How do you understand this sentence that Aristotle said?

Which sentence is it? Please follow up. Politics, ethics and physics are Aristotle’s main topics. aspects of involvement.

What can be done in practice is the goal we often talk about. From ancient times to the present, the word "kindness" is often mentioned by us. Aristotle said: The highest degree of kindness we pursue is happiness, making ourselves happy and making others happy. Aristotle said What to live

Aristotle's famous sayings, aphorisms, aphorisms, quotations

. There is no outstanding person who is not a crazy hybrid.

·The law is rationality without ***

·Living in accordance with moral principles is a happy life.

·Happiness belongs to satisfied people.

·Happiness is the highest good.

·Happiness lies in autonomy and self-sufficiency.

· Life is full of opportunities and changes. When people are most proud, the greatest misfortune comes.

·The ultimate value of life lies in the ability to wake up and think, not just in survival.

· In misfortune, useful friends are more necessary; in luck, noble friends are more necessary. In misfortune, look for friends out of necessity; in luck, look for friends out of nobility.

· Birds with the same feathers will naturally gather together.

· A true friend is one soul conceived in two bodies.

· Career is the vivid unity of concept and practice.

· The root of education is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.

· There are many kinds of fallacies, but there is only one right. This is why it is easier to fail than to succeed, and it is easier to miss the target than to hit the target.

· Those who advance scientifically but lag behind morally are not moving forward, but retreating.

· Anyone who is good at thinking must be someone who can pursue what is most beneficial to mankind through action based on his thinking.

· There is nothing that God does that exceeds all imaginable acts of happiness, but pure thinking, and the thing closest to this kind of happiness in human behavior is perhaps the activity most closely related to thinking.

· Man is the most outstanding of all animals when he reaches the perfection of virtue; but if he insists on having his own way. Without law and justice, he becomes the worst of all beasts.

· For virtue, it is not enough for us to just understand it, we must also work hard to cultivate it, use it, or adopt various methods to make ourselves good people.

· Habits actually become part of nature. In fact, habits are somewhat like nature, because the difference between "often" and "always" is not big. Nature belongs to the category of "always", while habits belong to the category of "often".

· Virtue can be divided into two types: one is the virtue of wisdom, and the other is the virtue of behavior. The former is obtained from learning, and the latter is obtained from practice.

· True virtue cannot be without practical wisdom, and practical wisdom cannot be without virtue.

· Human beings are naturally social animals.

· Pity is caused by the fact that a person is loved and cares about his luck, and fear is caused by the fact that the person who suffers misfortune is similar to us.

·Political science does not create human beings, but it separates them from nature and controls them.

· Someone asked: Does writing a good poem require genius? Or rely on art? My opinion is: hard study without rich genius, genius without training, are useless; the two should use each other and combine with each other.

·The ultimate value of life lies in the ability to wake up and think, not just in survival.

· I love my teacher, and I love the truth even more.

·War can bring peace.

· Law is order, and only with good laws can there be good order

Aristotle’s words

I don’t remember what he said about The words "gadfly" should have been said by Socrates, which means that he should be the person who inspires the country and the people to make progress. Read the first volume of Plato! What a strange question, do you want to use this as an allusion? Aristotle said, "Practical science is the science of studying good." How to understand this sentence?

Scientific experiment is a kind of experimental, exploratory and learning practical activity. Its emergence and development are restricted by the practice of production and the practice of handling social relations.

Science is not an alien thing from the outside, it is a human creation. This creation embodies the creation of human purpose, regularity and freedom, so science naturally contains the unity of truth, goodness and beauty. Aristotle said, "Practical science is the science of studying good." How to understand this sentence?

It means that scientific experiment is a kind of experimental, exploratory and learning practical activity. Its emergence and development are restricted by the practice of production and the practice of handling social relations. Aristotle said something about imitation

Aristotle's "Imitation Theory" is concentrated in his "Poetics". He believed that art is the imitation of real objects, but the imitation Different objects and methods produce different kinds of art. He also believes that imitation is human nature, and the art of imitation can not only bring happiness to people, but also help people seek knowledge.

The arts mentioned by Aristotle mainly refer to poetry and music. He believes that art history imitates. He does not think that art is false like Plato, but that art is real. What art imitates is not the appearance of the real world, but the universal laws and essence of the real world. Aristotle said in "Poetics" that "the poet's duty is not to describe what has happened, but to describe what may happen." Therefore, poetry imitates universal things, not accidental events. Poetry Mainly reveal the nature and laws of things. This is the essence of imitation according to Aristotle.

Aristotle also believed that people have wisdom and talent, which means that he valued people's wisdom and ability. He believes that imitation is human nature, and one of the differences between humans and animals is that humans are good at imitating. He said that he also believed that the ability to create poetry comes from people themselves, and that this ability is innate, which is essentially different from Plato’s theology. In addition, Aristotle believed that imitation can be distinguished between noble and inferior. It cannot be regarded as noble or inferior one-sidedly. Therefore, Aristotle believed that art reflected reality and had a high degree of authenticity, and believed that art could be higher than reality. He held a positive attitude towards art and believed that art should not be rejected but should be promoted. Aristotle once Said: The law has no rationality. How to understand this sentence?

"Law is reason without ***", this is the long-lasting legal proverb left by Aristotle to the world. The law is rational, but this rationality does not judge disputes between right and wrong based on emotions, selfish desires, and prejudices, nor does it use emotions to deduce the rationality of the law and the rationality of judicial activities. If legal workers use the law rationally and judges respect the rules of trial rationally, then the law that has been promulgated and implemented can become the only criterion for judging right and wrong, settling disputes, and educating people's words and deeds. The law of trial is based on facts, the law as the criterion, procedural justice as the carrier, substantive justice as the goal, rational thinking to support justice, resolve disputes, quell litigation, and promote social harmony. It is done ex post facto, passively, Neutrally adjust the relationship between behavior and the law. Use *** to influence trials, use *** to understand, apply and extend the law, and infiltrate *** into the process of accepting facts and evidence. The sacred law will be artificially played with, and judicial activities will become a platform for inspiring words. As a game, the solemn court naturally becomes an arena for displaying litigation skills. People's expectation to obtain or demonstrate substantive justice in the legal sense is therefore out of balance.

In judicial activities, the requirement to achieve procedural justice and substantive justice is the rational embodiment of "law is rationality without ***". Procedural justice is the prerequisite guarantee for achieving substantive justice; substantive justice is the corresponding result under the premise of procedural justice.

The relationship between procedural justice and substantive justice fully reveals the harmonious and unified relationship between the rules of trial activities and judicial rationality. The judicial procedures set by the procedural law are not only applicable to judicial workers. The formulas in the procedural law are also used by those seeking judicial relief and claiming rights. They all lead to the same goal by pursuing justice, balance and substantive justice. Therefore, rationality in judicial activities is actually a kind of fair rationality. The special role of court trials makes this fair rationality become a fair rule for people to judge the merits of right and wrong. Society has realized justice, and the "law" Reason without *** will naturally return. Rational litigation, rational adjudication, rational respect for the law, and rational respect for legal facts have become a rule that people must abide by, and procedural justice and substantive justice can be objectively evaluated.

Same cases are judged alike, legal facts are adopted as the basis for finalizing cases and judgments are made in accordance with legal provisions. This is the judicial law and judicial practice that "the law has no rationality". The same case is judged in the same case and the legal facts are adopted. Whether it is the parties who file a lawsuit to claim their rights or the judge who is in charge of the trial, it cannot be achieved based on passion, subjectivity or skill, but must be based on There is no ***, only respect for the law and legal facts, giving explanations, seeking justice, resolving disputes, and promoting justice. Participating in litigation with rich *** rationality, biasing legal facts with preconceived ***, and understanding and applying the law based on feelings, which obviously violates the legal proverb "The law has no *** rationality" and will cause the application to fail. Some fairness and justice have been seriously undermined. Aristotle's theory of unity

Aristotle (B.C.384-B.C.322)

Aristotle (Aristoteles. 384-322 BC) is considered As the pinnacle of ancient Greek thought, he undertook the work of organizing and systematizing the theories of Pre-Socrates, Socrates, and Plato, and has long had the status of a code of law in history.

1) Asia Aristotle's philosophical thoughts - ontology, theory of causes

Aristotle believed that the objects studied in philosophy are entities, and entities are first of all individual concrete things, which he calls the first entity; Next comes the concept of genus; if the first substance does not exist, nothing else can exist. As the first entity, individual things exist independently, move and change, and are perceptible

He believes that there are four fundamental causes of changes in entities: material cause, formal cause, dynamic cause, and final cause. Matter and form are related to each other, and only the combination of the two can constitute a thing, so the two are inseparable and can be transformed into each other

2) Beauty lies in form

Aristo Virtue does not seek beauty in the super-sensible world of ideas, but in objective reality. The scope of beauty includes gods and humans, the human body, society, physical objects, behavior, and nature.

Aristotle affirmed the authenticity of the real world, and therefore affirmed the authenticity of art that imitated him. He not only affirms the authenticity of art, but also believes that art is more real than the phenomenal world.

He believes that beauty is objective, and beauty itself has value and gives people pleasure. He believed that the same thing cannot be both beautiful and not beautiful, so it has objectivity.

Aristotle believed that beauty should meet two conditions: first, the arrangement of parts must be appropriate; The volume, size, scale, therefore beauty must have observability and overall sense.

Observability refers to things that make it easy for people to observe and consistent with human vision or hearing.

The sense of wholeness is Aristotle’s major contribution to aesthetics. Wholeness not only refers to art as an imitation of a complete behavior, but more importantly, refers to the coordination and integration of various components within the work of art. So that if any part of it is moved or deleted, the whole will become loose and disconnected.

He distinguished beauty from goodness and got rid of the tendency to confuse aesthetic judgment with moral judgment. Confirm that beauty is different from goodness. Goodness always resides in practice, while beauty is in things that do not move. His meaning may be understood in this way: all beauty is good, but not all goodness is beauty. Only beauty that is both good and pleasant at the same time is beautiful.

He then made a distinction. Beauty and Utility,

The pursuit of beauty is for freedom and noble sentiments, rather than for practical and necessary idealistic education.

Therefore, Aristotle called general skills practical art, and called the art of beauty the art of imitation, raising the issue of the particularity of beauty.

3) A comprehensive study of the theory of art imitating nature To summarize, revise and innovate.

A. Summary of imitation

First of all, divide the types of art through imitation. The common essence of various arts is imitation, and the differences between them are:

First, the media used for imitation are different. Painting and sculpture use colors and lines to imitate things, music uses sound to imitate, and dance uses sound to imitate. Use rhythmic gestures to imitate, and epic poems use language to imitate.

The second is that the objects imitated are different. The characters imitated in comedy are worse than people in real life, and the characters imitated in tragedy are worse than people in real life. Nice people.

The third is the different methods of imitation. For example, epics use narrative methods, while dramas perform the entire story through imitating characters. This is the first art classification system in the history of aesthetics.

Secondly, the objects of art are determined through imitation. Aristotle believed that the objects imitated by art are real life.

Art imitates various personalities, feelings and actions, characters with actions and feelings. This actually means that real life, including human character, inner feelings and spiritual activities, is the prototype that art imitates.

Third, demonstrate the beauty of art through imitation.

*** There are several sources. First of all, imitation can endow ugly things in reality with charm, which is consistent with the theme of later aesthetics that turns ugliness into beauty.

Secondly, Aristotle believes that passion is generated by the pursuit of knowledge. The pursuit of knowledge is not only a happy thing for philosophers, but also for ordinary people.

Third, *** can also be caused by formal reasons such as technique, coloring, tone, and rhythm. Aristotle affirmed the aesthetic role of art forms.

B. The characteristic of literary imitation is to express universal essential laws through special concrete images.

First of all, compared with poetry and philosophy, the primary characteristic of literary imitation is that it must create vivid and perceptible concrete images. Art must use specific descriptions of individual images, while philosophy must rely on abstract arguments of general concepts.

Secondly, compared with poetry and history, another characteristic of literary imitation is that it must reveal internal logic and general laws. And historians describe historical facts that have happened. The task of poetry is not to describe the accidental events that have happened, but to reveal what should happen according to the inherent laws of things.

Imitation in the Aristotelian sense is a creative activity. What the poet imitates is not something that really happened, but a certain type of thing that might happen or appear.

The so-called possible is not realistic, but refers to what a certain kind of person will say and do based on probability or inevitability. "Possible" means generally.

"Possibility" also means ideality. The imitation may not only be the same as reality, but may also be uglier or more beautiful than reality.

This is why he emphasizes the integrity of beauty. Only by excluding accidental and unreasonable things and making the head, body and tail form a whole through internal connection can things be expressed. the inevitability of development.

4) Literary creation

Artists should select materials according to probability or the law of inevitability, love to capture the plot, portray the character, and carry out a series of typical creations.

;First of all, literary and artistic creation must be good at selecting materials. The following three things should be discarded:

False events that are not only reasonable; isolated events without necessary connections; accidental events that do not comply with internal logic;

Secondly, without violating probability or necessity Under the premise of legality, fiction should be allowed in literary and artistic creation. Moreover, this kind of fiction must also conform to probability or inevitability, so that it is reasonable and credible.

Third, Aristotle requires poets to use normal and sober artistic thinking when creating.

When a poet writes, he should feel as if he is actually on the scene, and he should always have real and vivid emotional images in his mind to accompany him.

At the same time, people must be able to empathize with others when creating, and have sincere and strong emotional impulses during the creative process.

Aristotle also put forward the creative principle that artistic images must be superior to reality. Without violating the laws of probability or necessity, depicting a person's appearance can make them more beautiful, and describing people's hearts can make them better. In short, they can beautify reality.

The subject matter of literary and artistic works. Aristotle listed three objects of imitation, three subjects of works, and three methods of creation.

A kind of "things like in the past or today", which have already happened, simply imitating reality; this is history, not poetry.

The second type is "things that are said or seem to be like", that is, to imitate as imagined; worthy is something that is convincing but impossible, such as myths and legends.

Three kinds, "things as they should be", that is, imitating things as they should be, that is, describing things or people according to their own nature and laws, this is what Aristotle advocated creative method.

Genre of work. Aristotle listed three ways of imitation:

One is to imitate narrative, that is, drama; one is to speak on behalf of characters, that is, epic; the other is ode. Aristotle believed that drama was the best and odes the worst, which was exactly the opposite of Plato.

5) The function of literature and art

A. Aristotle’s ethical thought, which is the basis of Aristotle’s theory of the function of literature and art.

Goodness is the ultimate goal pursued by all knowledge and all actions, and the highest good is happiness.

Happiness is "living well and doing well"; happiness is virtue, "real activities consistent with virtue". Virtue is divided into two categories: one is rational, and rational virtues such as wisdom, Wisdom is cultivated through education, that is, the transfer of knowledge; one type is ethical virtues, such as generosity and humility, which are perfected through habits, that is, the purification of the soul. Happiness is happiness, and all practical activities that are in line with morality are accompanied by some kind of happiness.

Literature and art can both cultivate virtue and bring happiness.

B. Aristotle believed that literature and art have the function of education and cultivate intellectual virtue by imparting knowledge.

Art is the recognition of the first entity, true knowledge.

The process of human cognition is as follows: external things interact with human senses, causing feelings; relying on memory, feelings accumulate to form an individual understanding of a certain thing, which is experience; it arises from many experiences The general judgment on similar matters is art; rising from art to scientific speculation on the original origin is wisdom.

In the process of human understanding, art is at a higher stage of development. It originates from experience and is higher than experience. Aristotle argued from the perspective of philosophical epistemology that art has an educational role in imparting knowledge.

C. Literature and art have a purifying effect and cultivate ethical virtues by forming habits.

Ethical virtue refers to quality, which is the attitude that people hold towards their actions and feelings. Ethical virtues are inherited from customs and habits. They are continuously practiced in real activities, gradually formed into habits, and gradually achieved perfection.

Literature and art can help people’s emotions to be neither too strong nor too weak through purification. After many literary and artistic practices, this moderate emotion has become a good habit under the repeated stimulation and guidance of literary and artistic works. Thus manifesting as good ethical virtues.

D. Literature and art can provide spiritual enjoyment, that is, happiness or passion, allowing people to get quiet and rest after intense labor.

Literary and artistic imitation is a knowledge-seeking activity, and *** originates from this activity.

The reason why literary and artistic imitation, a kind of knowledge-seeking activity, can arouse enthusiasm is due to both content and form reasons.

As far as the content is concerned, it stems from the authenticity of the work. This lifelike image satisfies people's desire for knowledge and creates an aesthetic ***.

In terms of form, it stems from the expressive power of the work. Perfect techniques can enable people to understand the beauty of form and gain an artistic enjoyment. Comment on Aristotle in one sentence! urgent!

Aristotle affirmed the real existence of the objective world and it is the source of human knowledge, which arises from the feeling of external things; this made him close to materialism. However, his materialism was not thorough, and he often wavered between idealism and materialism.