "idea", we look for its equivalent in English, or we all translate those English words into "idea". In fact, we often translate the word idea into "opinions, opinions, ideas and ideas", but rarely into "ideas". The English equivalents of the word "idea" are as follows: concept, concept, idea, idea, idea, thought, impression. In these words, concepts and ideas are used to form ideas on a large scale, meaning "formulated ideas formed in the mind; Systematic and exact ideas or concepts ",which is what we usually call" concepts ". For example, we are familiar with New Concept English. In fact, we can also translate it into "New Thought English", but in the 1960s, we didn't use the word "thought" to express a new idea. Idea is the most comprehensive and widely used one. Sometimes, it can represent an "image" or something conceived from a little bit of information that has never been perceived. The word "thought" refers to obvious intellectual activities, especially to the conclusion drawn after thinking and reasoning, which is different from simple observation, feeling or desire. Concepts generally refer to vague, general or even absurd ideas. Impression refers to the vague ideas, memories or beliefs left in the mind by external things. In English, in addition to the above words, philosophy, opinions and beliefs are the most commonly used words, and reason is also used in some occasions. For example, teaching perspective, teaching philosophy, or my teaching philosophy, personal views on teaching and learning. The most typical one is Dewey's my educational creed. [1] Philosophy does not refer to "philosophy" here, but refers to the basic views and opinions of someone or something. Perspective in this case, in addition to "viewpoint, concept, view, idea", also means "vision, prospect". To sum up, whether it is used in Chinese or English, "idea" is actually our views, opinions and beliefs about something. In many cases, ideas and concepts can be used together. For example: "First, we believe that the new educational concept is external ... >>"
Question 4: What is the theme of Zhuangzi? 1. Philosophical thought
(1) His cosmology and epistemology. Zhuangzi did not specifically discuss the world outlook, but only discussed it in "The Master" and "The Theory of All Things". "The Great Master" said: "The husband is affectionate and trustworthy, doing nothing is invisible; It can be passed on without being granted, and it can be obtained without being visible; Since its roots, there is no heaven and earth, and it has existed since ancient times; Ghosts were born; Before Taiji, it was not high, under the great pole, not deep, born, not long, longer than ancient but not old. " Zhuangzi's interpretation of Tao inherited Laozi's theory that Tao is nature. He clearly expounded the essential function of Tao: "Tao" is "sentient and faithful", but it is "doing nothing but being invisible, being passed on without teaching, being obtained without seeing". "Tao" is the ontology of the universe, which produces the root of all things. Tao is absolutely beyond time and space, "born but not long, longer than ancient but not old", which plays a particularly important role. He believes that the essence of Tao is matter, which is "qi" in a turbid state, and this "qi" has no fixed form and is called "nothing". This material Tao is the foundation of the world. Zhuang Zhou's Tao actually refers to the universal spirit that transcends subjective consciousness and is not dominated by any force.
Zhuangzi also said that everything can be born and explored the formation of the universe. The chapter "Tian Yun" quotes natural phenomena such as the movement of heaven and earth, the contention between the sun and the moon, and the transformation of clouds and rain, and puts forward a lot of questions about the operation of things, but it finally shows that the production of things belongs to the Tao. Finally, everything is said to be spiritual. What is spirit and what is matter can sometimes be combined into one, and there is no difference. Zhuang Zhou also believes that "things" can be differentiated, differentiation is generation, and generation is destruction. "Its points also, into also; Its success has also been destroyed. Everything is nothingness and destruction, it is one. " He integrated "the division of things" with "life and death together", which showed the consistency of his views.
Zhuangzi also elaborated the concepts of "no self", "no work" and "no name" in the following chapters: chasing after the tour, autumn water and being in heaven and earth. "No self" is to think of yourself as illusory. Forget all the foreign things in your mind, even your own skeleton. "Reactive power" and "nameless" mean opposing people's pursuit of fame and fortune.
In addition, there is an important concept in his philosophy, which is "inaction". Specifically, there is nothing better than the monarch's inaction. Jun mainly moves with things, walks with the sky, does nothing, and everything will rise. For example, he said, the ancient kings ruled the world without desires and demands, and the world was rich. Only by doing nothing can a monarch govern the world. The article "Heaven" says: "Here, the emperor is also virtuous; From this point of view, the same is true of Su Sheng's way of publicizing the king (a moral quality that is admired by the whole world instead of the emperor). In this way, I retired and wandered around, and the people of the mountains and rivers (hermits) served, so that I could join the WTO (be an official), help the world (govern the people), and then become famous and unify the world. " This passage shows that we are not absolutely opposed to fame, but regard inaction as the greatest fame.
The book "Zhuangzi" starts from the argument of "nothing", and then denies the difference between right and wrong, size, dignity, usefulness and uselessness. So there is no right or wrong in the world, and there is no objective standard to judge right or wrong. "The Theory of Everything" said: "Yes, yes, yes. He is also right and wrong, and this is also right and wrong. " This is a typical relativistic view. From the above, it can be seen that the Tao in Zhuangzi can give birth to all things, and all things will eventually disappear. The invisible Tao produces all things unknown in the world, and finally achieves "nothing to be done" and absolute "nothing".
The philosophical theme of Zhuangzi, "Governing by Doing Nothing", belongs to the category of idealism and is a negative idea of managing the world. However, in the era of Zhuang Zhou's life, facing the ugly and dirty social phenomenon, he resented this world and could not find a realistic way out, so he had to resign himself to fate.
(2) The dialectical thought in Zhuangzi is extremely profound, which is also one of the essences of his philosophical thought. First of all, it is believed that the change of things lies in their own movement. The chapter "Heaven" says: "Heaven moves (moves) without accumulation (stagnation), so everything becomes (life); Daoyun emperor has nothing to accumulate, and the world belongs (joins); There is no accumulation of sacred roads, so take the sea. " It is pointed out that the movement of the sky and the movement of the king are non-stop. The power of sports lies in itself. The article "Autumn Water" says: "Things are alive, and if they rush, they will not move, and they will not move at any time." Zhuangzi deeply realized that heaven and earth, kings, people and things are constantly changing.
The viewpoint of the unity of opposites in Zhuangzi holds that there is a contradictory unity of opposites between things. Once again, autumn water is >>
Question 5: What is the content? What are the contents of the Four Books and Five Classics?
For hundreds of years, the "Four Books" have been widely circulated in China, and many of them have become popular aphorisms. The Four Books refer to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and The University. Among them, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are collections of speeches by Confucius, Mencius and their students respectively, while Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean are two books in The Book of Rites. Zhu, a famous scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, first linked the two. However, before Zhu, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi had strongly advocated these books. They believe that "University" is an important book of Confucius' "the door for beginners to enter Germany" and was compiled by Confucius' students. The Doctrine of the Mean is a book "Confucius teaches the mind", and it is a pen, which is written by Confucius' grandson Zisi. Together with The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, these two books express the basic ideology of Confucianism and are the most important documents for studying and treating Confucianism. It is from this perspective that Zhu compiled four books: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University and The Doctrine of the Mean. Because they came from four representatives of early Confucianism, namely, Confucius, Zeng Shen, Zi Si and Mencius, they were called "Four Books" for short. Zhu annotated these four books respectively, among which the annotations of Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean were called "chapters and sentences", while the annotations of The Analects and Mencius were called "concentrated notes" because they quoted many other people's sayings. It is worth noting that the order of Zhu's four books was originally The University, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean, which was arranged in the order of learning from the shallow to the deep. Later generations put The Doctrine of the Mean before The Analects of Confucius because the length of Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean was short. In order to facilitate printing and publishing, it became the order of Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius.
The Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Yijing and Chunqiu. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, and * * * contains 305 poems of the Zhou Dynasty. Originally called "Poetry" or "Poetry 300", Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty began to call "The Book of Songs". The existing Book of Songs was handed down by Mao Heng in the Han Dynasty, so it is also called Mao Shi.
It is said that all the poems in The Book of Songs are lyrics that can be sung at that time. According to the nature of music, it can be divided into wind, elegance and praise. The "Wind" is composed of Nan Zhou, Zhao Nan, Gao Feng, Yong Yufeng, Feng Wei, Feng Wang, Qifeng, Wei Feng, tang style, Qin Feng, Martin, Guifeng, Cao Feng and Zhuifeng, and is called the Fifteen-Country Wind. Most of them are folk songs in the Yellow River valley, and a few are works processed by nobles. "Elegance" includes Xiaoya and Daya, *** 105 articles. Ya is basically a noble work, and only a part of Xiaoya comes from the folk. Ode includes Zhou Song, Truffle and Shang Ode, with a total of 40 articles. Ode is a lyric used in court sacrifice. Generally speaking, folk songs are lively and lively, and the poems of court nobles are dwarfed by them, and there is not much poetry. The Book of Songs is the source of China's poetry and the glorious starting point of China's poetry history. It has many forms: epic, satirical poem, narrative poem, love song, war song, carol, holiday song and labor ballad. Rich in content, it reflects all aspects of social life in the Zhou Dynasty, such as labor and love, war and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and feasting, and even astronomical phenomena, landforms, animals and plants. It can be said that The Book of Songs is a mirror of Zhou society. The language of The Book of Songs is the most important material to study the general situation of Chinese from the 6th century BC to the 6th century BC.
Zhou Li Ji
Zhou Li, also known as Zhou Guan or Zhou Guan Jing, is one of the Confucian classics. Confucianism regards poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, Yi, Yue and Spring and Autumn as six classics. Confucius chose these classics as teaching materials when he was given lectures by his disciples. However, the rites and music taught by Confucius are quite different from the old rituals full of superstition. He believes that "music" teaching can make people "broad and easy to be good"; The teaching of "rites" can make people "respectful and frugal" (see Book of Rites? After the solution "). Confucius also said, "If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand." ("The Analects? In Confucius' view, if you don't learn etiquette, you won't have a social foundation. So be sure to "reciprocate" ("The Analects of Confucius? Taber "). The four books and five classics contained in the ceremony cover a wide range, from national laws and regulations to personal codes of conduct. Now we can see The Book of Rites, including Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji. The Book of Rites talks about the official system of the Zhou Dynasty, and the Book of Rites talks about various ceremonies (such as coronation, weddings and funerals, sacrifices, etc. ), and The Book of Rites is a record of Confucius' students and future generations learning the Book of Rites, which is related to the nature, significance and function of the ceremony. Dongfang ... >>
Question 6: What schools of modern management theory mainly include? What are the main viewpoints of various schools? 1 What are the main schools of modern management theory? Reference answer:
(1) Management College Process. The founder of this school is Joe Farr. Its main feature is to link management theory with managers' functions. They believe that no matter what kind of organization, the functions of managers are the same.
(2) Empirical school. The representatives are Drucker and Dale. They advocate studying management problems by analyzing experience. Many scholars believe that positivism is essentially a method of imparting management knowledge, which is called "case teaching". Practice has proved that this is a very effective method to train students to analyze and solve problems.
(3) System management school. According to this school, organization is an open social and technical system, which consists of several interrelated elements, which are influenced by the environment, which in turn affects the environment. It consists of five subsystems: goal and value, structure, technology, social psychology and management. It is pointed out that the whole organizational system must be taken as the starting point of research management, and the knowledge of various schools should be comprehensively used to study the major subsystems and their relationships. The school of systems management has broken through the limitation of previous schools to study management only from a local perspective, expounded the essence of management from the perspective of the whole organization, and made contributions to the development of management science.
(4) School of decision theory. The representative is Simon. This school believes that management is decision-making. The whole process of management activities is a decision-making process, and the characteristic of management is decision-making; Decision-making is the main task of managers, and managers should pay attention to decision-making problems.
(5) School of Management Science. Management science school advocates using mathematical symbols and formulas to make planning decisions and solve problems in management; Management is the application of management science in management; Information system is a computer-controlled system, which provides information for managers.
(6) Contingency theory school. This school believes that there is no absolutely correct method and no universally applicable theory for the management of an organization due to the interaction between various parts of the organization and the influence of the external environment. Any theory and method is neither absolutely effective nor absolutely ineffective. Which theoretical method to adopt depends on the actual situation and environment of the organization.
Question 7: What are the typical views about people's physical and mental development? Who is its representative and what is its basic point of view? Typical viewpoints are genetic determinism, environmental determinism and two-factor nutrition theory.
(1) The representatives of genetic determinism are Gordon in Britain and Hall in America. Their basic view is that human development is determined by the instinct of the same person, and the acquired environment and education only play a role in accelerating or delaying. Its typical remark is that two heritages are worth a ton of education.
(2) The representative figure of environmental determinism is American Metaphysics, and its basic view is that human development is determined by the acquired environment. His typical remarks: "Give me a dozen healthy children and an environment dominated by me, and I can guarantee that no matter who their ancestors are, I can train them into any kind of people, or politicians, soldiers, lawyers, or beggars and thieves."
(3) The representatives of the two-factor theory are Wu Weishi of the United States and Stellen of Germany. Their basic view is that human development is determined by heredity and environment. Stellen once assumed that heredity is long, environment is vast, and development is twice as wide as long.
Question 8: What are the most basic contents, standpoints, viewpoints and methods of Marxism? The basic contents of Marxism include basic positions, viewpoints and methods.
The basic position is to uphold the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.
The basic viewpoint is the world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism.
The basic method is to proceed from reality and seek truth from facts.
Question 9: What are arguments and arguments? Argument, also called judgment, in logic, argument is a judgment whose authenticity needs to be confirmed. It is the author's views, opinions and attitudes on the issues discussed. It is the center of the whole argumentation process, shouldering the task of answering "what to demonstrate" and clearly indicating what the author is in favor of and against.
In a long article, arguments are divided into central arguments and sub-arguments.
The central argument is the author's most basic view of the problem under discussion. It is the most important ideological viewpoint put forward by the author in the article, and it is a high generalization and concentration of all arguments.
Sub-arguments are some ideological viewpoints subordinate to and used to elaborate the central argument. Every argument also needs to be demonstrated. Any argument that is proved to be effective becomes a powerful argument at the center of the argument.
Argument is used to prove the basis of an argument. In logic, it is a judgment to determine the truth of a topic. In the proof, it undertakes the task of answering "why".
According to its nature and characteristics, debate can be divided into factual debate and theoretical debate. Factual argument is a true description and generalization of objective things, which has a direct and realistic character, so it is the most convincing argument to prove the argument. The so-called "facts speak louder than words" is the truth. The factual arguments include individual cases, general cases and figures. Theoretical arguments refer to those viewpoints that come from practice and have been proved and tested by long-term practice and come to a correct conclusion. Including the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism and * * * thought, the party's line, principles and policies in different periods, scientific definitions, laws, general axioms, common sense, idioms and proverbs.