Confucianism
(1) gift? As a social behavior norm, "Li" has a long history. ? The internal spirit of "ceremony" is to maintain the patriarchal hierarchy and the corresponding ethical relationship at that time. ? The external forms of "ceremony" include sacrificial rites, military service, crown, wedding and funeral, going to the DPRK for appointment, alliance and other ritual ceremonies. The code of conduct mentioned in "Li" is also educational in nature, and its essence is to ask people to strengthen self-cultivation and consciously restrain themselves in order to achieve the coordination of interpersonal relationships, so it is permeated with "benevolence" and "virtue" in spirit, so Confucius clearly combined the two. ? Confucius' admiration for Zhou Li is not archaic, but gains and losses according to the changes of the situation. The key content of Confucius ceremony is to correct the name. ? If the name is irregular, the words are not smooth, and the words are not smooth. Words are not fluent, and happiness is not prosperous. If the joy is not prosperous, the punishment is not correct, and the people are helpless. (The Analects of Confucius Lutz)?
(2) benevolence? "Benevolence" is the core of Confucius' thought and theory. Including the foundation, method, content and achievement of benevolence. Confucius particularly emphasized the value and function of "benevolence". "Benevolence" is not only a necessary accomplishment for everyone, but also a principle that must be followed in governing the country and leveling the world. ? Confucius further put forward the social ideal of "great harmony" on the basis of advocating "benevolence" and "virtue". Confucius retired and put forward the ideal of a "well-off" society. ?
3 mean? Confucius' thought of "golden mean" has both the significance of philosophical methodology and moral cultivation. As far as methodology is concerned, there are two main points: one is "neutralization" and the other is "harmony". Confucius' so-called "golden mean" does not mean compromise and reconciliation, but means "golden mean" and "appropriateness" in understanding and dealing with objective things, and the basis of "golden mean" and "appropriateness" is to proceed from reality. Confucius also put forward the view that "harmony is precious". ? As for the thought of "harmony" and "harmony", Confucius advocates that it should not only be regarded as a way to understand and deal with things, but also be integrated into one's own sexual conduct and quality through self-cultivation and exercise, and become a human virtue. ?
(4) Gentleman's personality? Quality is better than literature, and literature is better than history; Gentle, then a gentleman. ?
(5) Teaching and learning Confucius all his life, "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and accumulated rich teaching experience. ? Learn with an open mind. ? Confucius founded a private school and put forward that "there is no class in education", which changed the old situation of "learning to be excellent and being an official" and broke the monopoly of nobles on culture and education. ? For the purpose of learning, Confucius supported students from civilian backgrounds to display their talents in politics. ? In teaching methods, Confucius is good at discovering students' characteristics in personality and learning, and advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. ? He is very persuasive, focusing on inspiring students to think independently and stimulating their thirst for knowledge. ? He advocates hard study and emphasizes learning methods. In the formation and accumulation of knowledge, the importance of learning and seeking knowledge is emphasized. He emphasized the combination of learning and watching, learning and thinking.
2. Mencius thought?
(1) theory of good nature? Human nature: benevolence, righteousness, propriety and righteousness? The foundation of human nature: the enlargement of being good at knowledge and benevolence: people who are close, others who push themselves, and kind people all love each other? Humanism tendency of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and righteousness?
(2) Benevolence: controlling people's property.
(3) The relationship between morality and political rank: the children are raised by villains, while the children are raised by adults. ?
(4) Monarchical power says: Heaven and man return?
1, Inner Saint and Outer King
2. Home is the world
3. The first king of France
4. Saint Revolution?
(2) Taoist school
3. Lao Tzu thought?
The existence of (1) Tao and its three laws?
First, what is Tao? ? Tao: the original substance that turns into everything and the basic laws that this original substance follows when turning into everything. Virtue: the self-nature and nature of all things according to Tao.
B.how can I get this word? ?
(1) Tao, which reflects the overall objective law of things, should be found in the chaotic phenomenon of things with probability. (2) admit that everyone has a kind of commonality and regard society as a consortium with ordinary humanity. Then the "natural state" is deduced from the relationship between personal experience and individuals. ?
C, the three laws of Tao?
The eternity of (1) Tao and its law of motion-independent and unchanging, without the fear of detour, moving in the opposite direction. ?
(2) The law of application of Tao ── Governing by doing nothing and using Tao weakly?
(3) the harmonious law of the unity of opposites ── everything is negative, holding Yang, you are anxious to think it is harmonious?
(3) Mohist school?
4. Mohism-Mo Zhai, Bird Slip, Tianjiu, Meng Sheng, Tian Xiangzi, etc? Thought: Shang Xian, Shang Tong, universal love, non-aggression, frugality, frugality, unhappiness, ambition, ghosts and misfortune? Epistemology:
A. the "three forms" method (based on indirect experience, direct experience and social effect)?
B Mohist Debate (Mozi put forward logical concepts such as "debate", "category" and "reason" for the first time in China's logical history. He asked to learn "debate" as a kind of specialized knowledge.
(4) Legalist political thought? Some characteristics of legalist thought;
First, pay attention to the role of law
B, extreme monarchy.
C. Implement the policy of enriching Qiang Bing.
D. Explain history from the perspective of evolution?
5. Shen Dao's theory of potential governance?
(1) On the Function of Power: Weighing and Seeking the Balance of Power?
(2) The essentials for the monarch to consolidate his power: A. Disrespect for sages B. The monarch should intimidate his deputy by gaining the support of the people.
C.the monarch does nothing to rule his subjects.
6. Shen Buhai's theory of surgical treatment?
(1) The role of skills: skills are the tools used by the monarch to control his ministers.
(2) Skill essentials: Correcting the name and taking responsibility, and governing by doing nothing?
7. Shang Yang's theory of rule of law:?
(1) theoretical basis: historical evolutionism, the theory of human nature, and the principle of strength?
(2) the role of law: to determine the birthright, bind the people and enrich Qiang Bing?
(3) legal principle: there is no hierarchy of punishment, and the law is clear and beneficial to the people, and the misdemeanor is severely punished?
(4) the idea of ploughing and fighting
8. Han Fei's political thought?
(1) immoral political thought: historical evolution theory, human nature is good, monarch and Taoism are the same, contradictory view, strength principle?
(2) Li Junzhong's theory
(3) "One hole benefits" and potential governance?
(4) the rule of law and the rule of art.
(5) implement cultural absolutism?
9. Reese's political thought?
(1) Abolish the political opinions of feudal counties.
(2) Cultural autocracy of "black or white"?
(3) the art of supervising the responsibility of respecting the monarch and restraining the minister: the monarch mainly indulges in pleasure and is harsh and arbitrary?