Temujin was the first great khan of the Mongol Empire, and his dynasty was the Great Mongolia.
Boerjijin Temujin (May 31, 1162 - August 25, 1227) was a member of the Qiyan tribe of the Mongolian ethnic group. Khan of the Great Mongol Kingdom, an outstanding statesman and military strategist in world history.
In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1162), he was born in the upper reaches of the Onan River in Mobei (now Kent Province, Mongolia) and named Temujin. Around the eleventh year of Chunxi (1184), he became the khan of the Mongolian Qiyan tribe and gradually unified the Mongolian tribes.
In the second year of Kaixi (1206), the Great Mongolia was established, named "Genghis Khan" (Genghis Khan), and the "Code of Genghis Khan" was promulgated.
It launched many foreign wars and conquered the Black Sea coastal areas as far west as Central Asia and Eastern Europe. In the third year of Baoqing (1227), he launched an army to conquer Xixia. He died on the way and was buried secretly.
In October of the second year of Yuan Dynasty (1265), Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty was honored as Taizu. In October of the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1266), after the Ancestral Temple was built, he was posthumously named Emperor Shengwu. In the second year of Emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1309), he was posthumously named "Emperor Fa Tian Qi Yun Sheng Wu" and his temple name was Taizu.
Extended information:
In 1162, Genghis Khan was born into a noble family of the Jijin clan in Qiyanbor, Mongolia. His father Yesugei Atu'er was the chief of the Nilun tribe. Her mother, Hoelun, was originally the fiancée of Chiledu, the younger brother of the chief of the Merqid tribe, but she was snatched away by his father on the way to get married.
The day Genghis Khan was born, it was time for his father to lead his tribe to attack the Tatar tribe and return home in triumph. In order to show off his victory in capturing two chiefs alive and plundering many properties and livestock, it was time for Atuer to be taken away. He gave the name of one of the chiefs, Temujin, to his son. Temujin means "fine steel" in Mongolian.
When Temujin was 6 years old, his father was poisoned to death by the Tatars. Because his father's subordinates deserted the family one after another and forcibly took away some of the people and livestock, Temujin's family ended up relying on digging wild vegetables to satisfy their hunger. The harsh living environment left a deep mark on Temujin's young mind, and at the same time honed his brave, stubborn, and persevering character.
His mother often used the honor of his ancestors and the wealth and power of his father to educate him, and encouraged him to revitalize the family business and take revenge when he grew up. Just as Temujin gradually matured into a burly and handsome young man, three disasters unexpectedly befell him.
The first time was: The Taichiwu tribe who broke away from their family was worried about Temujin's revenge when he grew up, so they raided Temujin's family and planned to execute the captured Temujin. . Fortunately, Temujin escaped with the help of a kind-hearted old man.
The second time was: on a snowy night, a group of thieves robbed the few horses he owned. During the fight with the thieves, Temujin was shot in the throat. At the time of crisis, a young man named Borshu drew his sword to help, drove away the thieves and recaptured the horses, and Temujin was spared death.
The third time was: Tuohei Tua, the chief of the Merqiti tribe, raided Temujin in order to avenge his brother's fiancée Hoelun being robbed by Temujin's father. 's tent. In the melee, Temujin fled into Mount Burhan, but his wife and half-mother became prisoners of Tohetoa.
However, the three disasters did not defeat Temujin, but instead strengthened his desire for revenge. He vowed to regain everything his family had lost. Temujin knew very well that in order to gain a foothold, he must have strength.
So, he dedicated the most precious sable skin in his wife's dowry to Wang Han, the most powerful tribal leader on the grassland at that time. Using Wang Han's power, Temujin not only gathered the scattered tribes of his family, but also defeated the Merqiti tribe and rescued his wife with the help of Wang Han and his childhood "Anda" (sworn brother) Jamuka. and half-mother.
After defeating Merqid, Temujin became famous. Many people realized that he had a "lord's character" and was a "handsome talent", so they defected to him one after another. The ambitious Temujin also understood the importance of popular support and paid special attention to winning over people. For example, when hunting, he often drove wild animals to other people's hunting grounds and actively distributed the prey to people from neighboring tribes;
After winning each battle, he allowed the participants to enjoy a share of the capture; The "subalterns" and slaves who had performed meritorious service could still be classified as retainers; the defeated tribes were not simply killed.
As a result, Temujin became famous far and wide for his generosity and benevolence, and a group of people who were good at governing affairs, brave in battle, strict in guarding, and skilled in animal husbandry, driving cars, and cooking chefs came to him one after another. under the name. His influence and strength have surpassed that of his father.
For Temujin, 1189 was a turning point. This year, he was elected as the joint chief of several tribes - "Hehan". But he was not satisfied with this.
Because he understood that in order to consolidate and expand his power, to get rid of the control of the nobles, and to guard against the invasion of other tribes, he must have a strong army. So, he set out to form a bodyguard that was loyal to him.
As expected by Temujin, not long after he became "Hehan", Jamuka, who had become "Anta" with him, began to hate him.
In 1195, Jamukha gathered more than 30,000 people from 13 tribes to attack Temujin on the pretext that his younger brother was killed by Temujin's men.
Temujin also mobilized 30,000 people from the Thirteen Wings (13 tribes) to attack. Although Temujin was defeated in the first battle and retreated to the Zhelena area on the banks of the Onon River, what he never expected was that the victorious Jamukha lost the hearts of the people. Because he put to death everyone who fell into his hands.
Such a horrific scene made even his subordinates "suffer a lot from the illegality of their master" and even worried about their own fate. On the contrary, the generous and benevolent Temujin won the hearts of the people, and those of Jamukha's subordinates who were worried about their own fate turned to Temujin one after another. Temujin's followers suddenly increased significantly.
As his power continued to grow, Temujin's desire to dominate all Mongolian tribes became stronger. So he began to take the initiative.
In 1196, in order to avenge the murder of his father, he made an appointment with Wang Han to help the Jin Dynasty attack the Tatar tribe, kill its chief, and return with a great victory.
From 1197 to 1200, he defeated the Merqid tribe and killed their leaders Sachabeqi and Taichu.
In 1201, Jamukha was elected as "Guerhehan" (the leader of the world's emperor) by 11 tribes including Hedajin, Duoerbian, and Wengjira, and he also planned to attack Temujin. and Wang Han. Because Temujin had received intelligence in advance and made careful arrangements, Jamuka returned with a great defeat. Later, Temujin destroyed the Taichiwu tribe.
In 1203, Wang Han saw that Temujin's power was threatening his own interests, and Jamuka was provoking him, so he took the initiative to raise troops to invade Temujin. In the first battle, although Wang Han was repulsed, Temujin also suffered heavy losses, with only 2,600 troops left in his army.
In order to gain some breathing time, Temujin took the initiative to make peace with Wang Han. After a short rest, they unexpectedly attacked Wang Han's camp. Wang Han and his son were killed by the Naiman during their flight.
After destroying Wang Han, Temujin took advantage of the situation and conquered the Naiman people. Jamukha was also captured by his followers and presented to Temujin. In order to avoid future troubles, Temujin simply killed this young "Anda". In this way, the last force on the grassland that resisted him was eliminated, and all the tribes on the grassland thousands of miles outside the Great Wall bowed to him.
In 1206, the 44-year-old Temujin held a banquet for his ministers in front of his tent by the Onan River. Under the neighing of thousands of horses and the cheers of the crowd, he accepted the worship of nobles from various tribes and was honored as " Genghis Khan”. At this point, a unified Mongol Khanate was born.
After the establishment of the Mongol Khanate, Genghis Khan immediately began to complete the formation and reform of the army, legal system, culture and other aspects in order to consolidate his power. Genghis Khan relied on force to unify this nation on horseback, so he spared no effort in building an army.
He also expanded a guard army of 10,000 people under his personal command. This army is very strict from the selection of personnel, the equipment of weapons to the training of tactics.
Through these reforms, the political power established by this nomadic nation basically eliminated the remnants of clan society and completed the feudal institutionalization.
After completing the reform of the regime, Genghis Khan immediately began to conquer foreign countries. At that time, what he wanted to conquer most was the Jin Dynasty established by the Jurchens. It has always been Mongolia's "superior state" and has long adopted a policy of oppression and massacre against the Mongolians outside the Great Wall.
The ancestor of Genghis Khan, I Bahai Khan, was killed by Jin. Although he was eager for revenge and plunder, Genghis Khan, who was known as a wise man, did not lack calmness at all.
He understood that before attacking the Jin Dynasty, he must beware of Xixia's containment, because the Jin Dynasty and Xixia had an alliance first. Therefore, Genghis Khan first attacked Xixia, which was relatively weak, and plundered Xixia three times between 1205 and 1209, forcing the other party to agree to pay tribute to him every year.
After Xixia became a vassal, Genghis Khan personally supervised the expedition to conquer gold in 1211. Although the Jin Dynasty army resisted vigorously, they could not resist the Mongolian cavalry. At that time, Genghis Khan's army only had 95 "thousand households", or about 100,000 cavalry, but it defeated 300,000 elite golden soldiers in a battle at Yehuling.
When the fall of Zhongdu (today's Beijing) was imminent, the emperor of the Jin Dynasty had no choice but to send an envoy to sue for peace. He gave Genghis Khan his consent in exchange for his princess, gold and silk, five hundred boys and girls each, and three thousand horses. The class teacher returned to the north.
However, at this moment, the rulers of the Jin Dynasty were like frightened birds. As soon as the siege of Zhongdu was solved, they quickly moved the capital to Bianjing (today's Kaifeng, Henan). After Genghis Khan heard the news, he immediately returned to capture Zhongdu. As a result, a large area of ??fertile land fell into the hands of Genghis Khan.
Shortly after driving the Jin Dynasty to a corner of Henan, Genghis Khan sent troops to invade Goryeo (North Korea) and made it a vassal and pay tribute.
In 1218, Khwarezm (the capital is in Samarkand, Uzbekistan today) killed 450 Mongolian merchants. The envoys sent by Genghis Khan to negotiate were also insulted by being killed or having their beards cut off. . This incident became the trigger for Genghis Khan to send troops to Asian and European countries.
From 1219 onwards, he led his army through Persia, Iraq and other places, around the Caspian Sea, across the Caucasus, defeated the armies of Zalandin, Gurzhi, Kipchak and Oros, and reached the Croatian border. Limu Peninsula.
He once said: "The greatest joy of a man is to suppress the rebels and defeat the enemy, to eradicate them and seize everything they have. It makes married women wail and wash their faces with tears."
"So, his expedition was very cruel. Many bustling cities were destroyed and many innocent people were massacred.
In the early summer of 1227, Genghis Khan accidentally fell off his horse on his way to Xixia. Injured by a fall. Soon, he contracted another fever and died of illness in Qingshui County, Ningxia, at the age of 66.
People's Daily Online - Genghis Khan in History
Baidu Encyclopedia - Borjijin·Temujin