This quotation includes 3 1 chapter. Among them, the famous sentence is: "Going out is for the public, and entering is for the father and brother"; "The afterlife is awesome, how do you know that the newcomer is not now"; "the three armies can win the handsome, but the ordinary man can't win the ambition"; "If you are cold, you will know that it is a pine and cypress carving"; "The knower is not confused, the benevolent is not worried, and the brave is not afraid." This paper involves Confucius' moral education thought; Confucius disciples' evaluation of their teachers; In addition, some activities of Confucius are described.

.............. Original: 9 1 Zi Han (1) Yan Li and (2) Life and Benevolence.

Note (1) Rare: rare, rare. (2) and: approval and affirmation.

Confucius seldom talked about interests, but he was in favor of destiny and benevolence.

Comment on Zi Han's Talk about Profit shows that Confucius despises "Profit". In the Analects of Confucius, we also see that he talked about "benefit" in many places, but he basically advocated "the view of justice and benefit" and "emphasizing justice and neglecting benefit". It can be said that Confucius rarely talked about "profit". In addition, this chapter says that Confucius agrees with "fate" and "benevolence", which shows that Confucius attaches great importance to this. When Confucius talks about "fate", he often associates "fate" with "heaven", that is, "destiny", which is an integral part of Confucius' thought. Confucius also talked about "benevolence", which is the core of his thought. We also commented on this in the previous chapter, please refer to it.

The unknown learned man (2) After hearing this, the son said to his younger brother, "What can I do? Hold on, okay? How about shooting? I'm under control. "

Note (1) Daxiang Party: In ancient times, 500 households were one party, and Daxiang was the party name. It means the people in this place, the big party. (2) erudite but not famous: knowledgeable, so you can't praise him in some way.

Some people in the Dafang Party said, "Confucius is really great! He is knowledgeable and cannot be praised for his expertise in one aspect. " Confucius listened and said to his students, "What should I specialize in?" ? What about driving? Or archery? I had better drive. "

There is another explanation for the sentence "learn without fame" in this chapter, that is, "learn widely, but unfortunately no one is famous for his skills." People who hold this view believe that Confucius is great on the surface, but in fact he is not knowledgeable. He knows everything and knows nothing. In this regard, we feel that the accusation seems a bit demanding.

Today is also pure (2) and frugal (3). I follow the crowd. Worship 4, courtesy also; Thank you today, Thai (5) also. Although it is aimed at the public, I am at the bottom. "

Note (1) Hemp crown: a hat made of linen. (2) Pure: silk and black silk. (3) Thrift: Thrift, hemp is labor-intensive and silk is thrifty. (4) Bow down: Before meeting the monarch, the minister bowed down under the hall, and then bowed down in the hall. (5) ty: here refers to arrogance and arrogance.

Confucius said, "A hat made of linen conforms to the rules of etiquette. Now everyone uses black silk, which is more economical than in the past. I agree with everyone's approach. (I see the monarch) First of all, you should bow down under the hall, which is also in line with the ceremony. Now everyone bows their heads in class, which is a sign of arrogance. Although it is different from everyone's practice, I still advocate worshipping in the hall first. "

Commenting on Confucius' favor of replacing hemp hat with thrifty black silk hat, but opposing the practice of bowing only in class when facing the monarch, it shows that Confucius does not stubbornly insist that everything should conform to the rules of Zhou Li, but is unwilling to give in to his principle, because bowing involves the big problem of "the defense of the monarch" and is essentially different from wearing a hat.

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Note (1) means: guess, guess and doubt. (2) must: must. (3) solid: stubborn. (4) Me: This refers to selfishness.

Confucius put an end to four evils: no subjective suspicion, no expectation of realization, no stubbornness and no selfishness.

Comment on "Juesi" is a major feature of Confucius, which involves people's moral concepts and values. Only by doing this first can people improve their morality and cultivate noble personality.

..... Heaven will lose its gentleness, and the deceased (4) cannot be gentle with (5); If the sky is not lost, what will the Kuang people give (6)? "

Note (1) Afraid of Kuang: Kuang, the place name, is in the southwest of Changyuan County, Henan Province. Fear, threatened. In 496 BC, Confucius went from Wei Guo Jing to Chen. The Kuang people were robbed and killed by the Yanghu of Lu State. Confucius' appearance is similar to that of Yanghu, and Kuang people mistakenly thought that Confucius was Yanghu, so they besieged him. (2) King Wen: Zhou Wenwang, surnamed Ji Mingchang, the father of Zhou Wuwang, the founding king of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was one of the ancient sages considered by Confucius. This refers to Confucius himself. (4) Post-deceased: Confucius refers to himself here. (5) and: the same as "lift", here is the meaning of mastery. If you give me what you want, do what you want to me.

When Confucius was besieged in Kuang Di, he said, "After Zhou Wenwang died, didn't the etiquette and music culture of the Zhou Dynasty reflect on me?" ? If god wants to destroy this culture, then I can't master it; If God doesn't destroy this culture, what can the Kuang people do to me? "

It is not the first time that Confucius was besieged while lobbying outside. Of course, this is a misunderstanding. However, Confucius had his own firm belief. He emphasized individual subjectivity and initiative, and considered himself the successor and disseminator of Zhou Wenhua. However, when Confucius was in trouble repeatedly, he also felt the limitations of human resources and attributed the decisive role to heaven, which showed his recognition of "destiny".

How many are ok? "Zi Gong said," The commander-in-chief of the solid heaven (2) is sacred and powerful. Hearing this, Zi said, "Does Taizai know me?" I am cheap, so I can be cheap (3). How many gentlemen are there? Not much. "

Note (1) Taizai: official name, who holds the monarch's state affairs. Some people say that Taizai here is Taizai Bo of Wu, but it can't be confirmed. (2) Vertical: let, let, unlimited. (3) despicable things: despicable things.

Taizai asked Zigong, "Is Confucius a saint? Why are you so versatile? " Zi Gong said, "God made him a saint and made him versatile." Confucius heard this and said, "How can Taizai know me? Because of the humble status of teenagers, I know a lot of humble skills. Will a gentleman have so many skills? Not much. "

As a student of Confucius, Zi Gong thought his teacher was a genius and was endowed with versatility by God. But Confucius denied this here. He said that he was a humble teenager and needed to master more skills to make a living, which showed that Confucius did not admit that he was a saint at that time.

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Note (1) Prison: Zheng Xuan said that this person was a student of Confucius, but he was not seen in Historical Records and Biography of Zhong Ni Disciples. (2) try: use, be appointed.

Zi Lin said: "Confucius said,' I didn't become an official, so I learned a lot of skills'."

The comments in this chapter are related to the contents of the previous chapter, and are also used to explain Confucius' thought that "I was not born to know". He doesn't consider himself a "saint" or a "genius". He said that he was versatile because he lived in poverty when he was young, so he mastered many skills to make a living.

Ignorance is ignorance. A person (1) didn't ask me anything (2). I knocked (3)(4) at both ends, and I was exhausted (5). "

Note (1) Fu Bi: Confucius called people from rural areas and lower classes. (2) Emptiness: refers to the emptiness and ignorance in Confucius' own mind. (3) Knock on the door: knock on the door and ask. (4) two ends: two ends, meaning positive and negative, always, up and down. (5) Tired: exhausted, trying to investigate.

Confucius said, "I have Zhihu? In fact, there is no knowledge. A countryman asked me, I don't know what he was talking about. I just ask from both ends of the question so that I can figure it all out. "

Comment on Confucius himself without arrogance or rashness. This is also the case. People can't be very proficient in everything in the world, because people's energy is limited after all. But Confucius has a basic method to analyze and solve problems, which is "knocking at both ends and exhausting" As long as we grasp the two extremes of the problem, we can find a solution to the problem. This method embodies the Confucian doctrine of the mean and is a meaningful way of thinking.

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Note (1) Phoenix bird: a kind of god bird in ancient legend. According to legend, the phoenix bird appeared in the Shunhe era, and its appearance symbolizes the birth of the "holy king". (2) Rivers can't draw pictures: According to legend, in ancient times, there were dragons and horses carrying gossip in the Yellow River. Its appearance also symbolizes that the "holy king" is about to be born.