Category: Culture/Art>> Historical Topics
Problem description:
Who can give me a commentary about the Great Wall? Please help. I need it urgently. ·····! ! ! ! ! !
Analysis:
1 The main aesthetic features of the Great Wall's architectural art
The traditional Chinese cosmology believes that "one yin and one yang are called Tao." This traditional Chinese cosmology is embodied in traditional Chinese aesthetics as elegance and magnificence, in short, feminine beauty, which is the so-called "apricot blossom, spring rain, Jiangnan"; Masculine beauty is the so-called "horse, autumn wind, northern Hebei". The beauty of the Great Wall belongs to masculine beauty, that is, magnificence. Magnificence is characterized by majesty, strength, grandeur, and ruggedness, and wins with momentum. Beauty is characterized by softness, elegance, quietness, harmony, and is known for its interest. The Great Wall and "Li
Sao", Li Du's poems, Han Yuwen, Su Xin's poems, as well as Wei stele in calligraphy, Qin terracotta warriors in sculpture, Yungang, Longmen and Leshan
Buddha statues, the Forbidden City in architecture, etc., embody a "Heavenly Movement" momentum and strong artistic appeal. If
the feeling process of feminine beauty has the characteristics of "moisturizing things silently", then the works of masculine beauty will shock people's hearts in an instant
. Judging from the functions of these two forms of beauty, it can be said that feminine beauty focuses on affecting the inner world and spiritual and sentimental cultivation of individual personality. It is important for perfecting an independent and complete personality. of great significance. And
masculine beauty is of immeasurable value and significance in inspiring the self-confidence of a nation, inspiring the spirit of a nation, and thus promoting the progress of history.
"No one has died since ancient times, and his loyalty will be remembered by history." Wen Tianxiang's famous poem inspired countless people with lofty ideals to sacrifice their lives for the country. Tragic and hard-working. The masculine beauty represented by the Great Wall has this deep connotation that affects historical creativity. ?
The masculine beauty of the Great Wall, or its magnificence and sublime beauty, comes from the majestic momentum formed by its huge external volume.
The Great Wall has conquered countless admirers with its majesty, majesty and majesty stretching thousands of miles. The discoverer of the Trojan Plateau described in Homer's epic "The Iliad", the famous modern archaeologist Silliman said when he saw the Great Wall of China for the first time
Such amazing praise: whether it is "from the peaks of the volcanoes of Java, from the tops of Sierra Nevada in California, from the tops of the Himalayas in India, from Goti in South America. "The magnificent scenery" I have seen on the plateau "can never be compared with the beautiful and majestic painting unfolding in front of me now. I am surprised and shocked"
"To me, it is like the mythical creation of the giants before the flood." The Great Wall is magnificent and majestic "a hundred times more than I imagined
". The moment everyone sees the Great Wall for the first time, they will be shocked by the way the Great Wall swallows mountains and rivers. This is the main aesthetic feature of the Great Wall's architectural art.
The architectural art of the Great Wall. Judging from the several places I have been to, the architectural art of the Great Wall is very great. First, the types of buildings are very complete. There may be all architectural forms, all kinds of cities at various levels, and towns in various places. city. For example, Datong City, one of the nine towns in the Ming Dynasty, has many city walls, towers, temples, and government offices, and its artistic level is extremely high. The "Dai Wang" of the Ming Dynasty was sealed in Datong. The Dai Wang Mansion is now gone. The color of the Nine Dragon Wall in the Dai Wang Mansion in Datong is faded and inferior to that of the Beijing Nine Dragon Wall, but its artistic value is higher than that in Beijing. Take Shanhaiguan as an example. The tower of "the first pass in the world" is very majestic. Take Xuanhua, Hebei Province, which was a Xuanfu town in the Ming Dynasty. The architectural art of the Drum Tower and Bell Tower there is remarkable. There used to be many watchtowers in Zhangjiakou and Datong, and the brick carvings on the watchtowers were very exquisite. The enemy tower at Simatai is built very high and majestic on a very small terrain. Yulin, one of the nine towns in the Ming Dynasty, has many buildings, platforms, temples, yamen, etc. Its architectural layout, structure, sculptures, and artistic value are very high. This point still needs to be studied carefully.
Some people say that the Great Wall is just a majestic project and not an art. This is wrong. In fact, the Great Wall has a lot of artistic content. It should be said: the majestic momentum of the Great Wall, the great engineering, and the exquisite art. Indeed, the Great Wall is not only a project, but also contains great architectural art.
(Compiled based on recording)
Characteristic forms and styles with aesthetic value in Chinese architecture. From the early Qin Dynasty to the mid-19th century, it was basically a closed and independent system.
The style has not changed much for more than 2000 years, and it is generally called ancient Chinese architectural art.
After the middle of the 19th century, with the changes in the nature of society, foreign architecture, especially
a large number of Western architecture, made Chinese architecture more comparable to world architecture
With more contacts and exchanges, the architectural style has undergone drastic changes, commonly known as Chinese modern architectural art.
Ancient Chinese architectural art
Ancient Chinese architectural art developed maturely in feudal society. It is mainly composed of Han
wooden structures, and also includes various minorities. The outstanding national architecture is
a unique art system with the longest history, the widest distribution area and a very obvious style in the world. Ancient Chinese architecture had a direct impact on the ancient architecture of Japan, Korea and Vietnam. After the 17th century, it also had an impact on Europe.
Comparing artistic characteristics with ancient European architectural art, ancient Chinese architectural art
has three most basic characteristics: ①Aesthetic value and political and ethical value
of unity. Buildings with high artistic value also play a role in maintaining and strengthening
social, political, ethical systems and ideologies. ② Rooted in profound
traditional culture, showing a distinct spirit of humanism. All components of architectural art, such as scale, rhythm, composition, form, character, style, etc., are all based on the aesthetic psychology of contemporary people and can be appreciated by people. Harmony
There are no ups and downs, weird and incomprehensible images. ③Overall
Very holistic and comprehensive. Excellent architectural works in ancient times were almost all integrated into an overall image, from the overall environment to a single seat, by incorporating all factors and techniques that may have constituted architectural art at that time. A house, from the exterior sequence
to the interior space, from the color decoration to the ancillary art, every part is not
dispensable. If one of them is removed, it will not be the same. It damages the overall effect.
The specific manifestations of these basic characteristics are:
Attach importance to the overall management of the environment. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has had the concept of
the overall management of the built environment. Although not all of the planning systems for Ye, Du, Bi,
Township, Lu, Li, Yi, Qiu, Dian, etc. in "Zhou Li" may become a reality, at least they This shows that there was already a large-area planning concept for systematic planning at that time.
"Guanzi·Chengma" advocates that "any capital must be built not under the mountains, but above Guangchuan", which shows that the environmental relationship must be considered when choosing a city location. China's Kanyu theory originated very early. Apart from the superstition, most of it focuses on the relationship between environment and architecture. Ancient cities paid attention to the unified management of the city
and its surrounding environment. Qin Xianyang encompasses Beiban in the north, runs through the Weishui River in the middle, and reaches Nanshan in the south. At its peak, it reached two to three hundred miles from east to west. It is a super-scale urban environment.
Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), Beijing (Ming and Qing Dynasties) and other famous capitals, their business scope is also far away Beyond the city walls; even general prefectures, prefectures, and counties,
also include the suburbs in the overall urban environment and layout them in a unified manner. Important scenic spots
such as the Five Mountains and Five Towns, famous Buddhist and Taoist mountains, gardens in the suburbs, etc. also put
environmental management in the first place; the imperial mausoleum area puts even more emphasis on it. Feng Shui geography, most of the buildings in these places rely on the environment to show their artistic charm.
The single image is integrated into the group sequence. The single building form in ancient China
is relatively simple, and most of them are stereotyped styles. The isolated single building is not
< p>Constitute a complete artistic image, and the artistic effect of the building mainly relies on the group sequenceto obtain it. When a palace is used as a foil in a sequence, its shape will not be too big and its image may be relatively plain, but if it is used as the main body, it may be very tall. For example, there are not many styles of individual buildings in the Beijing palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but
through different spatial sequence transformations, each individual building shows its independence in the whole.
character.
The structural technology and artistic image are unified. The wooden structure of ancient Chinese architecture
The system is highly adaptable. This system consists of four columns, two beams and two beams to form a basic frame called a room. The rooms can be connected left and right, front and back, and can be stacked up and down. They can be randomly combined or modified to form octagonal,
hexagonal, circular, fan-shaped or other shapes. There are two types of roof structures: lifting beam type and bucket type. No matter which type, the roof can be curved without changing the structural system, and the roof can be made with curves at the corners. Cornered cornices can also be made into double eaves,
hooked, interspersed, draped and other styles.
The artistic shape of a single building is mainly expressed through the flexible arrangement of spaces and the various styles of curved roofs. In addition, the components of the wooden structure can be easily carved and painted to enhance the artistic expression of the building.
Therefore, the beauty of the shape of ancient Chinese architecture is also reflected in the beauty of the structure to a large extent.
Roof frame styles of ancient Chinese buildings
Standardization and diversification are unified. Chinese buildings are mainly made of wooden structures to facilitate the production, installation and evaluation of components
Engineering calculations and materials will inevitably lead to component specifications
, which will also promote modular design. As early as the "Kao Gong Ji" in the Spring and Autumn Period, there were buds of standardization and modularization, and it was relatively mature in the Tang Dynasty.
By the third year of the Song and Yuan Dynasties (1100), the "Building Code" was completely modularized.
It was fully finalized. The Ministry of Engineering Practice Code
Example has been further simplified. The standardization of buildings promotes the unification of architectural
styles and ensures that each building can reach a certain level of art
. Standardization does not limit the sequence composition too much, so the standardization of single buildings and the diversification of group sequences can go hand in hand. As a space art, it is obviously progress. mature phenomenon. The individual buildings in ancient China
seem to lack a little variety, but the group combinations are varied. The reason is the high degree of unity between standardization and diversity.
Roof structure styles of ancient Chinese buildings
Poetic natural gardens Chinese gardens are an outstanding achievement of ancient Chinese architecture
and are also an outstanding achievement in the art of gardens in the world. important typical example.
Chinese gardens are based on nature, absorbing the essence of natural beauty, and injecting
the aesthetic taste of people with rich cultural literacy, adopting the architectural space composition method
Techniques to typify natural beauty and turn it into garden beauty. The emotion contained in it is poetic and picturesque; the spatial composition technique used is a sequence design of free
flexibility and smooth movement. Chinese gardens pay attention to "the skill lies in the borrowing of causes, and the essence lies in the appropriateness." It attaches great importance to the subtle calculation of the scenery and the scenery, so as to organize a rich ornamental picture. At the same time, it also simulates natural landscapes to create special techniques of stacking mountains and clearing water
. Whether it is earth, mountains, rocks, or connected mountains and rivers, it can make the painting more profound and interesting. Meaningful.
Pay attention to the political and ethical content of ancient Chinese architectural art
and require it to show a distinctive character and specific
symbolism. Meaning, there are many techniques used for this purpose. The most important thing is to use the environment
to render different moods and atmospheres, so that people can get a variety of aesthetic feelings;
The second is to stipulate different building levels, including volume, color , style,
decoration, etc., are used to express the social system and architectural content; at the same time, we also try our best to use
many concrete ancillary arts, as well as the words on plaques, couplets and inscriptions, to reveal
Indicate and explain the character and content of the building. Important buildings, such as palaces, altars, temples, temples, etc., also have specific symbolic themes. For example, Qin Shihuang created Xian Yang, using the palace to symbolize Ziwei, the Wei River to symbolize Tianhan, and the pond dug in Shanglin Garden to symbolize Penglai in the East China Sea. Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty built the Old Summer Palace, the Summer Resort and the Eight Outer Temples in Chengde, which simulated important buildings and scenic spots across the country and symbolized the unity of the inner and outer worlds. Ming
The upper circle of the hall and the lower one have five rooms and twelve halls, symbolizing all things in the world. The composition of some □mass temples
symbolizes the Buddhist world of Mount Xumi, etc.
Art form The art form of ancient Chinese architecture is composed of the following factors
:
The unfolding spatial sequence. Chinese architectural art is mainly group composition
p>
The art of cooperation, the connection, transition and conversion between groups constitute a rich
spatial sequence. Most of the wooden structure houses are low-rise (mainly single-story), so the group sequence is basically laid out horizontally. The basic unit of space is the courtyard, which has three forms: ① The cross axis is symmetrical, and the main building is placed in the center. This kind of courtyard is mostly used for high-standard, commemorative buildings. There are not many ritual buildings
and religious buildings with strong character; ②The vertical axis is the main one, and the horizontal axis is the supplement. The main building
is placed at the rear. Siheyuan or three-heyuan are formed, which are widely used in everything from palaces to small residences, with the largest number; ③ The axis is zigzag, or there is no obvious axis, and it is mostly used in garden space. Sequences are divided into regular and free forms.
The most outstanding representative of the existing regular sequence is the Beijing Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In the free-style sequence, some courtyards are integrated into the environment, and the rhythm of the sequence changes
is slower, such as the buildings in imperial cemeteries and natural scenic areas; there are also courtyards
It blends into the landscape, flowers and trees, and the rhythm of sequence changes is tight, such as an artificially managed garden
Forest. But no matter which sequence it is, it is composed of preface, transition, ending, and conclusion
with a coherent rhythm.
Group combination types of ancient Chinese buildings
Individual shapes with fixed specifications There are more than a dozen names for single buildings in ancient China
But most of them are different in form Not big, there are three main types: ① Hall,
The basic plane is rectangular, there are also a small number of squares, perfect circles, and rarely appear alone; ② Pavilion, the basic plane It is a square, perfect circle, hexagonal, octagonal, etc.
shape, which can be independent from the group; ③Corridor, mainly used as individual seats
?
2
The Great Wall is the epitome of the Chinese nation’s climbing and a symbol of the Chinese nation’s civilization. The Great Wall is one of the architectural wonders of the world. It crisscrosses the east, west, south and north and stretches across the vast land of China. The distance between east and west is more than 5,000 kilometers, so it is called the Great Wall. It is the "only visible man-made project" on the moon. It is also the number one scenic spot in China and a representative of China's tourist spots. It is listed in the "Great Wall" by UNESCO. World Cultural Heritage List.
Since the Yan Kingdom began to build the Great Wall, the Great Wall has a history of more than 2,000 years. What people see today is the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, which starts from Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu Province in the west and ends at the Yalu River in the east. Badaling is a representative section and the peak of the Great Wall, with an altitude of more than 1,000 meters. It is one of the tourist attractions. The Great Wall has an average height of 7.8 meters and a top width of 7.8 meters. It can accommodate five horses riding abreast and ten columns parallel.
Tourists who visit China will not want to go and climb the Great Wall to see the majesty of the Great Wall. The most ideal place to visit the Great Wall is Badaling on the outskirts of Beijing. After leaving Beijing and heading northwest, it takes about an hour by car to reach Badaling, which is more than 1,000 meters above sea level. Juyongguan of the Great Wall strangles the mountain pass of Badaling.
The construction of the Great Wall began in the 7th century BC. At that time, the princes in northern China were divided into separate kingdoms. In order to defend against the invasion of neighboring princes, they built sections of defensive walls in their respective territories. At the same time, the three vassal states of Yan, Zhao, and Qin were adjacent to the nomadic Xiongnu tribe in the north. In order to defend against the harassment of the Xiongnu slave owners, the three kingdoms each built the Great Wall on their weakest side. . In the 3rd century BC, Qin Shihuang unified China and connected sections of the Great Wall to form the basis of the current Great Wall. Later, after successive additions and constructions, by the Ming Dynasty, it became what it is now. It starts from Shanhaiguan on the Bohai Bay in the east, passes through Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to Jiayuguan in Gansu. It passes through high mountains and valleys and stretches for more than 12,000 miles, so it is called the Great Wall.
In ancient times, when transportation methods were extremely backward, it was really a great thing to build such a huge project. In particular, it is not an ordinary earth wall, but made of neat strips of stone and solid blue bricks. Some people have calculated that if the bricks, stones and earth used in the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty were built into a wall 2 meters thick and 4 meters high, it could circle the earth once. Needless to say, firing these bricks and delivering them to the construction site through rugged mountain roads is already a very huge project. Therefore, anyone who visits the Great Wall will be moved by the great courage and perseverance of the ancestors.
Passes, city walls, city towers and beacon towers
The Great Wall consists of four parts: passes, city walls, city towers and beacon towers. Passes are generally built in dangerous places, and Juyong Pass is an outstanding representative. The Great Wall near Juyongguan and Badaling has an average wall height of 7.8 meters and a maximum height of 14 meters. The outer sides of the walls are generally built on steep cliffs to increase the difficulty of siege. Not far away, there is an arch, called "Quanmen". The soldiers guarding the city came up and down from here. The top of the city wall is 5.8 meters wide and can accommodate five horses riding together. The city platform is a group of square buildings higher than the top of the wall every 300 to 500 meters. It is a place where patrols and funerals are held. The beacon tower is dedicated to conveying military information. It is stipulated that raising one smoke and firing one cannon indicates the arrival of about 100 enemies; raising two smokes and firing two cannons indicates the arrival of about 500 enemies; raising three smokes and firing three cannons means more than 1,000 people... In this way, the enemy's situation thousands of miles away can be conveyed. The court was informed within a few hours.
The Juyongguan Great Wall is built in the middle of a 15-kilometer-long valley, with overlapping mountains on both sides, lush trees, blooming mountain flowers, and magnificent scenery. As far back as the Jin Dynasty 800 years ago, it was listed as one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing. First, it is called "Juyong Greenery". Juyongguan is the gateway to Beijing from the north. It has the momentum of "one man can guard the pass, and no one can open it". In the center of Juyongguan, there is still a beautifully carved white marble platform called "Yuntai". During the Yuan Dynasty, three stone towers were built on this platform, which were destroyed at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. After the destruction of the three pagodas, another courtyard was built on this platform, named "Tai'an Temple". This temple was burned down by fire during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and only the base - Yuntai remained.
Inside the coupon gate of Yuntai, there are four heavenly kings carved on the stone wall, with exquisite carvings and expressive postures; there are also Buddhist scriptures carved in six languages: Sanskrit, Tibetan, Mongolian, German, Western Xia and Chinese.
To visit the Badaling Great Wall, you can take a special tour bus from the city, which is more expensive but more comfortable, and you can visit the Ming Tombs at the same time. The road from Beijing to Badaling has been repaired and made flat and wide. You can also go there by train, which leaves at 7:40 am and takes more than 2 hours.
Badaling is popular with tourists, with an average of more than 10,000 visitors a day