Chitose: (3) A direct or indirect name for the kings conferred by the Son of Heaven (Emperor), commonly used in novels and dramas. (4) The title of the king of a dependent country in ancient China. In our ancient Chinese feudal society, those princes in the royal family who were senior to the emperor, as well as those of the same generation as the emperor, were generally called "thousand-year-olds" by officials. In ancient times, there was a rule that powerful officials with the same surname could be granted the title of king. People who were not in the same family as the emperor generally could not be granted the title of king. The greatest hero was only awarded the title of "Mr. XX". In history, many ministers with real power would break this rule and force the emperor to make himself king. For example, Cao Cao forced the Han Emperor to make him the King of Wei. Later, Sima Yi's son Sima Zhao also forced the Wei Emperor to make him the King of Jin. The last two people They all usurped the throne and became emperor. Under normal circumstances, a person from a family with a different surname would not be crowned king. After being granted the title of king, one will be "thousand years old". The eunuch Wei Zhongxian monopolized power, which was actually more powerful than the emperor. He claimed to be nine thousand years old, excluded dissidents, and arbitrarily ruled the country, so that people "only know that there are loyal and virtuous people, but they don't know that there is an emperor." The status of women in ancient times was low, so the queen mother and empress could only be called a thousand years old. In ancient China, the kings of vassal states usually called themselves Chitose. ) "Long live" originally meant to exist forever, and was originally a congratulatory message from the ministers to the monarch. Volume 1 of "Shi Yuan": "During the Warring States Period, the King of Qin saw Lin Xiangru offering a jade, and Tian Dan made a false promise to surrender to Yan. Feng Xian burned the bonds of Lord Mengchang, and the people around him shouted long live. When the Seven Kingdoms were established, everyone was happy for the king. Everyone shouts "long live". Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has been normal for ministers to express their gratitude and congratulations to the emperor. "(3) In Chinese feudal society, the word "long live" is synonymous with the supreme ruler. The "Long Live Lord" in the mouth of the ministers is the emperor. Except for the emperor, no one dares to associate himself with "Long Live". Even Wei Zhongxian, the powerful eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, although he never took the emperor in his eyes, he only dared to Claiming to be "nine thousand years old". We often see ministers shouting "Long live" when praising the emperor on TV. In fact, the word "Long live" was not originally reserved for emperors. A long time ago, "Long live" was just a cheering word that expressed people's inner joy and celebration. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, courtiers often called "Long live" when meeting the king. However, this word was not the only title that the emperor was good at. Calling others "Long live" did not matter to the emperor. . When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty came, he wanted to take "Long Live" as his own, but when people celebrated events, some people still shouted "Long Live". In the Song Dynasty, the emperor was really not allowed to call others "Long Live". Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period In the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, people often used eulogies and blessings such as "Boundless for ten thousand years" and "Borderless for eyebrows and longevity". "The Book of Songs·Binfeng·July" contains the sentence "The navel is in the court hall, calling the bamboo cup, longevity is boundless", which describes the scene of people holding a joyful ceremony after a year of hard work. "Longevity without Borders" here is the cheering phrase given by people when they raise their glasses and drink. There are also many such words in the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is not a praise of the emperor, but a style of writing that can be used by anyone who makes a tripod. For example, "Only Huang's grandson is the uncle of the emperor and made his own cauldron. He has no boundaries for thousands of years, and his descendants will enjoy the treasure forever." It only means that it will be passed down to future generations and will remain private forever. The word "Long Live" is the development and simplification of these eulogies and blessings. Warring States Period and Early Han Dynasty From the Warring States Period to the Early Han Dynasty, the word "Long Live" appeared frequently in people's mouths and was recorded in historical documents. "Warring States Policy·Qi Ce" records that Yichangjun sent his diner Feng Yuan to the feudal city of Xue (now south of Tengzhou, Shandong) to collect debt interest. After Feng received the news from Xue, he "sent officials to summon all the people who were responsible for payment and come and combine the coupons." But some poor people were really unable to repay the interest, so Feng Yuan took matters into his own hands, "because he burned his coupons, the people said long live them." "Historical Records·Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" records that Lin Xiangru came from the Qin Dynasty to the He family and "reported to the King of Qin. The King of Qin was very happy and passed it on to show off the beauty and the people around him. Everyone on the left and right shouted long live." It can be seen that "Long live" at this time is just a cheering word. During this period, "Long Live" had another meaning, that is, as a taboo term for "death". For example, "Warring States Policy: Chu Ce" records that the King of Chu wandered in the clouds and dreamed, looking up to the sky and smiling at the sun: "I will live forever, who will enjoy this?" "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Great Ancestor": "Although I am in Guanzhong, my soul will still be alive after thousands of years. "Le Si Pei." The meaning of "Long Live" here is consistent with what Cao Cao said in "The Story of Wei Wu" quoted by Pei Songzhi in "The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, and Chronicles of Emperor Wu": "After caring about me for ten thousand years, both Ru and Cao will be married and want to preach." The "ten thousand years" of "my heart, making it known to others" are the same. The emperor was called "Long Live" starting from the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, and "Long Live" was also assigned to the emperor by Confucians. According to various historical records, "Book of Han: Chronicles of Emperor Wu" records that in the first month of spring in the first year of Yuanfeng, Emperor Wu visited the Feng clan. The edict said: "I am working on Huashan Mountain, as for Zhongyue... The next day, I personally climbed to Songgao. The imperial censor took the subordinates. At the temple, the officials and soldiers heard the three people calling for long live, but they went up and ignored them." The three people who called for long live, who called them? of? Gou Yue noted: "Long live the mountain god." Fifteen years later, in February of the third year of the Dashi Period, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also said that he was "lucky to Langxie, and the mountain was built according to the rites of the sun. When you climb it, you will float on the sea. The mountain is called Long live". Since then, "Long Live" has become the emperor's exclusive title. Except for the emperor, no one is allowed to call himself "Long Live". By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, as Confucianism was assigned to the emperor, "Long Live" was also assigned to the emperor. From then on, it became synonymous with the highest feudal ruler. According to historical records, this is the product of a huge lie carefully concocted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Historical records: In the first year of Yuanfeng, "in the first month of spring, I traveled to the Feng family.

The imperial edict said: "I am working on Huashan Mountain, as for Zhongyue... The next day I climbed Songgao in person, and the imperial censor took the subordinates. The officials and soldiers at the temple heard three people shouting long live." Deng Li ignored him. "Look, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty climbed to the top of Songshan Mountain, and the officials and soldiers heard the voice of shouting "Long live" to him three times. Who shouted? Xun Yue noted: "Long live, the mountain god is also called. "It turned out that the gods were shouting "Long Live" to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty as a salute; moreover, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty paid tribute to the gods in return, and all of them agreed, which is the so-called "don't answer the ceremony". It's really alive! Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in order to further The myth of "three people shouting "Long live the Lord" was fabricated to deify the monarchy and strengthen the feudal autocracy. It became an unconventional example for later generations of subjects to shout "Long live" three times when celebrating the emperor's favor - and it was also known as "Shan Hu". Years later, in March of the third year of Taishi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took another step forward on the road of lying, claiming that "Fortunately, the sun is like a mountain." Climb the furrow and float on the sea. Long live the mountain. "This time, it was even more amazing: Zhifu Mountain in Shandong, the whole mountain shouted "Long Live" for him. From then on, this logic was bound to form: gods and stones all shouted "Long Live" for the emperor, and the subjects and common people The gods are one head shorter and one head taller than the ignorant stone. It is obviously impossible not to shout "Long Live" to the emperor. From then on, the voice of "Long Live" was heard endlessly in front of the throne of the feudal emperor. "Long live" is a sweet word that is only suitable for the emperor. If others use it, it is transgression, rebellion, and disrespect. Let me give you an example: Dou Xian, the general of the Later Han Dynasty, "is powerful in the world,... …Huidi’s mausoleum in the west ancestral hall, Zhaoxian and Chejiahui Changan. When Xian arrived, the minister expressed his desire to worship him and said long live him. Leng Zhengse said: "The husband is not flattering when he is superior, and he is not flattering when he is subordinate. It is a system of courtesy that no one will call him long live." ’ All those who discussed it gradually stopped. "It seems that there may be a lot of confusion in the head of this minister, but Han Leng's mind is still clear; if Dou Xian is really happy with the word "Long Live", even if he is lucky, his head is still pressed on his shoulders. After Emperor Wu of the Tang and Han Dynasties, the feudal rulers played various tricks on "Long Live": the emperor named his birthday "Longevity Festival", and the emperor's wife, son, and daughter Liu Yiyi followed the same method, euphemistically known as the "Thousand Life Festival", every time this festival, there was a lot of fuss and extravagance, especially the two female rulers, one was like Wu Zetian. He casually changed his reign several times, claiming to be "Long Live Tianzhu". In AD 696, the reign title was changed one after another, with "Long Live Tongtian" on one day and "Long Live Dengfeng" on the other. The word "Long Live" is really a great invention. The other one is the infamous Empress Dowager Cixi. She already has a long list of titles, and a flatterer actually suggested that the words "Long Live Without Borders" should be included. . This is really unprecedented. If "Lao Buddha" knew it underground, he would probably still be proud of it? There was another feudal ruler in the Ming Dynasty who, although he was a man, was ridiculed as "half a woman"; The man is Wei Zhongxian, the despised eunuch of the Ming Dynasty. He wielded great power and burned the sky. He built shrines all over the country. People called him Nine Thousand Years Old. Judging from the shrine in Jizhou, Wei Zhongxian's "golden statue is used." Mianqi, all the sparse words are like praising the saints, calling Yao, Tian and Shun the virtues, the most holy and the most divine. And the cabinet ministers often responded with arrogant words. The statue of Yuntai welcomes the loyal and virtuous people, five bows and three bows,... In front of the statue, I wish to say: something depends on the support of nine thousand years. "Nine thousand years is better than ten thousand years. Although it is one thousand years younger, it can still be regarded as "long live". This reminds people of Lu Xun's famous saying: "The more boring and unpromising the role is, the more I want to live longer and be immortal. ", and in fact, whether it is Empress Dowager Cixi or Wei Zhongxian, to borrow Lu Xun's words, "it is worse than a fart that stinks for a long time"! "Long live" is equated with the highest feudal ruler, and the common people must pay homage to it. Otherwise, of course it would be disrespectful. However, strict feudal codes including Tang Code, Ming Code, and Qing Code did not specify that the emperor meant "Long Live the Mountain" and that the subjects must "Long Live the Mountain" and not shout "Long Live the Mountain." , doubt or oppose "Long Live", that is, it is punishable by lese majesty. In fact, the emperor is "Long Live", and people must respect and shout infinitely, otherwise it is treason, but it has become an unwritten law. ; And countless facts have proved that unwritten laws are a hundred times more powerful than written laws. It is not that the common people at that time had no clue of this; in folk operas, they would often say "Honor my Lord, long live the Lord..." and even offer sacrifices. A tablet with the words "Long live the current emperor" to show his loyalty to the emperor is a clear proof. However, as Zhang Fuxiang of the Qing Dynasty said in his poem, "It is not necessarily true that the people are ignorant of the Buddha and the officials are loyal." The face is solemn. "There are also exceptions. According to research by Zhao Yi of the Qing Dynasty, the ancient meaning of "Long Live" was used to cheer for celebrations. "The folk spoken language has not changed. Therefore, in the late Tang Dynasty, some people still thought of it as a celebration, but for a long time no one dared to use it. "As for the Northern Song Dynasty, when the country was weak, it is recorded in history that "On New Year's Eve in Lizhou, every firecracker was fired, and every time a firecracker was fired, the crowd in the city shouted "Dashu", and if it was the end of the day,... Guangnan would shout "Long live". "Guangnan...calling your uncle an official, your aunt your family,... your son-in-law your consort, are all things that Zhongzhou dare not say." At the end of the year, when firecrackers are removed, soldiers and civilians gather around and shout long live, which is especially terrifying. "In fact, what's so "terrible"? In people's minds in remote rural areas far away from the center of feudal rule like Guangnan, "Long Live Lord" means "the sky is high and the emperor is far away", and is not necessarily so sacred, amiable or terrifying.

Therefore, we might as well be on an equal footing with the emperor and call our sons-in-law their consorts; as for these consorts, can they also call their father-in-law "Long Live"? There is a gap in history and it is unknown. In fact, in the later Zhou, Sui, and Tang dynasties, common people's names were still occasionally called Li Wansui, Shi Wansui, and Diao Wansui. The meaning may be similar to the way modern people named their children Chang Geng. Wish him a long life. As for the people on New Year's Eve who were extremely happy and shouted "Long Live" amidst the sound of firecrackers, there is nothing to be afraid of; this is just a remnant of ancient customs from the pre-Qin period. Confucius said, "If you lose etiquette, you will seek help from others." This is true. After classifying Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "Long live" cannot be called casually. From the Warring States Period to before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, although the word "Long Live" often appeared in the mouths of emperors and subjects, its meanings can be divided into two categories, and they are still generally the same as in ancient times. First, it talks about the date of death. For example: The King of Chu wandered in the clouds and dreamed, looked up to the sky and smiled and said: "I will live forever, who can enjoy this?" Lord Anling wept for several lines and said: "My king will live forever, I am willing to go to the underworld to drive away the ants." After Liu Bang established his capital in Guanzhong, he once said: "Although I am in Guanzhong, after long live, my soul is still happy and thoughtful." "Qi Jizi will be the king of Zhao as she wishes. Gaozu is worried that it will not be complete after long live." Also, "Long live, "The period of long life is called death," Yan Shigu said. This clearly shows that whether it is the king of Chu looking up to the sky and laughing and saying "Long live forever", or Lord Anling flattering his horse. The "Long live the Queen" that Liu Bang said on different occasions when he was deeply attached to his hometown and worried about his youngest son, King Zhao, all indicate death. Compared with ordinary people who call death, they can only say death, death, death, worldly death, no taboo, no fortune, death, donation of residence, abandonment of hall, death of siblings, etc. Although it seems a bit special, it is different from what was later called death. After all, the meaning of the sanctified word "Long Live" is quite different. Second, it means cheering, which is quite similar to "Ula" in Russian. Please look at the facts: Lin Xiangru held the rare treasure and his family's jade and "played it to the King of Qin. The King of Qin was very happy and passed it on to show the beauty to his left and right. They all shouted long live." The story of Feng Huan, a retainer of Lord Mengchang, who burned the deed is a well-known story. Historical records: Feng Huan went to Empress Xue, "who sent the officials to recruit the people to pay back the coupons. ... Because they burned the coupons, the people said long live." In order to paralyze the Yan army, Tian Dan "sent old and weak women into the city to send envoys." If you surrender to Yan, the Yan army will all shout long live." Ji Xin made a plan for Liu Bang, who was surrounded by Xiang Yu's army, and ran to the Chu army and lied: "The food in the city will be over, and the King of Han will surrender." The Chu army all shouted long live. "Lu Jia followed Liu Bang's order and wrote "Xin Yu", "Every time he played a piece, Emperor Gao did not fail to praise him for his kindness, and he shouted "long live" from left to right. In the front hall, Emperor Gaozu served as emperor and said: "The great emperor often thinks that his ministers are scoundrels and cannot afford property. Who is worse than Zhongli?" All the ministers in the hall shouted long live. , laughing for joy.

"——All of this fully shows that from the Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty, although people often shouted "Long Live", they were not specifically shouting for the emperor; but when there was something happy, even if they cheered, it was nothing more than that!