Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was a Russian writer and a Russian critical realist writer, thinker, and philosopher in the mid-19th century. What is the biography of Leo Tolstoy? Let’s take a look below.

Biography

Born in a noble family, Tolstoy entered Kazan University in 1840. In 1847, he dropped out and returned to his hometown to try to reform serfdom in his own territory. He served in the Caucasian army from 1851 to 1854 and began writing. Participated in the Crimean War from 1854 to 1855. In November 1855, he went to Petersburg to enter the literary world. Tolstoy went abroad in 1857 and saw the many contradictions in capitalist society, but could not find a way to eliminate social evils, so he had to call on people to live according to "eternal religious truths." From 1860 to 1861, in order to investigate European education, Tolstoy went abroad again, met Herzen, listened to Dickens' speeches, and met with Proudhon. From 1863 to 1869, Tolstoy wrote the long historical novel "War and Peace". From 1873 to 1877, he revised it 12 times and completed his second landmark masterpiece "Anna Karenina". In the late 1970s, Tolstoy's worldview changed dramatically and he wrote "Confessions" (1879-1882). Created in the 1980s: plays "The Forces of Darkness" (1886), "The Fruits of Education" (1891), novellas "The Devil" (1911), "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1886), "Kreutzer Sonata" "(1891), "Haze Murat" (1886-1904); the short story "After the Ball" (1903), especially the novel "Resurrection" written from 1889 to 1899, is the source of his long-term ideological and artistic exploration. Summarize. Tolstoy strived to live a simple civilian life in his later years. He ran away from home in October 1910 and died of illness at a small station on November 7 at the age of 82.

Creation characteristics

Theme of the work

Tolstoy has thought a lot about human nature in his novels. From these thoughts, we can see Tolstoy’s The most authentic side of Thailand’s spiritual world, Tolstoy’s thinking about human nature was mainly inspired by the history and reality of Russia at that time: on the one hand, traditional Russia was a patriarchal society, and the Orthodox Church determined the way people think and feel. Tolstoy He is also deeply influenced by the Orthodox Church, whether his attitude is acceptance or reservation; on the other hand, the European Enlightenment spirit has also deeply affected Russia, which has shaken the foundation of Russian traditional beliefs to a great extent. The influence of Tolstoy is also significant, which made Tolstoy doubt the basic doctrinal system of the Orthodox Church. He would not think about issues of faith like ordinary believers. However, Tolstoy did not completely move toward the European individualistic enlightenment stance. Therefore, his thinking about human nature often wandered between the two, sometimes like a Christian, sometimes like a humanist.

There is utopian thought in Tolstoy's works, which is mainly manifested in opposition to violence and slavery, opposition to the private land system, opposition to advocating capitalist material civilization and "evolution", and demanding the pursuit of legal life obligations and Reasonable life laws, return to healthy farming life, and through everyone's labor and moral practice, build a "heaven" on earth that is full of brotherhood, equality, harmony, and friendship and belongs to all mankind.

Artistic Features

Tolstoy created the epic novel. Historical facts are blended with artistic fiction, unrestrained brushstrokes are blended with delicate descriptions; individual features are revealed in huge group portraits, and lyrical monologues are interspersed with the solemnity of epics, creating a myriad of changes and a spectacle. He is good at controlling the structure of multiple clues, with thousands of threads and seamless connections; he can also break through the "closed" form of the novel, making it magnificent and without beginning or end like life.

Tolstoy’s artistic charm lies not only in reproducing the macroscopic world, but also in depicting the microscopic world. Unprecedented in world literature, it grasps the dialectical development of the soul and describes in detail the transformation process of psychology under external influence; it also penetrates into people's subconscious and expresses it in the harmonious connection with consciousness. Tolstoy's artistic power is real, and it is highlighted in character creation. Describe the multi-faceted, rich and complex nature of the character's heart truthfully, not just his prominent side or dominant mental state. It does not hide the shortcomings of beloved characters, nor stifle the glimmers of light in the characters' hearts that are revealed. Do not whitewash, exaggerate, idealize or caricature, always use true and objective descriptions to show their true colors, so as to see the greatness in the ordinary, or on the contrary, show the horror in the ordinary phenomena. Describing the development and changes of character, it is natural and smooth without showing any trace of agility.

The main characteristic of Tolstoy's style is simplicity. Strive to reflect the reality of life or express one's own thoughts in the most full and accurate manner. Therefore, although the art is strict, it does not simply rely on skills to win, does not pursue formal refinement, and does not avoid lengthy compound sentences, but only seeks to Maximum expressiveness.

In his later years, he strived to be concise in his psychological analysis. He did not write about the entire process of feelings, but only the main links of each stage of the psychological process; sometimes he adopted a dramatic method and expressed it through actions and dialogue.

Instead of writing about the sequential development of character, write about the decisive change caused by a sudden accident. In terms of structure, in order to show the characters' awakening, flashbacks are often used; in order to focus, novels no longer use multiple clues, but use a single clue to gradually unfold. In terms of language, it strives to be simple, concise and easy to understand, close to folk tales.

Reflection on Leo Tolstoy’s Teaching

After finishing the lesson "Leo Tolstoy" in Class 81, I was very happy and felt a sense of accomplishment. This is a class that I feel good about since the beginning of school, and it is also a class that makes me laugh. Before the forgotten savior has come, I need to summarize the gains and losses of this class to provide a reference for future teaching.

1. Teacher Preparation

"Column" is the third lesson in the second unit of the first volume for eighth grade. The extensive reading class marked on the textbook is a lesson that can be taught in one class. . This unit mainly studies character description. The focus of this lesson is to learn the methods of character description and the technique of suppressing desire first. I set the teaching focus as "the technique of suppressing before promoting." Therefore, in this class, I want to focus on breaking through this writing technique. So, I wrote down the ideas for the class on the lesson plan:

First of all, explain the concept of suppressing before promoting, and give some examples based on the articles and life that students have learned, so that the abstract concepts can be concrete and easy to understand. students understand. Second, get into the text. Students first read paragraphs 1-5 of the text independently and outline sentences describing Leo Tolstoy's appearance. After the reading, work in groups to summarize Leo Tolstoy’s physical characteristics. The teacher will write hints for each facial organ on the blackboard, and students will work together to find the answers. After eight minutes of cooperative learning, students can speak freely. Finally, the class collectively read paragraphs 6-8 of the textbook and sketched out sentences describing Leo Tolstoy's eyes. At the end of the reading, the students summarized the characteristics of the eyes. Learn the writing technique of expressing desire first and suppressing it again.

With clear teaching ideas, I know my teaching arrangements for every step in the classroom. When I was waiting for class at the door of the classroom, I already had a rough outline of the class in my mind. It felt good to feel confident. Therefore, I deeply understand that teachers must have clear teaching ideas before class, so that our classroom will be orderly and we will have confidence. When preparing lessons, you should prepare teaching materials and know the key points and difficulties of a lesson so that you can be targeted. Unimportant paragraphs can even be boldly discarded, so that the key points can be highlighted in the limited time. You also need to prepare students, know their level, and design questions based on their academic situation. Which questions can be solved by self-study, which ones require cooperation, which ones need to be answered in groups, and which ones need to be asked individually. This is all related to their academic situation. The last step is to have clear teaching ideas when preparing lessons, and the major links in the class must be well designed. Teachers' focus should be on lesson preparation. We have to do a lot of work to look effortless in class.

2. Student participation

Students must be involved in the classroom and get them moving. Chinese classes must have a reading component. They can be read aloud freely, long articles can be read silently, important passages can be read aloud collectively, or students can read individually. In short, various forms of reading aloud should be designed according to the characteristics of the text, so that students can read aloud while reading. Familiarize yourself with the text. If there is no reading aloud in the Chinese class, I don’t think it is like a Chinese class. In this lesson, I first asked students to read paragraphs 1-5 independently, then collectively read key paragraphs 6-8, and finally designated students to read the last two paragraphs.

Students can develop their sense of language and improve their concentration while reading aloud. During the reading process, students are required to pick up a pen and circle some words or sentences. The teacher must have clear requirements before reading and guide students to develop the habit of "not reading without writing or writing". In the process of circle and outline, students will have their own ideas. When teachers explain, some simple problems must be solved by students, either by self-study or through cooperative learning. It is necessary to exercise students' ability to find answers and learn on their own. The students in Class 1 have a better foundation and can basically find the answers in class. The cooperation aspect was also very active, everyone expressed their opinions, and the atmosphere was very good. At the end of the collaboration, I let the students answer questions freely. I write the questions on the blackboard, and whoever knows which one can stand up and answer, a bit like answering questions. The students scrambled to demonstrate actively. At this time, I will ask them which paragraph to say first, and then read the relevant sentences. Pick up a book and read it aloud. I think the habit of answering questions is also very important.

Finally, we studied the paragraph describing Tolstoy’s eyes together, grasping the metaphorical sentences, exaggerated sentences in paragraphs 6-8, and the adjectives describing eyes in the text, so that the students could summarize " Sharp", "full of emotion", "incomparable power" and other characteristics. After finishing the text processing, I started to return to the beginning of the class: to suppress the desire first. Because of the previous foreshadowing, students combined with the text quickly understood that the description of appearance in the first half is "inhibition", and the description of eyes in the second half is "yang". And everyone also knows that the advantage of this arrangement is that it makes the plot of the article changeable, ups and downs, and the contrast between before and after is clear, leaving a deep impression on readers.

Finally, I asked the students to get up and summarize what they learned in this class. Several students were able to clarify the ideas in the class like the teacher, which was particularly good. Originally, I wanted to summarize it myself, but then I thought about it, I might as well let the students try it, so that I can know how well they have mastered it.

The results showed that the students listened more seriously and their ability to summarize and refine was relatively good. Through asking questions, I know that most students have a relatively clear understanding of this lesson in their minds. At least the students all know what it means to suppress desire first. Next, I plan to assign a composition to let students start using this technique in their writing.

The class summary is over and the bell rings, which is good. The disadvantage is that I spent a lot of time explaining the technique of promoting desire first and suppressing it at the beginning of class. I was afraid that students would not understand, so I repeated it several times and gave too many examples. If that part can be refined, the second half of the study will be easier. The problem of looseness in the front and tightness in the back needs to be changed. The time ratio of each link should be carefully considered. Don’t become verbose or repetitive because you are afraid that students will not understand. Teachers’ language needs to be refined.

Of course, there are still many shortcomings in this class. I am writing it down today to give myself a reference. I hope that I can use my strengths and avoid weaknesses to give more classes that satisfy me in the future. If you can give a few classes each semester that make you happy, then the teacher's sense of value and happiness will be greatly improved.

Education is a matter of conscience, and we most need to be worthy of our own conscience. For the sake of students and ourselves, we cannot stop growing.

Appreciation of Leo Tolstoy's text

Original text of "Leo Tolstoy"

He was born with a hairy face and a lot of vegetation. In the open space, his thick mustache made it difficult for people to see clearly his inner world. The long beard covered both cheeks, covered the lips, and covered the dark face that was wrinkled like tree bark. The roots were fluttering in the wind, showing the demeanor of an elder. The eyebrows, which are about a finger wide, are like tangled tree roots, pointing upward. Locks of gray curls lay like foam on his forehead. No matter which angle you look at, you can see the lush beard and hair like a tropical forest. Like Michelangelo's Moses, Tolstoy's unforgettable image comes from his father-like beard like rolling white waves.

People all tried to use their imagination to remove the hair that covered his face, trim his crazy beard, and used the portrait of him with a shaved beard as a reference, hoping to use magic to create a smooth face. . ──This is the road sign leading to the inner world. As a result, we inevitably start to cringe. Because, it is undeniable that this man from a noble family has a rough appearance, with the face of a country boy. The soul of genius is willing to live in a low hut, and the workshop of the soul of genius is not much better than the leather tent set up by the Kyrgyz people. The hut was crudely made by a rural carpenter, while the small one was built by skilled craftsmen from ancient Greece. The beam above the small window and the forehead above the small eyes look like firewood chopped haphazardly with a knife. The skin is covered with dirt and lacks luster, and is as rough as the outer wall of a village house made of branches. In the middle of the square face, what we see is a wide lion's nose with two holes pointing upward, as if it had been punched by someone. It looks like it collapsed. Behind the messy hair, there is no way to hide the ugly pair of striking ears. There are two thick lips in the middle of the sunken cheeks. The overall impression left is one of imbalance, ruggedness, mediocrity, and even vulgarity.

The worried face of this laborer is covered with a shadow of depression, which retains stupidity and depression: there is no aura of enthusiasm, no spiritual brilliance, no trace of Xiao Datuo on his face. The extraordinary structure between Stoevsky's eyebrows that slowly rises like a marble dome. There was no luster in his face. Anyone who does not admit this is not telling the truth. Undoubtedly, this face is plain and unremarkable, with many obstacles and irreparable obstacles. It is not a temple for spreading wisdom, but a prison for imprisoning thoughts; this face is ignorant, gloomy, unhappy, ugly and hateful. From his youth, Tolstoy was deeply aware that his appearance was unlovable. He said he hated any illusions about his appearance. "How can a person like me with a wide nose, thick lips, and small gray eyes still find happiness?" Because of this, he soon let his beard and hair grow all over his face, hiding his lips in the dark The beard like a mink mask did not turn white until he got older, giving him a somewhat kind and respectable look. It was not until the last ten years of his life that the thick cloud covering his face was lifted;

It was not until the late autumn of his life that the light of beauty thawed this desolate place.

The eternally wandering soul of Micai actually found a humble home in a rustic Russian. There is no spiritual thing in this person, lacking poets, dreamers and creations. The person’s temperament. From a boy to a young adult, and even into old age, Tolstoy has always been plain-looking and could not be found among the crowd. To him. There is nothing wrong with wearing this coat or that coat, this hat or that hat. A person with such a face that can be seen everywhere in Russia may be presiding over a meeting of ministers on stage, or hanging out with a group of drunkards in a wine shop; he may be selling bread in the market, or he may be wearing the cassock of an archbishop. The cross was raised and passed over the heads of the kneeling believers. With such a face, no matter what profession you are engaged in, no matter what clothes you wear, or wherever you are in Russia, you will never stand out from the crowd and attract attention.

When Tolstoy was a student, he may have been a mixture of his peers; when he was an officer, it was impossible to distinguish him from his comrades; but after returning to country life, he looked no more like the country squire who usually appeared on the stage. It couldn't be more consistent. If you see a picture of him driving a carriage, and there is a white-bearded attendant sitting beside him, you may have to think for a while before you can judge that the person holding the reins is the coachman, and the person sitting beside him is the driver. It's the earl. Looking at another photo, he is talking to some farmers. If you didn't know the truth, you wouldn't have guessed that Lev, sitting among the old farmers, was a man of status and wealth. His family background and identity were very different from those of Gregor, Ivan, Ilya, Peter and everyone else present. . His face is completely featureless and belongs entirely to ordinary Russians. Therefore, we have to call him an ordinary person, and at this moment there will be a feeling that genius does not have any special appearance, but is the general expression of ordinary people. It can be said that Tolstoy does not have his own unique face. He has the face of ordinary people around Russia, because he shares the fate of the entire Russian people.

Therefore, those who saw him for the first time were invariably disappointed at first. Some of them traveled long distances by train, and some drove from Tula, sitting upright in the living room waiting for the master's reception. They have long formed a subjective concept of him, hoping to find something majestic and extraordinary in him, hoping to see a handsome man with a beard who looks like the Father in Heaven, who is noble, majestic, stalwart and genius. Before they were about to see the living person with their own eyes, they bowed their heads and lowered their eyebrows to the image of this literary figure they imagined, with great respect, and their inner expectations expanded to the point of fear. The door finally opened, and what came in was a short, stocky man. His beard was trembling because of his brisk steps. As soon as he entered the door, he almost jogged all the way, then suddenly stopped and looked at a stunned visitor with a friendly smile. With a relaxed and cheerful tone, he spoke words of welcome quickly and casually, and at the same time took the initiative to extend his hand to the guests. The visitor shook his hand with deep confusion and surprise. What? Such a dwarf! Could such a small and exquisite guy really be Leo Tolstoy? The guest raised his eyelids with embarrassment and looked directly at the host's face.

Suddenly, the guest held his breath in surprise. Under the thick bush-like eyebrows of the little man in front of him, a pair of gray eyes shot out a ray of sunlight like a panther. Although everyone saw Anyone who has seen Tolstoy has talked about this sharp gaze, but no picture, no matter how good it is, can reflect it. This gaze was like a sharp steel knife stabbing him, steady and accurate, hitting the vital point. It makes you unable to move or dodge. As if controlled by hypnotism, you have no choice but to endure this kind of probing gaze. No one can resist it. It penetrated the camouflaged armor like a bullet, and cut through the glass like a diamond knife. Under this kind of scrutiny, no one can hide anything. ── Hundreds of people including Turgenev and Gorky have given unquestionable descriptions of this.

This kind of soul-piercing inspection only lasted for a second, and then the sword was sheathed, replaced by soft eyes and a kind smile. Although the corners of his mouth were tightly closed and unchanged, his eyes were full of bright smiles, like magical starlight. And under the influence of beautiful and moving music, they can burst into tears like village women. When they feel spiritually satisfied and at ease, they can sparkle, but in a blink of an eye they are eclipsed by melancholy, cast into clouds, suddenly desolate, and appear insensitive and mysterious. They can become cold and sharp, they can reveal hidden secrets like scalpels and X-rays, and soon they will burst into curiosity with interest. These are the most emotional eyes on the human face. Can express a variety of emotions. Gorky's apt description of them expresses what we are thinking: "There are a hundred eyeballs in Tolstoy's eyes."

Thanks to such a pair of eyes, Tolstoy's There was a burst of talent on his face. All the genius of this man was concentrated in his eyes, just as the rich thoughts of the handsome Dostoevsky were concentrated in the peaks of his eyebrows. The other parts of Tolstoy's face, his beard, eyebrows, and hair, are nothing more than carapaces used to package and protect this pair of shining jewels. This pair of jewels has magic and magnetism, and can absorb the substances in the world, and then Radiating unerring frequency waves into our time. No matter how small a thing is, these eyes can see it clearly, like a falcon swooping down from a high altitude towards a timid mouse. These eyes will not let go of trivial details, but they can also fully reveal the vastness. The infinite universe. They can shine on the highest reaches of the spiritual world, and they can equally successfully shine their searchlight into the darkest depths of the soul. This pair of shimmering crystals has enough heat and purity to be able to gaze at God selflessly; it has enough courage to gaze at the nothingness that destroys everything. This nothingness is like the Gorgon, and anyone who sees her will turn into stone. . Nothing is impossible for these eyes, unless they fall into idle daydreams and enjoy themselves silently in elegant and cheerful dreams. As soon as the eyelids open, these eyes must be unambiguous, pursuing the prey soberly and ruthlessly. They cannot tolerate phantoms and want to tear off every false pretense and tear apart shallow creeds.

Everything cannot escape these eyes and must reveal its naked truth. It was very scary when this pair of cold daggers were turned towards their Fengren, because the blade was ruthless and went straight to the vital point, hitting him right in the heart.

He who has this keen eye and is able to see the truth has the entire world and its wealth of knowledge at his disposal. As a person who has always been good at observing and seeing through the essence of things, he must be missing one thing, and that is his own happiness.

Text Appreciation of Leo Tolstoy

1. Tolstoy has a hundred eyes in his eyes.

The author's quote from Gorky is an exaggeration in terms of rhetoric, but it perfectly expresses Tolstoy's all-round observation ability that can see everything in sight. . In fact, Tolstoy is a great writer on par with Balzac and Shakespeare. His works reflect all aspects of social life. There is a sentence in the text that can explain this: "No matter how small things are, you can see clearly with the help of this pair of lenses... This pair of eyes will not let go of even the most trivial details, and they can also fully reveal The vast universe. ”

2. ...This pair of jewelry has magic power and magnetism. It can absorb the matter in the world and then radiate precise frequency waves to our era.

This sentence describes the literary creation of Tolstoy, a thinker and artist, which not only comes from the observation and research of social life and the world, but also uses his artistic pen to accurately describe them. It shows the essence and requirements of the times.

3. It is very scary when this pair of cold daggers are turned towards their owner, because the blade is ruthless and goes straight to the vital point, just hitting his heart.

This sentence describes Tolstoy as a "sober realist" writer, and his criticism of reality is extremely profound and accurate. As the representative of the pinnacle of Russian realism in the 19th century, Tolstoy's writings were directed at almost all aspects of society, especially the tyranny of the tsar, the hypocrisy of the law, the decadence of the nobility, and the causes of peasant poverty. This is especially true in his masterpiece "Resurrection" in his later years. His works aroused fear in the tsarist government, and attempts were made to imprison or exile him, but were stopped due to his popularity and public opinion.

The story of Leo Tolstoy

Leo Tolstoy: Using a quill to draw pictures for children's books

Russian writer Lev ·Tolstoy paid great attention to cultivating children's interest in learning. Although his writing time was quite precious, he often allocated part of his time to children, telling them stories, drawing pictures for them, and answering various questions raised by them.

However, Tolstoy never forced knowledge into his children, but served them according to their hobbies and interests. For a while, the children were very interested in the works of the writer Jules Verne, and Tolstoy read them one after another.

Later, he discovered that the book "Around the World in 80 Days" had no illustrations. In order to help the children understand the plot, he personally drew the illustrations for the book with a quill every night. Tolstoy's time is precious, but he believes that it is worth spending time on improving children's interest in learning and stimulating children's thirst for knowledge.

Writer Leo Tolstoy's famous sayings

1. Ideals are guiding lights. Without ideals, there is no firm direction, and without direction, there is no life.

2. Life is not a game, therefore, we do not have the right to give up it based on our own will.

3. A person must use all his strength to improve himself and not waste his strength on anything else.

4. Life is not a pleasure, but a very heavy work.

5. The life of a person without faith is nothing more than the life of an animal.

6. A mind without wisdom is like a lantern without candles.

7. Civilization is not built by machines but by ideas.

8. Remember: There is only one time that is important, and that is now! It is important because it is our time to make a difference.

9. The hour you put it aside without using it most effectively can never come back.

10. Have life goals, lifelong goals, goals for a period of time, goals for a stage, goals for a year, goals for a month, goals for a week, goals for a day, goals for an hour Goal, one minute goal.