1. Three poems by Du Fu

1. The poem "Looking at the Mountains" is Du Fu's early work. The poem passionately praises the majestic and magical scenery of Mount Tai, and also reveals the poet's lofty ambitions in his early years. It has always been praised as a famous poem praising Mount Tai.

The whole poem can be divided into two major layers, both of which are written with the word "wang" in mind.

The first two couplets are the first layer, focusing on the overall image of Mount Tai. "How is Dai Zongfu? Qilu is still young." Write what you see from a distance. Mount Tai is located between Qi and Lu in ancient times, with Qi to the north and Lu to the south. The "green" between Qi and Lu is the result of Mount Tai's shadow. "Unfinished" means endless. Here, what the poet wants to say is, do you want to know what Mount Tai looks like? Look, its green mountains set off the vast Qilu Plain. This is to use the two places of Qi and Shandong to highlight the image of Mount Tai rising from the ground and towering into the sky. "The clock of creation is beautiful, and the yin and yang cut off the dawn." This is what you can see from a closer look. The last sentence describes the beauty of Mount Tai, using a virtual pen. Why use a virtual pen? Because the beauty of Mount Tai is really difficult to describe in one sentence, it is better to just write that the Creator has a special liking for Mount Tai. This is the poet's strong feeling and the reflection of the beauty of Mount Tai in the poet's soul. The next sentence describes the height of Mount Tai, which is a literal description. "Yin and yang" refers to the south and north sides of the mountain. The south side of the mountain gets sunlight first, so it is easier to know; the north side of the mountain does not get sunlight, so it is still dark at dawn. The word "cut" is very well refined. Viewed from the north of the mountain, the sunlight shining on the soil seems to have been cut off by a huge knife, highlighting the image of Mount Tai blocking the sky and the sun.

The last two couplets are the second largest layer. They also describe the scenery of Mount Tai, but they focus on expressing the poet's feelings. "Zeng Yun is born in the chest, and the returning bird comes in from the canthus", what is written is the actual scene, what you can see if you look closely. Mount Tai is so high that during the day you can see the endless clouds on the mountainside; it is also so deep that at dusk you can see the returning birds gradually disappearing into the valley. The poet grasped the details of these two scenes to express his excitement and broad vision, and then logically wrote his deepest wish: "I will be at the top of the mountain and see all the small mountains at a glance." This is a famous quote from Confucius: "Climb Mount Tai and make the world small." But when used here, it has a profound meaning: it is not only the poet's vow to climb to the top of Mount Tai, but also the poet's vow to climb to the top of life.

2. The poem "Spring Hope" is a five-character poem written by the poet during the Anshi Rebellion. It expresses the poet's feelings of concern for his country and his family, which is deeply touching. .

"The country is broken, the mountains and rivers are there, and the city is springy with deep vegetation." This is what I saw in the writing: the capital of the country has become dilapidated after the fall, but the mountains and rivers are still the same; spring has arrived in Chang'an City , but there are overgrown grass in front of us. How can such a strong contrast not be shocking! Although this couplet describes a scene, it also painfully conveys the poet's feelings when he was worried about his country.

"I feel the flowers splashing with tears, and I hate the other birds and startle them." There have always been two interpretations of this couplet: one is that the poet is the subject of "feeling" and "hatred". Flowers and birds are the most representative things in spring scenery, which can make people happy. However, the poet is facing the dilapidated capital city at this moment. He doesn't know when the government and army will be able to put down the rebellion, and he doesn't know how his wife and children will survive in the chaos of war. Thoughts troubled him. How could he not shed tears when he saw flowers or be frightened when he heard birds? The other uses flowers and birds as the subjects of "feeling" and "hate". This is naturally the result of the poet's empathy with things. There is essentially no difference between these two interpretations. They both express feelings of touching the times and hurting the world. This couplet starts with the word "feeling for the time" and starts with the word "hate to say goodbye". The composition is clear.

"The war has been going on for three months, and a letter from home is worth ten thousand gold." It means that since the beginning of spring, the war has become more intense, so it is difficult to communicate with family members. According to historical records, in the early days of An Lushan's rebellion, rebels from Gyeonggi, Fang to Yuqi and Long were invaded and the people were massacred. The poet's family was in Yuzhou (today's Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province). He was haunted by the safety of his family. How could he rest assured when letters from home could not arrive? He used "worth ten thousand gold" to describe the preciousness of family letters, expressing his strong longing for his wife and children.

"The hairpin of the white head is shorter, and the lust is overwhelming." The poet was just 45 years old this year, but the "white head" was realistic - half a year later, he mentioned it again in "The Northern Expedition": "What's more, I fell into the dust and lost all my hair." The "white heads" are so sparse that they are "incomparable with hairpins", and one can imagine his old appearance. He grew old so quickly because he was worried about his country, hurting his time, and missing his family.

3. "Shi Hao Officials" In the late winter of the first year of the Qianyuan year of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty (758), Du Fu returned to Luoyang to see his hometown after the war. However, within two months, the situation reversed. The Tang army was defeated in Yecheng, Guo Ziyi retreated to Heyang, and Luoyang was rioted again. The poet was forced to leave at this time and returned to Huazhou via Xin'an, Shihao, Tongguan and other places. Along the way, all he saw were the sad faces of the husbands and wives who were complaining about the expedition, and what he heard were the cries of other families when they went to war. The famous "Three Officials" ("Shihao Officials", "Xin'an Officials", "Tongguan Officials") and "Three Farewells" ("Newlywed Farewell", "Wuji Farewell", "Old Farewell") are based on this poem. Written through experience, it profoundly describes the hardships of the common people, sympathy for the common people and the cruelty of war to the common people. Among them, "The Stone Hao Official" is the most widely circulated due to its ingenious conception and vivid plot.

This is a narrative poem, the main part of which is the old woman's "address".

The first four lines of the poem are the origin of "address" and also explain the time and place where the story happened; the last four lines are the end of the incident, implying that the old woman has been taken away by the police.

The old woman's "speech" can be divided into three levels: the first level (the first six sentences) is about the old woman telling that all three sons were drafted to fight in Yecheng, and two of them died in the battle, which shows that this family People have made great sacrifices for their country. The second level (four sentences in the middle) is about the old woman telling her about the current situation at home. "There is no one in the room", so hiding the "old man crossing the wall" is a last resort. "Sun under the breast" still means that the grandson is breastfeeding, so his mother "has not left", which means that the daughter-in-law lost her husband and should have remarried, but she stayed at home because she was reluctant to leave the child. "Endless skirt" not only means that the clothes do not cover the body, but also includes the meaning of not having enough to eat. The third level (the last four sentences) writes that the old woman asked herself to serve. Heyang was the place where the army retreated at that time. Knowing that people were needed there, she volunteered to cook for the soldiers to save the three remaining members of her family.

This poem reflects the ideological contradictions of the poet at that time: he praises the spirit of the old woman in Shihao who has the courage to bear hardships, showing that he supports the Tang Dynasty's war against rebellion and hopes to achieve the final victory. victory; but he also wrote about the tragic experience of the old woman and her family, which showed that he was deeply saddened by the huge disaster that the war had brought to the people. This contradiction is also reflected in the other five poems of "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".

This is an ancient poem, the content is narrative, but also lyrical. During the development of events, the poet is felt everywhere. The ending with "Farewell to the old man alone" implicitly expresses the poet's feelings and expresses his sympathy for this disaster-stricken family.

2. Practical Exercise

(1) Appreciation of "Wang Yue"

1. There is not a word "Wang" in the whole poem, but every sentence is written towards Yue. And looking, the distance is from time to, and from looking at the mountain to thinking about climbing the mountain in the future. Answer: Far, near, dynasty, dusk

2. The sentence "Qilu Qingwei" expresses the beauty of Mount Tai; the sentence "Zhong Shenxiu of Good Fortune" describes Mount Tai; "Bird" writes about ____ _scenery, which is described and expressed by ____. Answer: Tall, magical and beautiful, practical, detailed, emotional excitement and broad vision

3. The sentence "creation" that writes about Mount Tai is ____, which is written by ___; the sentence "yin and yang" writes about Mount Tai. The _____ is written by ____. Answer: beautiful, empty; tall, real

4. Each couplet in "Wang Yue" has the meaning of "looking", but the angle of looking is different. Please give a detailed explanation of this. The first couplet is , the chin couplet is , the neck couplet is , and the last couplet is . Answer: looking far, looking close, looking carefully, looking down

5. The first two couplets of the poem focus on Mount Tai, while the last two couplets focus on the answer: the overall image and the poet's feelings

6. Appreciate the sentence "When you stand at the top of the mountain, you can see all the small mountains."

Answer: This sentence uses Confucius' "climb Mount Tai and make the world small". It is not only the poet's oath to climb to the top of Mount Tai, but also the poet's oath to climb to the top of life. It expresses the author's ambition and spirit of not being afraid of difficulties, daring to climb to the top, and overlooking everything. The contained philosophy of life: As long as you are not afraid of difficulties and dare to climb to the top, you can overlook everything and stand proudly.

7. The word "Zhong" is used well and has always been praised by people. Try to analyze what is so good about it? Answer: The word "clock" uses personification to describe the passion of nature, and also reflects the author's love for the majestic and beautiful scenery of Mount Tai.

8. The word "cut" in the article is very well refined. Let's try to analyze its expressive function. Answer: Viewed from the north of the mountain, the sunlight shining down on the earth is like being cut off by a huge knife, highlighting the image of Mount Tai blocking the sky and the sun.

9. Please analyze the feelings expressed by the author based on the poems.

Answer: The poet enthusiastically praised the tall and majestic momentum and magical and beautiful scenery of Mount Tai, revealing the poet's love for the mountains and rivers of the motherland, and also revealing the poet's lofty ambitions in his early years.

(2) Appreciation of "Spring Hope"

1. In the neck couplet, in addition to describing how the war is getting fiercer and the people are being killed, the author also uses it to describe the preciousness of family letters and express his appreciation for them. of intense longing. Answer: worth ten thousand gold, wife and children

2. How do you understand the sentence "When you are grateful for the time, the flowers splash with tears, and when you hate others, the birds are frightened". Answer: There are two interpretations: one is about touching the scene and making people feel emotional. The flowers and birds should be pleasing to the eye, but because they are sentimental and hate to say goodbye, the poet sheds tears when he sees them. The two empathize with things, using flowers and birds to personify people, feeling sad at the moment of farewell, the flowers also shed tears, and the birds are frightened, so as to set off the poet's mood.

3. The words "break" and "deep" in the first couplet are very well refined. Let's try to analyze their expressive functions. Answer: The word "broken" describes the shocking scenery. The word "deep" creates a scene that is full of sadness.

4. Appreciate the ancient famous saying "The war continues for three months, and letters from home are worth ten thousand dollars." Answer: The war continues. I long for news about my loved ones at home. It expresses the urgent mood of waiting for the news to come when the news is cut off for a long time. , causing people to scream.

5. What kind of scene does "The country is broken and the mountains and rivers are broken in" painted to people? Answer: The word "broken" describes the fall of Chang'an, the capital of the country, and the dilapidated city. There are broken walls, broken bricks and tiles everywhere, which is shocking.

6. This poem integrates the emotions in front of you, in front of you, and in your heart. What kind of emotions does this poem express? Answer: This poem concentratedly expresses the poet's feelings of concern for his country and his family.

7. "Spring Hope" is closely linked to the word "hope", and the emotion is delicate and touching. The content of "wang" is:; the sentence thought of in "wang" is: _____, . Answer: The country is broken, the mountains and rivers are there, the city is springy and the vegetation is deep; the war continues for three months, letters from home are worth ten thousand dollars

8. The theme of the poem "Spring Outlook" is ____; answer: sad state affairs, missing family; The flowers shed tears when I feel grateful, and the birds are frightened by the hatred.

9. Please use your imagination to describe the picture shown in "The white head scratches shorter, and the hairpin is full of lust." and reveal the meaning of the poem. Answer: Facing the fallen mountains and rivers, an old man with white hair kept scratching his head and sighing because of anxiety and sorrow. The old man's long hair in the past is now falling off, and it is too short to put a bun into a bun. Meaning: This detail implicitly and profoundly expresses the poet's concern for his country and his family.

(3) Appreciation of "Shi Hao Li"

1. The sentence in the article that expresses the horror of war is

2. The writing background of the article is "," which refers to the rebellion launched by the two men.

3. The companion chapter of "Shi Hao Li" is.

4. The "old woman" was captured What is the evidence? Answer: The old woman was taken away. The poem "When the day comes, I will leave alone with the old man" can be used as evidence.

5. Some people say that the Tang army suppressed the "Anshi Rebellion". It is just. The old man's escape is unpatriotic. What do you think? Please tell me your reasons. Answer: The old man's behavior should be understood from the perspective of the serious suffering of the people.

3. Key Appreciation of "Four Poems"

(1) Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields (Part 3)

1. The lines in this poem that express a day's work are _________, _____________

2. Tell us your understanding of the two sentences "It is not enough to cherish the clothes, but the wishes are fulfilled" (what does the "wish" in the last couplet refer to)

Answer: On the surface. Look, it writes about the joy of pastoral work. It actually expresses the desire to live according to one's own wishes and not lose oneself in the dirty real world.

3. Try to describe "The road is narrow and the grass and trees are long, and the sunset is beautiful." The picture shown in "The dew stains my clothes".

Answer: There are overgrown vegetation on the side of the narrow field path. The bright moonlight shines on the dew on the grass blades, which is shiny. The poet walks on the path, and his clothes They were all wet with dew.

(2) The poem "Envoy to the Fortress" describes the author's arduous journey to the Fortress, depicts the strange and magnificent scenery outside the fortress, and also expresses the author's personal feelings. Lonely and depressed thoughts and feelings.

1. Appreciate "Zheng Peng out of Hansai, Returning to Hu Tian" Answer: The mountains are high and the roads are far away, and the poet feels like he is "Zheng Peng" following the wind. And leaving, he returned to Hu Tian like a "returning goose". He used metaphors in the narrative to vividly express his wandering, loneliness, depression and longing for being far away from his hometown.

2. Expand rich associations and imaginations to describe the scene of "straight smoke in the desert, and the sun setting over the long river"

Answer: The desert is boundless, the sky is long, and a wisp of blue smoke rises straight into the sky; it rolls. The Yellow River roars away, and at the end of the river, there is a red and big round sunset

3. The word "straight" in "The lonely smoke is straight in the desert, and the sun is setting in the long river". The word "round" has always been praised by people. Please tell us about the beauty of these two words

Answer: The word "straight" reveals the uprightness and majesty in the desolation and loneliness, while the word "round" reveals its majesty and desolation. The words "straight" and "round" accurately describe the strange scene of the desert and express the author's deep feelings.

4. Su Shi commented on Wang Wei's poem "Taste" "Mojie's poem, there is a painting in the poem". The neck couplet "The solitary smoke is straight in the desert, the sun sets over the long river" is a wonderful picture. Please tell me how the beauty of this painting is expressed. Example 1: ①The composition of the picture is beautiful. The picture space is vast and the layers are very rich: from the sunset in the sky to the beacon smoke in the sky to the underground river, from the nearby beacon smoke to the distant sunset to the endless desert.

Example 2: ①The lines of the picture are beautiful. On the endless desert, the vertical part is smoke, the horizontal part is river, and the round part is sunset. A few strokes use simple lines to outline the basic shape of the scenery.

Example 3: ①The color of the picture is beautiful. The vast expanse of the desert is filled with yellow sand. The orange-red sunset at dusk has restrained its brilliance and sits quietly in the sky, reflecting the calm and shining white river water. A wisp of white beacon smoke rises from the desert, straight into the sky, and the majestic border fortress The scenery is before your eyes.

Example 4: ①The artistic conception of the picture is beautiful. The poem vividly depicts the magnificent, peculiar and unique scenery outside the Great Wall, combining movement and stillness, and the artistic conception is powerful.

In the background of the "desert", there are slowly rising beacon smoke, a calm "long river", and a "sunset" that is about to set in the west.

(3) Farewell at Jingmen Gate

1. Expand your association and imagination, and describe the scene of "mountains follow the plains, and the rivers are flowing with people."

Answer: The continuous mountains gradually disappeared as the boat sailed, and in front of us was the endless low and flat wilderness; the mighty river was surging, rolling eastwards on the endless wilderness.

2. Please briefly analyze the advantages of the words "sui" and "ru" in the second couplet.

Answer: "Sui" means "with". The mountains gradually disappeared with the appearance of the wilderness, turning static into movement (or "writing tranquility with movement"), combining the mountains and the plains. The position gradually changes and moves, which is vividly expressed, giving people a sense of space and flow.

"Ru" means "flow into". The mighty river is rushing endlessly. Looking from the distance from Jingmen, it seems to flow into the endless wilderness. It describes the vastness of the river's momentum and fully expresses the poet's lofty sentiments, full of joy and high-spirited passion.

3. Appreciate the "Flying Mirror under the Moon, the Clouds Forming the Sea Tower".

Answer: At night, the moon on the river is like a flying mirror, and the floating clouds condense on the river to form a mirage-like beauty. The image is majestic and the imagination is magnificent, showing the poet's open-minded and free personality and positive and optimistic attitude towards life.

4. "Still pitying the water of my hometown, seeing off the boat thousands of miles away", the meaning of the word "pity" expresses the author's thoughts and feelings.

Answer: The word "pity" means love. This sentence gives the water a human mood and bids the poet farewell affectionately, expressing the poet's deep love for his hometown and his reluctant farewell.

(4) Climbing Yueyang Tower (Part 1)

1. Analyze the thoughts and feelings of this poem. Answer: It expresses the author's sorrow for the broken country, his self-pity, and his infinite sorrow of life experience (hatred of family and country and sorrow of life experience).

2. Appreciation of "You have traveled thousands of miles to see the distance, but after more than three years it has been difficult and dangerous." Answer: This couplet expresses the resentment in the heart of a minister who lost his country. The contrast between "Ten Thousand Miles" and "Three Years" tells the story from the span of space and time respectively, and has received a double superimposed artistic effect, which makes people deeply moved.

3. Talk about your understanding of "Amidst the ancient wind and frost, old Mucangbo is infinitely sad". Answer: The poet with his white hair mourned in the wind and frost. Facing the old dead trees and clear waves, infinite sadness surged in his heart. This couplet has a double meaning. "Wind and frost" refers to the autumn wind and a metaphor for the severe political situation; "Old Mu Cangbo" is not only the real scene in front of you, but also contains the poet's haggard sadness, revealing the hatred of his family and country.