Blood lipid is the general name of lipid substances contained in blood. Lipids in blood mainly include triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and free fatty acids.

Compared with the total amount of lipids in the whole body, the lipid content in blood only accounts for a very small part, but its transport between tissues can often reflect the lipid metabolism in the body. The plasma lipid content of normal adults is relatively stable and has a certain fluctuation range. Blood lipid levels are also easily affected by non-disease factors. For example, some people have normal fasting blood lipids, and now they eat fried eggs with lard. After two hours, they go to the hospital to draw blood to check their blood lipids, and they will find that the blood lipid level at this time is much higher than the usual fasting level. However, the effect of this diet is only temporary, and blood lipids tend to be normal after 3 to 6 hours. Short-term hunger will also cause a temporary increase in blood lipid content due to a large amount of mobilization of stored fat. It's not hard to understand. You go to the hospital to check your blood fat, and the doctor tells you not to eat anything else after dinner, and then draw blood on an empty stomach 12 hours later.

Blood lipid is the general name of various lipid substances in blood. The most important things are cholesterol and triglycerides. Triglycerides are fats. They are insoluble in water and combine with protein to form lipoproteins, which circulate in the blood. There are many kinds of lipoproteins, and β -lipoprotein detected in many hospitals is one of them. There is also a kind of high density lipoprotein, which has the opposite effect to β lipoprotein and has the effect of anti-arteriosclerosis.

The average blood cholesterol content of healthy people is 100 ml of blood 160 mg. If it exceeds 220 mg, it is too high. Triglyceride is 85 mg, if it exceeds 160 mg, it is too high; Beta lipoprotein 400 mg, more than 600 mg is too high; High density lipoprotein is 55 mg. Of course, the higher the number, the better. Less than 35 mg is considered abnormal.

The slight increase in cholesterol may be caused by excessive intake of cholesterol and animal fat. Smoking, diabetes, hypothyroidism, etc. It can also lead to an increase in cholesterol. A blood cholesterol content of more than 300 mg per 100 ml is called severe hypercholesterolemia, and sometimes it can be a family disease. Mild increase in triglycerides may be caused by excessive intake of sugary foods, smoking and obesity. Severe hypertriglyceridemia is mostly related to diabetes, liver disease and chronic nephritis. Beta lipoproteins include cholesterol and triglycerides, and any factor that leads to the increase of cholesterol or triglycerides can increase beta lipoproteins. Low HDL may be caused by heredity, malnutrition, liver disease and lack of exercise.

Whether the cholesterol content increases, the triglyceride content increases, or both increase, it is collectively called hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia is closely related to coronary heart disease, especially if both cholesterol and triglyceride are elevated, the risk of coronary heart disease is greater. Of course, having hyperlipidemia does not necessarily mean that you will suffer from coronary heart disease, but actively treating hyperlipidemia is one of the important measures to prevent coronary heart disease.

Reasonable diet is an effective and necessary measure to treat hyperlipidemia. Because the currently used lipid-lowering drugs have certain side effects, drug therapy should be considered only when diet therapy is ineffective. If it is simply high cholesterol, the intake of cholesterol should be limited. The intake of cholesterol should be less than 200mg per day, and an egg contains about 250 ~ 300mg of cholesterol. Therefore, it is necessary to control the consumption of egg yolk and animal internal organs. The intake of animal oil should also be reduced. If the triglyceride is only high, it is necessary to limit the total amount of food, especially the intake of sugar food, and appropriately limit the intake of animal fat and cholesterol. If cholesterol and triglycerides increase together, the above principles should be considered together. The diet of patients with hyperlipidemia should be controlled, and the daily intake of food energy should be based on the need to maintain normal weight. There are many kinds of lipid-lowering drugs, which should be taken under the guidance of a doctor. Patients should exercise more, which can promote the consumption of excess fat in the body.

Hyperlipidemia is not uncommon in China. According to the survey, the total cholesterol (TC) or triglyceride (TG) in adult blood accounts for about 65,438+00% to 20%, and even nearly 65,438+00% of children have increased blood lipids, and the incidence of hyperlipidemia has gradually increased, which is closely related to the obvious improvement of people's living standards and the change of eating habits in China. Because patients often have a decrease in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), it is more appropriate to rename "hyperlipidemia" as "dyslipidemia".

According to the different components of dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia can be divided into the following three types:

1. Hypercholesterolemia: The total blood cholesterol of normal people should be lower than 5.2 mmol/L. If it exceeds 5.7 mmol/L, it can be diagnosed as hypercholesterolemia. The total cholesterol content in blood is between the two, which is marginal or critical and abnormal. The exact cause of the increase in blood total cholesterol is not clear. Some cases are related to family inheritance, most of them have high blood cholesterol, and some people suffer from coronary heart disease at a very young age. Some patients may eat a lot of foods containing a lot of cholesterol for a long time, such as fat, lard, animal viscera, shellfish, etc., which will increase the total cholesterol in the blood. In addition, obesity, aging (old age) and female menopause are also related to the increase of total cholesterol. In short, most patients are caused by genetic defects or the interaction between such defects and environmental factors, but it is difficult to diagnose the cause of each patient at present. Therefore, it is called "primary hyperlipidemia". The incidence of a few patients is caused by other diseases, such as hypothyroidism, chronic nephropathy and diabetes; Long-term use of some drugs, such as Dichlorothiazide in diuretics, prednisone or dexamethasone in hormones, can also lead to an increase in blood cholesterol, because the onset of such patients is based on the original disease, so it is called secondary cholesterolemia. Whether the disease is primary or secondary, their blood low T- density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) usually increases. The increase of blood cholesterol and low density lipoprotein is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease, so prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia is one of the key measures to prevent coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.

2. Hypertriglyceridemia: The disease is defined as blood triglyceride exceeding 65,438+0.7 mmol/L ... Its etiology is also related to diet, which can be caused by eating too much sugary food for a long time, drinking, smoking and too little physical activity. The obvious increase of triglyceride is common in family hereditary diseases, which is related to genetic abnormality. After the blood of these patients is pumped out, the upper layer is often creamy and the lower layer is turbid. They are more prone to acute pancreatitis. Diabetes, biliary obstruction and other diseases will also promote the emergence of "secondary trisaccharides". The increase of triglycerides is also a risk factor for coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Patients also have an increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). If HDL-C is significantly reduced, it is more likely to cause coronary heart disease.

Third, mixed hyperlipidemia: the total cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood increase at the same time to diagnose the disease. Its etiology is also related to heredity, diet or other diseases. Because these two blood lipid components are abnormal, and HDL-C is often significantly reduced, it is more likely to cause coronary heart disease.

After the diagnosis of dyslipidemia, patients should check blood sugar, liver and kidney function and related cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and pay attention to determine whether there are other diseases that promote dyslipidemia as much as possible. When necessary, the blood lipids of family members were tested to find out the cause and lay the foundation for further treatment.

Fatty substances in the human body are the main energy source necessary in the body. However, if there is excess fat in the body, it will be deposited on the arterial wall under the synergistic effect of other injury factors, forming atherosclerotic plaques, gradually narrowing or blocking the vascular lumen, and causing ischemia or infarction of tissues and organs supplying blood.

Fat comes from inside and outside the body. The former is mainly synthesized in the liver, and the latter is ingested through diet.

Common causes: (1) high cholesterol: excessive intake of saturated (animal) fat in diet, liver cirrhosis, uncontrolled diabetes, hypothyroidism, nephropathy and hereditary hypercholesterolemia. (2) Hypertriglyceridemia: excessive calorie intake, alcoholism, uncontrolled severe diabetes, nephropathy, certain drugs (such as estrogen) and hereditary hypertriglyceridemia.

According to the etiology, hyperlipidemia can be divided into primary and secondary clinically. The latter is caused by other diseases with low incidence. Primary hyperlipidemia may be related to the abnormality of related genes, lipoproteins and their receptors or enzymes. However, hyperlipidemia is also related to many other risk factors of arteriosclerosis.

(1) glomerulosclerosis, etc. Hyperlipidemia can cause vascular endothelial cell injury and local shedding, which leads to the increase of vascular wall permeability. Plasma lipoprotein can enter and deposit in the intima of vascular wall, which in turn causes the clearance of macrophages and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and forms plaques, leading to arteriosclerosis, renal arteriosclerosis and lumen stenosis, which can lead to renal ischemia, atrophy and interstitial fiber proliferation. If the renal blood vessels are blocked, the corresponding areas will be infarcted, and the infarcted areas will form scars after being organized. This leads to glomerulosclerosis. Outside the kidney, it can accelerate the occurrence of coronary atherosclerosis, lead to coronary heart disease and increase the risk of myocardial infarction. Similarly, arteriosclerosis in other parts leads to corresponding diseases, such as cerebral arteriosclerosis and cerebral infarction.

(2) Glomerular injury: Hyperlipidemia can cause lipid deposition in glomerulus, and low density lipoprotein can activate circulating monocytes, leading to infiltration of mononuclear cells in glomerulus, thus causing or aggravating inflammatory reaction. At the same time, mesangial cells and endothelial cells of glomerulus can produce reactive oxygen molecules and promote lipid peroxidation. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) has a strong cytotoxic effect, resulting in renal tissue damage. In addition, hyperlipidemia can also cause the increase of collagen, laminin and fibrin in glomerular mesangial matrix, which is directly related to glomerular sclerosis.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become common disease hazards, and their pathological basis is atherosclerosis; Atherosclerosis is closely related to hyperlipidemia. Therefore, controlling hyperlipidemia will be an effective preventive method.

A person's hyperlipidemia is formed in daily life, so, in daily life, can people control it themselves? It should be said that this will be a self-care science with long-term significance.

Blood lipids have physiological functions.

In human blood, in addition to solid components such as blood cells, it is liquid plasma. Plasma contains lipid components needed by human body, which is called blood lipid.

Blood lipids include fats and lipids. Fat is mainly triglyceride; Lipids are the general names of phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. These lipids contained in blood circulate throughout the body and have important physiological functions for the human body. All kinds of human activities are powered by heat energy, which consumes heat. Lipids are nutrients that produce the highest calories and provide the human body with heat requirements.

The human body is composed of millions of cells in Qian Qian, and the cell membrane is composed of phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol, which maintain good functions; The brain and nerves also need phospholipids and glycolipids; Sterol is also an essential substance for hormone synthesis in the body;

Some nutrients ingested from the diet are fat-soluble, such as vitamins A, D, E and K, which can be dissolved and absorbed in the intestine and supplied to the human body. Lipids can protect skin epithelial cells and accelerate the healing of skin injury.

There is a layer of fat under the human body, which can prevent and control body temperature, keep warm and help keep out the cold; But also can absorb the heat from the outside, so as not to spread to the inside of the human body unimpeded, thus playing the role of heat insulation and maintaining normal body temperature.

Therefore, the human body needs fat and cannot do without it. Those who "talk about obesity" are wrong. Blind rejection of fat in daily life is harmful to human body. The problem is just the need to control hyperlipidemia.

How much blood lipid is appropriate?

Lipid components in human blood, because they are insoluble in water, must combine with apolipoprotein and circulate in the blood in the form of lipoprotein to supply human needs and ensure physiological functions.

High density lipoprotein cholesterol binds to apolipoprotein A, while low density lipoprotein cholesterol binds to apolipoprotein B. ..

Therefore, hyperlipidemia in blood is called hyperlipidemia, which can also be called hyperlipidemia. Although there is a word "disease" here, it only means that the value is abnormal, not disease.

In the physical examination, the items of blood lipid are total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and the ratio of apolipoprotein A to B.

Total cholesterol below 200 mg is normal, below 239 mg is still normal or slightly higher, and above 240 mg is abnormally high;

High density lipoprotein cholesterol is normal when it is above 45 mg, marginal or slightly lower when it drops to 36 mg, and abnormally lower when it is below 35 mg;

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol below 130 mg is normal, marginal or slightly higher than 159 mg, and higher than 160 mg is abnormal;

Triglycerides below 200 mg are normal, and those above 200 mg are abnormally high;

The ratio of apolipoprotein A to B is normal, which should be higher than 1.30, and the ratio of A to B often drops below 1.0 when blood lipids are abnormal.

As can be seen from the above, dyslipidemia is mainly due to the increase of total cholesterol, and its main component is low density lipoprotein cholesterol; The combination of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B will inevitably lead to the decrease of the ratio of apolipoprotein A to apolipoprotein B.

Control hyperlipidemia in life

The adjustment of human function is very subtle. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol determines the content of cholesterol in blood. In order to maintain proper cholesterol content and ensure normal physiological function, high density lipoprotein transports cholesterol to the liver for decomposition and excretion, thus maintaining proper cholesterol content in the blood. This is a continuous dynamic process. To control hyperlipidemia from daily life, the first thing is to control it from diet. This includes two aspects: controlling the intake of foods with high cholesterol and eating more foods that can lower cholesterol.

In diet, animal fat, animal brain, liver, kidney, egg yolk, duck egg yolk, goose egg yolk, preserved egg, shrimp, crab yolk and other foods have high cholesterol content, so they should be controlled. Take the eggs that people often eat as an example, each yolk contains about 320 mg of cholesterol, and it is advisable to eat only one egg every day; If the blood lipid is not too high, you can eat only egg white instead of egg yolk. Controlling pure sugar and fat is beneficial to reduce triglycerides.

Foods with low cholesterol or cholesterol-lowering effect should be appropriately added in the daily diet, such as cereals, lean meat, chicken and duck meat, fish (especially marine fish), sea cucumber, kelp, potatoes, bananas and other foods, as well as vegetable oil (especially sesame oil, peanut oil and corn oil). Eating milk, beans or their products can also supplement calcium and help control cholesterol. Drinking tea, especially green tea, can also reduce blood fat.

Studies have found that garlic can increase high-density lipoprotein in the blood and enhance the decomposition and excretion of cholesterol. Soybean and bean products have obvious effects on lowering low density lipoprotein cholesterol in blood. Mushrooms and auricularia can lower cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Onions also have a certain effect on preventing cholesterol from depositing on the arterial wall.

While controlling diet, insisting on physical exercise is conducive to consuming body fat, accelerating blood circulation, not stopping blood flow, and preventing cholesterol from depositing on blood vessel walls. In the national fitness exercise, it is also beneficial to maintain a proper weight to choose the sports that suit you all the year round.

You should also use your brain frequently. It only accounts for 2% of your weight, but consumes 20% of your body's calories. Using the brain frequently (especially for the elderly) helps to reduce the accumulation of fat in the body and reduce blood lipids.

People over the age of 40 should also check their blood lipids in the annual physical examination to evaluate the effect of controlling hyperlipidemia in daily life. If hyperlipidemia is found, then cooperate with other treatments.

At present, the incidence of hyperlipidemia is high and harmful, so prevention is very important. Prevention first, combining prevention with elimination; Disease-free prevention, disease prevention progress.

To prevent hyperlipidemia, different people have different hierarchical contents. These tasks face three groups of people, namely, healthy people, sick people and dangerous people. The latter two groups are stricter. At the same time, we should not only pay attention to the prevention of hyperlipidemia itself, but also pay attention to the harm caused by hyperlipidemia.

First of all, we should emphasize the prevention of etiology, remove or control its possible causes, incentives and other influencing factors. Namely: (1) Improve diet and eat less animal fat, viscera, sweets and starch; Eat more vegetable protein, oil, vegetables, fruits and fish. (2) lose weight. (3) Strengthen physical exercise, and do aerobic exercise at least three times a week for more than 30 minutes each time. (4) Quit smoking and drink a little. (5) Control other diseases that affect blood lipids. (6) Patients with hyperlipidemia, especially men over 40 years old, postmenopausal women, or people at risk of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, etc. Blood lipids should be tested regularly for early prevention and treatment. (7) Patients with hyperlipidemia should be treated with reasonable lipid-lowering therapy on the basis of prevention.

After the diagnosis of hyperlipidemia, non-drug treatment should be carried out first, including diet adjustment, lifestyle improvement and control of influencing factors. On this basis, drug treatment is carried out. Attention should be paid to the following points in medication: (1) Combination of prevention and treatment, and combination of non-drug and drug application. (2) Use drugs according to different types of hyperlipidemia. (3) The appropriate blood lipid level of patients with coronary heart disease should be lower than that of normal people, and other risk factors should be controlled by taking medicine as soon as possible. (4) Long-acting lipid-lowering drugs should be taken once a night. (5) Check blood lipid and liver and kidney function at least once every 3-6 months after taking the medicine, adjust the dosage at any time, and monitor the side effects. (6) Take medicine continuously to control the blood lipid level within the normal range.

There are 4-5 kinds of lipid-lowering (lipid-regulating) drugs, but in recent years, there are two kinds with definite curative effect and the widest application: (1) Statins: simvastatin (Shujiangzhi), pravastatin and lovastatin are commonly used. (2) Bates: Fenofibrate, Geffebetsey, etc. It is commonly used. Statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis, which is mainly used for mixed hyperlipidemia with increased total cholesterol, that is, cholesterol and triglycerides increase at the same time; Bates is used for the type of elevated triglycerides. Statins can obviously reduce the concentration of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, slightly reduce triglyceride and slightly increase the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the curative effect is positive.

At present, lipid-lowering therapy is of great significance in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, and it has been included in one of the three modern therapies for coronary heart disease (ABC therapy), and its great contribution to human beings is no less than the discovery of penicillin in that year.

There is a famous saying abroad: "People who can't spare time for exercise will be forced to take time to get sick sooner or later." Exercise, sunshine, air and water are the four cornerstones of life. Exercise can exercise the body's heart, lungs, blood, digestive and endocrine systems, make it more sensitive to the outside world, strengthen the muscles and bones of the whole body, cultivate sentiment and return to nature.

1992, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggested that the best exercise is walking. This is because people walk upright, and their physiological and anatomical structures are most suitable for walking. The latest research in the United States shows that proper and effective walking can significantly reduce blood lipids, prevent atherosclerosis and prevent coronary heart disease. For hyperlipidemia, walking is not only to strengthen the body, but also to treat diseases.

However, to achieve the goal of preventing and treating hyperlipidemia through walking, we must also master the scientific essentials-persistence, order and moderation.

Persistence: Persistence is the most important thing in sports. Hiking is the simplest and most convenient, and it can be carried out all year round, and there is no special venue. Blend into life and nature, relax and enjoy sports, such as getting off at two stops in advance, walking home, taking more stairs, having more outings and so on.

Orderly: step by step, don't walk too fast at first, gradually increase time and speed up. For example, in recent months, I have little activity, or have heart disease, and I am over 40 years old. At first, I can only walk a little faster than usual, 10 minutes, or I can walk for 3 minutes at a time, and walk more times according to the situation. After a week, the body gradually adapted. You can extend the exercise time until you exercise for half an hour every day and gradually improve your walking speed.

The golden mean: three threes, one five and one seven.

33: It takes at least three kilometers and thirty minutes to walk every day. According to your personal situation, the amount of exercise a day can be divided into three times, each time for ten minutes, and the effect of one kilometer is the same.

Five: Exercise at least five days a week.

Answer 7: You don't need to walk at full load, as long as you achieve seven achievements, you can prevent diseases and keep fit.

In addition to exercising, patients with hyperlipidemia should pay attention to the balance of daily diet and the intake of nutrients that are easily lacking in daily diet, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and egg yolk lecithin. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are called "vascular scavengers", which have the functions of lowering blood triglycerides and cholesterol, antithrombotic, anticoagulant and improving vascular elasticity. Egg yolk lecithin can reduce triglyceride and improve vascular elasticity. In order to improve their absorption and utilization rate, Beijing Wanboli Company developed Bolile nutritional granules by using the bioreactor technology researched by China Agricultural University in the Ninth Five-Year Plan, and combined these nutrients with various vitamins and minerals. The absorption and utilization rate of nutrients in the granules can reach above 96%, which not only has obvious effect on regulating blood pressure and blood lipid, but also has no side effects. The average patient's blood lipid can drop to normal level within 6 weeks, and will not rebound after recovery.

Patients with hyperlipidemia eat 2 packs of Borrelin every day, adhere to the above exercise methods, pay attention to balanced nutrition in their daily diet, and arrange rest and sleep. I believe you will overcome the trouble of hyperlipidemia as soon as possible.