1. Examples: In order to explain things or events, people sometimes don't quite understand them, so it is necessary to give some examples that are both easy to understand and representative. For example, Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge in ancient times are taken as representative examples to illustrate the long history and outstanding achievements of building stone arch bridges in China.
2. classification: it is often difficult to explain the characteristics or events of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences in shape, nature, causes and functions, things or events can be divided into several categories according to certain standards, and then explained one by one according to the categories. For example, the article "March into the desert" divides the way of desert attack into two categories: "guerrilla warfare" and "positional warfare".
3. List data: Numbers are the most accurate, scientific and convincing basis for quantitatively explaining the characteristics or reasons of things. For example, the article "The Dead Sea is Undead" uses a large number of figures to explain why the Dead Sea is so buoyant, which is very clear.
4. comparison: in order to make things or things easy to understand, we can sometimes compare things or things that people are familiar with in their lives based on their existing perceptual knowledge, thus arousing readers' imagination and gaining a deep impression. For example, the article "Human Language" compares the "language" of parrots and orangutans with "human language" and draws the conclusion that "only human beings have real language".
5. Define: In order to highlight the main contents or problems of things or things, things are often defined in concise language. This is a way to explain the characteristics or reasons of things and reveal the essence of things or reasons. For example, in the article "Overall Planning Method", the definition of "Overall Planning Method" is given at the beginning: "Overall Planning Method is a mathematical method to arrange the work process". This definition not only points out the essence of "overall planning method"-mathematics, but also points out the application characteristics of "overall planning method"-arranging the work process. In this way, the overall planning method is distinguished from other mathematical methods.
6. Metaphor: Metaphor is a figure of speech. Using analogy in expository writing can make things that people don't understand or abstract things concrete, vivid and vivid. For example, in China Stone Arch Bridge, the bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow, which makes readers understand the characteristics of the stone arch bridge more vividly and clearly.
7. Drawing diagrams: The relationship of some things is abstract and complicated, which can't be understood by readers only by words. Therefore, it is necessary to attach schematic diagrams or draw accurate diagrams in proportion, such as product design drawings and military action road maps. Sometimes, there are many things to be explained, and you can also make statistical tables and fill in the relevant figures separately, so that people can see them at a glance. For example, in the article "Overall Planning Method", three arrowheads are drawn to make the overall planning method more concrete and credible.
8. Interpret: This is a way to explain things. The difference between definition and interpretation is that the definition requires completeness, that is, the object of definition should be equal to the extension of the definition, and the whole connotation of the concept should be completely revealed from one aspect; However, interpretation does not require completeness, as long as part of the connotation of the concept is revealed, and the object of interpretation and the extension of interpretation may not be equal. The definition of "a word is the smallest language unit that can be used independently", the connotation and extension of subject and object are completely consistent and can be reversed. That is to say, "the smallest language unit that can be used independently is a word". However, "uranium is silvery white metal" is an interpretation, and its connotation and extension are not equal. The extension of "uranium" is smaller than that of "silvery white metal", so the subject and object cannot be reversed, that is, it cannot be said that "silvery white metal is uranium". Annotation can be used not only to explain concepts, theorems and laws, but also to explain the nature, characteristics, functions and reasons of things or things. Although the language of interpretation is not as strict as definition, it must be concise, accurate and easy to understand. For example, in the article "The Dead Sea is Undead", "This is probably the reason why the' Dead Sea' got its name. "What is used is the explanation method of interpretation. Here," death "refers to the death of fish, shrimp and vegetation. Because of the high salinity of death, organisms cannot grow, so it is called" dead sea ",which partially reveals the characteristics of the dead sea.
9. Imitation: It is to reveal the characteristics of things through specific descriptions, which helps to make the explained objects more concrete and vivid. For example, in "China Stone Arch Bridge", "Some lions carved in stone are hugging their mother and son, some are whispering to each other, and some are like listening to the sound of water, which is very lifelike". This explanation is very vivid and lively.