Last class, we learned what philosophy is. Students may have a question: What does philosophy study? Universe, Life or Human Thinking? There are many problems in philosophical research. Can we find a basic problem that runs through the development of philosophy?

Teach new lessons:

First, what are the basic problems of philosophy?

Display: Engels' famous words

The main basic problem of all philosophy, especially modern philosophy, is the relationship between thinking and existence.

-Engels

Display: Fan Zhen's Deism.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Prime Minister of Qi held a banquet, invited guests and gathered celebrities. Most people are superstitious about Buddhism, talk about karma and preach that people will not die after death. Fan Zhen, an official, stepped forward and pointed out: "Form is immortal, but gratitude is absolutely." Physical existence leads to spiritual existence, and physical disappearance leads to spiritual disappearance. Later, it was written as "The Theory of Deity".

Later, Xiao mobilized more than 60 princes, dignitaries and monks, and published more than 70 articles besieging Fan Town, all of which were refuted by Fan Town.

Q: What do "form" and "spirit" mean here? What philosophical problems did the debate between form and spirit reveal?

Student: the relationship between thinking and existence

Teacher: the basic problem of philosophy: the relationship between thinking and existence, that is, the relationship between consciousness and matter. Existence: simply understood as something that exists objectively. Thinking: the reflection of the human brain, such as thoughts, concepts, experiences, ideas, feelings, plans, goals, etc.

note:

A, "thinking" and "existence" should be matched, "consciousness" and "matter" should be matched, and they should not be confused.

B, "the relationship between matter and consciousness" is different from "the dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness".

Xiu: Return to Fan Zhen's Deism.

Q: Do you think "form" or "God" comes first? Who decides who?

Student: Form determines God.

Teacher: The argument between Fan Zhen and the nobles in the palace involves the question of thinking, who decides who exists.

Teacher: The basic problem of philosophy includes two aspects. On the one hand, what is the origin (thinking and existence decide who). Different answers to this question have formed two basic schools of philosophy.

Students: materialism and idealism.

Teacher: What is materialism and what is idealism?

Student: Anyone who thinks that existence determines thinking is materialism; Anyone who thinks that thinking determines existence is idealism.

Exhibition: Becquerel, Wang Yangming, Xunzi.

Teacher: What is the second aspect of the basic problem of philosophy?

Student: Is there identity (thinking can correctly understand existence)?

Teacher: it is knowable that thinking can correctly understand existence; It is agnosticism to think that thinking cannot correctly understand existence. The vast majority of philosophers agree with knowability, and only a few philosophers advocate agnosticism. (Hume and Kant in England)

Do you think it's tangible or sacred first? Do you think the world can be known?