Metaphysics, as a philosophical term, has two meanings: (1) starts from Hegel and is synonymous with anti-dialectics, but what really reveals its essence is Marxist philosophy. (2) refers to the philosophy of studying what the senses can't reach, that is, what is beyond experience. This usage appeared in philosophical works before Marxism and is still popular among western philosophers.
Modern idealists (such as Mahism) often use the word "metaphysics" to attack materialism, saying that the materialist view of matter is a super-feeling and super-experience fiction. In the history of philosophy, due to different historical conditions, metaphysics is sometimes combined with materialism and sometimes with idealism. But in essence, metaphysics is closely related to idealism.
Metaphysics is one of the key words of western philosophy, which mainly refers to the core department that dominated western philosophy from ancient Greek philosophy to Hegelian philosophy around 2500 (metaphysics is regarded as the opposite method of dialectics, not the main usage, and can be ignored).
But this concept has an interesting formation process.
Metaphysics was originally a philosophical work of Aristotle, but the name of this work was not given by Aristotle. It turned out that Aristotle talked about "the first philosophy". After Aristotle "escaped" from Athens, the manuscript disappeared. /kloc-was found in a cellar more than 0/00 years later and finally fell into the hands of a librarian in the Roman library. He is Androni Coos, known as the 11th Chairman of Aristotle School-Lv Keang School, but there was no Lv Keang at that time, but he was indeed a disciple of Aristotle School. So he began to edit the complete works of Aristotle. After editing phusike, I began to edit the manuscript of Aristotle's First Philosophy, but I couldn't find a suitable title, so I called it "ta meta ta phusika", which is the "Volume after Physics". Later, people called it metaphysics for short. Interestingly, in Greek, meta not only means "after", but also means "yuan" and "beyond", which is just in line with the meaning of the first philosophy. Therefore, metaphysics is not "after physics" but "before physics".
It is said that Yan Fu translated metaphysics into metaphysics according to the Book of Changes. "Metaphysicists call it Tao, while metaphysicians call it utensil".
Physics actually means naturalism in Greek, nature-phusis, naturalism-phusike. In Aristotle's view, metaphysics should be "the foundation of natural science". For example, his famous saying: "There is a science that specializes in the existence as existence, that is, existence itself", that is to say, general science studies some attributes and aspects of existence, and they will not study the basic premise of these attributes and aspects, that is, "existence itself", so there should be a science that specializes in the existence itself. If the attributes and aspects of existence are based on existence, then the first philosophy (metaphysics) that studies existence itself is the basis and premise of all sciences. This is the origin of "philosophy = scientific science".
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Metaphysics is a philosophical term.
Metaphysics in European languages comes from Greek, such as metaphysics in English. This word was originally named by Androni Kush, a philosophy teacher in Rhode Island in ancient Greece, for a book of Aristotle, meaning "after physics".
Metaphysics is also called "the first philosophy". For example, Descartes' Meditation on the First Philosophy is also called Meditation on Metaphysics. Aristotle divided human knowledge into three parts, using trees as metaphor: the first part, the most basic part, that is, the root, is metaphysics and the foundation of all knowledge; The second part is physics, like tree trunks; The third part is other natural sciences, using branches as metaphors.
The Chinese translation of "Metaphysics" is taken from the sentence "Metaphysics refers to Tao and Metaphysics refers to apparatus" in the Book of Changes.
Metaphysical problems are usually full of controversy without clear conclusions. This is partly because the data accumulated by empirical facts, as the largest amount of human knowledge, usually cannot solve metaphysical disputes; The other part is that the words used by metaphysicists are often confused, so their argument is a bad account with different opinions but no intersection.
Logical positivists in the twentieth century opposed some metaphysical problems. They think that some metaphysical questions are meaningless in themselves.
Generally speaking, metaphysics has two meanings. One is to look at things from an isolated, static, one-sided and superficial point of view. The second refers to the philosophy of judging things by intuition (transcendental experience). Sometimes it refers to the study of philosophical ontology.
Since modern times, with the strong spread of scientific rationality in the field of humanities, traditional metaphysics has been dealt an unprecedented blow. However, from the historical process of the development of metaphysics, there are actually three forms of metaphysics: universe ontology, category ontology and meaning ontology. What scientific reason rejects is actually the universe ontology based on speculative fiction. In the post-metaphysical era, as far as meaning ontology is concerned, metaphysics has no end and will not end.
It is metaphysics to talk only about form, not substance.
Find out the original text of the Book of Changes: "The metaphysical person refers to the Tao, and the metaphysical person refers to the device", which is great. I have a vague feeling that metaphysics is more virtual and more real. Metaphysics is different from metaphysics: metaphysics refers to the category that thinking and macro belong to emptiness; Metaphysics refers to understanding things to the extreme and being rigid. Laozi has a saying that "the metaphysical refers to the Tao, and the metaphysical refers to the device", which means that metaphysical things refer to the Tao, which refers to both philosophical methods and thinking activities. Physically, it refers to concrete and tangible things or cultural relics.