Bo Ya Jue Xian:

Boya Jue Xian: Jue, cut off. Because Ziqi died, Boya broke his qin and stopped playing it. It is a metaphor for giving up a certain specialty or hobby after the death of a close friend to express condolences.

In ancient times, there was a story about Yu Boya throwing his harp to thank his close friend, which has been passed down as a legend through the ages. Yu Boya, a talented musician, liked to play a song called "High Mountains and Flowing Waters", but no one could understand it. He played the piano on a high mountain, and his music was high but few. Finally one day, a woodcutter who was cutting wood passed by and understood his "High Mountains and Flowing Waters". This man was Zhong Ziqi. Yu Boya's close friend was Zhong Ziqi. They agreed to meet two years later, but Zhong Ziqi did not show up two years later. After asking around, Yu Boya found out that Zhong Ziqi had died of illness and could no longer attend his appointment. Yu Boya was devastated. He knew that Ziqi was the only person who could understand his music. Now that Ziqi is dead, there will be no one else. He understood his music, so he threw his beloved Qin on Ziqi's grave to express his respect and regret for his close friend. This is the story of "Bo Ya dropped his zither to thank his bosom friend". Bo Ya missed Zi Qi sadly, and people used this to lament that it was hard to find a bosom friend.

Plucking Wei in the Book of Songs

Era: Pre-Qin Dynasty

Author: The Book of Songs

Work: Plucking Wei

Content:

If you pick weeds, they will stop.

It is said to be returned, and it is said to be returned.

The reason why the house and the house are so expensive is because of the wild beasts.

Don’t forget to live in Qi, because of the 烃狁.

Pick the weeds, and the weeds will stop softly.

When I say return, I say return, and my heart also stops worrying.

Worry is intense, hunger and thirst are present.

My garrison has not yet been decided, and the extravagant envoys have returned.

If you pick weeds, they will just stop.

It is said to be returned, and it is said to be returned, and the yang stops at the end of the year.

The king's affairs are extensive, and there is no need to leave the office.

Worried and guilty, I can’t do it.

What is Bierwei? The beauty of Weihua.

Bilushihe, a gentleman’s car.

Driving military chariots and doing four things.

How dare you settle down? Three victories in one month.

Driving the other four horses, the four horses raced.

A gentleman relies on others, and a villain relies on them.

The four male wings resemble fish-killing suits.

Isn’t it the sun’s warning and the thorns in the holes?

I am gone in the past, and the willows are still there.

As I come to think about it, it is raining and snowing.

The journey is slow, full of thirst and hunger.

My heart is sad, but I don’t know how sad I am.

Notes:

From The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Lu Mingzhishi.

Wei, wild pea seedlings, edible.

Zuo, Sheng, refers to the first birth. Stop, the particle at the end of the sentence.

Say, speak, speak. One is that it is an initial particle, with no real meaning.

Mo, that is, the word "twilight" today.

Spending a lot of time and space means living without a family. It means the resentment between men and women.

Appreciation

In the cold winter, with rain and snow falling, a retired soldier walked alone on his way back home. The road is rugged and we are hungry and thirsty; but the borders are getting farther and farther away, and the countryside is getting closer. At this moment, as he looked at his hometown in the distance and recalled the past, he couldn't help but have a lot of thoughts and mixed feelings. The harsh military life, fierce battle scenes, and countless scenes of climbing high and returning home, all reappeared before my eyes. "Plucking Wei" is the recollection and lamentation of a soldier who had been on guard for a long time three thousand years ago on his way back. It is classified as "Xiaoya", but quite similar to "Guofeng".

The whole poem has six chapters, which can be divided into three levels. Since it is a reminiscence on the way home, it is written in flashback. The first three chapters are one layer, recalling the feeling of longing to return and describing the reasons why it is difficult to return. The first four sentences of these three chapters express the feeling of missing home and looking forward to returning home in a step-by-step way. As time goes by, this feeling becomes more urgent and unbearable. The first sentence is inspired by picking up weeds, but it also contains poetry. Because weavers are edible, the soldiers in the garrison are picking weeds to satisfy their hunger. Therefore, this casual sentence of excitement is the prospect of spoken language and reflects the plight of the soldiers on the border. The "picking of weeds" by soldiers at the border is incomparable with the "picking of mulberries" and "picking of mulberries" by women in their hometown. The garrison was not only difficult, but also long. "Weicai also stops", "softly stops", and "hard stops", step by step, vividly depicts the growth process of Weiwei from breaking the ground and sprouting, to tender seedlings, to old and hard stems and leaves. " Together with "Sui Yiyang stops", it symbolizes the passage of time and the long battle. At the beginning of the year and at dusk, things change and the stars move. "It is said to be returning, and it is said to be returning", but it has been a long time since the garrison. For the garrison soldiers who are always in danger of life, how can they not be "worrying fiercely". So, why is it difficult for garrison soldiers to return? The last four sentences provide layered explanations: being far away from home is because of the danger of leopards; the reason for garrisoning is unstable because of frequent wars; and there is no time to rest and recuperate because of endless differences. The fundamental reason is "the reason of the 玁狁". "Book of Han? Biography of the Xiongnu" says: "During the reign of King Yi of the Zhou Dynasty, the royal family declined, and the Rong and Di invaded and tyrannized China. China was suffering from it, and the poets began to write and sing: 'The family is overrun, and the family is overrun. "Why?" This can be regarded as the historical background of "Plucking Wei". As for the dangers of hawks, ordinary men have the responsibility of guarding them. In this way, on the one hand, there is nostalgia, and on the other hand, there is a sense of combat.

The two layers of the first three chapters are intertwined with the personal feelings of missing family and the sense of responsibility of fighting for the country. These are two contradictory but equally real thoughts and feelings. In fact, this also constitutes the emotional tone of the whole poem, but Sigui's personal feelings and sense of responsibility for fighting are expressed differently in different chapters.

Chapter 4 and 5 trace the intense life of marching and fighting. It describes the majestic appearance of the army and the strict security, which lifts the momentum of the whole article. The mood also changes from a sad feeling of homesickness to a passionate feeling of fighting. These two chapters also have four sentences with the same meaning and can be read in four levels. In the first four sentences of the fourth chapter, the poet asks and answers himself, using the "maintaining beauty" to raise the "gentleman's chariot", revealing the unique pride of soldiers. Then two battle scenes are described around the chariot: "The military chariot is driven, and the industry is established. How dare you settle down, three victories are achieved in one month." This generally describes the majestic military appearance, high morale and frequent battles; There are four horses and four horses. The gentleman relies on him and the villain relies on him." This further describes the scene of the soldiers charging into battle under the cover of the chariot and the command of the general. Finally, the battle scenes also describe the soldiers' equipment: "Four male wings, like fish-killing uniforms." The war horses are strong and well-trained, and the weapons are sophisticated and invincible. The soldiers were in full array every day, just because the 玁狁 was really rampant. "Isn't it true that the sun is warning and the 玁狁 has thorns in its holes?" This not only reflects the situation at the border at that time, but also explains once again the reason why it is difficult to return after a long garrison. Based on the description of military life in these two chapters, "Mao's Preface" believes that "Caiwei" is a poem about "sending garrison troops" and persuading soldiers. This is not poetic. Judging from the contradictory emotions expressed in the whole poem, this garrison is both in love with his family and aware of the overall situation. He seems to have a sense of responsibility that everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the country. Therefore, it is very natural to recall the battle life of yesterday's birth and death on the long way home.

The emotional theme that covers the whole story is the sad thoughts of home. Perhaps the sudden falling snowflakes awakened the garrison, and he returned to reality from his memories, and then fell into deeper sadness. Looking back on the past and recalling the present, how can we not make "my heart sad" when we learn from the pain? "In the past, I left, and the willows clung to me. Now I come to think about it, and the rain and snow are falling." When writing about the scenery, it is even more expressive and sad. Individual life exists in time, and in the changing situations of "now" and "past", "coming" and "past", "rain and snow falling" and "willows falling", the garrison soldiers deeply experienced the waste and waste of life. The passage of life and the negation of the value of life by war. Unparalleled literary sentiments, eternally new. Today, when people read these four sentences, they can't help but feel sad and sad, mainly because they feel the deep sense of life passing through the poem. "The journey is delayed, and the thirst is filled with hunger." In addition, the return journey is long and dangerous, the luggage is scarce, and he is hungry and thirsty. This predicament in life deepens his sorrow. "The road has been delayed" seems to also include the soldiers' worries about their parents, wives and children. After many years of separation, "the envoy will return to his job", and life and death are unknown. When he returns, he will inevitably feel the fear of "being more timid when he is close to his hometown, and not daring to ask the visitor" ("Crossing the Han River" by Li Pin of the Tang Dynasty) psychology. However, no one knows or comforts the above-mentioned sorrows in this rainy and snowy wilderness; "My heart is sad, but no one knows that I am sad." The whole poem ends in this lonely and helpless lament. Looking at the whole poem, the typical meaning of the dominant sentiment in "Plucking Wei" is not to express the feelings of sending garrison soldiers to persuade soldiers to fight, but to retreat the war conflicts between the dynasty and the barbarians into the background, and to remove the individuals who belong to the national military operations from the battlefield. Separate it, through the recollection of the return journey, it focuses on the inner world of the garrison soldiers who were unable to return for a long time and were worried, thereby expressing the Zhou people's disgust and aversion to the war. "Plucking Wei" seems to be the ancestor of war-weary poetry through the ages.

In terms of art, "In the past, I left, and the willows lingered. Now I come to think about it, and the rain and snow are falling." is known as one of the best poems in "Three Hundred Chapters". Since Xie Xuan of the Southern Dynasty, its commentary and analysis has stretched into a history of interpretation for more than 1,500 years. Wang Fuzhi's "Jiang Zhai Poetry Talk" says "Use happy scenes to describe sorrow, use sad scenes to write joy, and double the sorrow and joy" and Liu Xizai's "Elegance of Art" "Elegant people are profound and express their feelings through scenery", which have become poets' mantras. The sentence structure of "past" and "present" has been repeatedly imitated by poets, such as Cao Zhi's "Severe frost first appeared, and now comes from dew" ("Love Poems"), Yan Yanzhi's "Past Ci Qiu" Even if you are not primed, you will still be able to bear the glory this year" (Part 5 of "Qiu Hu Shi"), etc.

烁 (xian, upper tone) 狁 (yun, upper tone), namely Beidi, Xiongnu.

No matter what, no time. Kai, kneel, sit dangerously. To live, to sit and live in peace. Ancient people sat on the ground, so there was a distinction between sitting in danger and sitting in peace. Both knees are placed on the seat whether sitting or sitting down. When sitting down (kneeling), the waist is straight and the buttocks are away from the feet; when sitting down, the buttocks are attached to the heels.

Soft, tender. "Rou" develops further than "zuo".

Fierce, still fierce.

If you are hungry and thirsty, you will be hungry and you will be thirsty; you will be hungry and thirsty.

Garrison, defense. Set, stop.

To hire, to ask, to say hello.

Strong, hard.

Yang, October is Yang. Today we still talk about "October Xiaoyangchun".

Mi (gu, upper tone), Wang Yinzhi interpreted it as endless.

Qi Chu means Qi Ju.

Hong, very, very. Guilt, illness, pain.

Well, pretend to be "". , the flowers are in full bloom.

Chang, Chang Di, is the name of a plant.

Road, pretending to be a "wheel", a cart. Sihe, still saying Weihe.

A gentleman refers to a general.

Military chariot, military chariot.

Male, male horse. Industry, growth and appearance.

To settle down means to live in peace.

Jie, pick up. It means engaging in battle and fighting. One word, "Jie" means "the evil comes out", which refers to changing the route and marching. This sentence means that there are many marches in January.

骙 (kui, Yangping), strong and mighty.

Fei (fei, Yangping), shelter, cover.

Easy and peaceful. It means that the horse is well-trained.

Mi (mi, upper tone) is a type of bow, with both ends decorated with bone horns. Elephant Mi, a Mi decorated with ivory at the end of the bow. Fish suit, quiver made of fish skin.

Sunday warning, daily vigilance.

thorn, urgent. Foramina, it's urgent.

In the past, it refers to the time of war.

Yiyi, lush appearance. One thing to say is attachment to appearance.

Si, the particle at the end of the sentence.

It’s beautiful and snowy.

Slow, slow.

Author's biography:

The Book of Songs was compiled around the middle of the sixth century BC. It is said to have been compiled by Confucius, the founder of Confucianism. It is my country's first comprehensive collection of poetry, with 305 works collected. It is divided into three parts: "Wind", "Elegance" and "Song", all of which are named after music. "Feng" is a local tune, which contains folk songs from the fifteen countries at that time; "Ya" is divided into major and minor ones, mostly composed by nobles; "Song" is a song used for ancestral temple sacrifices.

Caiwei

It refers to living in seclusion. "Historical Records? Biography of Boyi" records: "King Wu has put an end to the Yin chaos, and the world is ruled by Zhou and Zhou. However, Boyi and Shuqi are ashamed of it. They have no intention of eating Zhou millet, so they are trapped in Shouyang Mountain, picking osmanthus and eating it." It is said about Boyi. , the story of Shu Qi living in seclusion in the mountains and refusing to serve Zhou in his righteousness. Meng Jiao's "Feelings" (Part 5): "If you are a man of talent and trust in heaven, who will pick the weeds in Shouyang? If you go to the wilderness far away, you will return to the west when the sun sets." Later, he also showed his persistence in integrity. Wen Tianxiang's "Nan'an Army": "The mountains and rivers have been there forever, but the city has changed for a while. I died of hunger and true ambition, and I picked weeds in my dreams."

Translation:

Pick weeds in handfuls, The new shoots of weicai have grown up. Talking about going home, talking about going home, the year is over again. Having a home means not having a home, just to fight with the hawks. There is no time to sit down and fight with the eagle.

Pick handfuls of weeds, which are tender and beginning to sprout. Talking about going home, I feel sad and worried. My heart is burning with sadness, and I am so hungry and thirsty. It’s hard to decide on the defensive position. Who can I trust to take it home?

Pick weeds in handfuls, but the weeds have grown old and twiggy. We talk about going home, and in a blink of an eye, October is here again. There are endless errands in the royal family, and there is no time to rest. It’s so painful to be filled with sorrow, and I’m afraid I’ll never go home again.

What flowers bloom best? Tangdi flowers are blooming in dense layers. What kind of car is tall and big? The general rides on the tall chariot. Driving a chariot to go into battle, four strong horses galloped together. How dare you try to live in peace in the border areas? How many wins will we have to fight for in January?

Driving four big stallions, the horses are tall and big. The general's majesty relies on the chariot, and the soldiers rely on it for cover. The four horses are neatly arranged, and the fish skin quivers and carved bows are hung. There will never be a day when we are not on guard, and when the military situation is urgent, we will not disarm!

Recalling that when we set out for the expedition, the willow trees were still blowing in the wind; now on the way back, heavy snow is flying all over the sky. The roads were muddy and difficult to walk on, and we were tired from thirst and hunger. Full of sadness and sadness. Who can understand my sorrow?

The Book of Songs·Plucking Wei (Excerpt)

In the past I left, and the willows were still there;

Now I come to think about it, the rain and snow are falling

(Translation)

Recalling the time when I went on the expedition, the willows were still blowing in the wind;

Now on my way back, heavy snow is flying all over the sky.

(Note)

Past: refers to the time of war.

Yiyi: lush appearance. One thing to say is attachment to appearance.

Thinking: the particle at the end of the sentence.

Feifei: Snowy appearance.

Appreciation 1:

This is a famous sentence in the Book of Songs. It is like a painting, which vividly expresses the mood of a traveler who is away from home. When I went out, it was spring, and the poplars and willows were fluttering, but when I came back, it was already winter with rain and snow. It's hard to tell what he went through during the past year.

Appreciation 2:

"Plucking Wei" is an article in "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya". Annotators in the past have different opinions about the year of its writing. However, according to its content and the verification of other historical records, it is more likely that it is a work from the era of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty. During the Zhou Dynasty, the yangnu (later known as the Xiongnu) in the north were already very powerful and often invaded the Central Plains, bringing many disasters to the lives of the people in the north at that time. There are many records in history of the Emperor Zhou sending troops to guard the borders and ordering soldiers to send troops to defeat the wolves. Judging from the content of "Caiwei", it was probably written when soldiers were returning from hard work. The poem sings about the hard life and longing for home of the soldiers in the army.

The whole poem is divided into three chapters. The first three chapters are overlapped. It is about picking up the weeds and describing how the weeds are soft and strong. The soldiers in the garrison are far away from their hometown and have not returned for a long time. They feel homesick and worried. Endless! The author wrote: Shanwei, you have sprouted and been born. It’s time for us to go home! But in the blink of an eye, another year has passed and we can’t take care of our family. Why is this? We didn’t even have time to sit down for a while, also because of the lynx invasion.

We need to attack! It's time to pick weeds again. The weed leaves have grown up and the branches and leaves are tender. It's time to go home! The sorrow in our hearts is so intense, we are rushing for the war, and our garrison period is not yet determined. It is difficult for anyone to bring us a letter home! Shanwei has grown strong and strong, it’s time to go home! It’s already October! But the king's affairs were not over yet, and he had no time to spare. His sadness was so painful, but no one came to comfort him! Chapters 4 and 5 are about the busy and tense border wars: What are the blooming flowers? It is the flower of Tangdi. The flourishing of flowers is used to describe the flourishing of the chariots, horses and costumes of the troops going out on an expedition: What is that big, big thing? That is the military chariot of the generals. The chariots have already been driven, the horses are tall and strong, wars are frequent, and the army has to move, how dare you settle down? Driving four tall stallions, the generals sat on the chariot, and the infantry hid behind the chariot. The horses were powerful and powerful. The soldiers held elephant bone bows and fish skin quivers at their sides at all times. The war of aggression is so powerful and rampant, how can we not strengthen our vigilance every day? These two chapters describe the fierceness of the 烃狁 and the grand military power of the Zhou family's army, with strict discipline and strong soldiers. However, the life of a soldier is also difficult and tense. The author writes these things in a realistic way. Chapter 6 takes a turn and writes about the sad mood of the soldiers who suffered from hunger and cold on the way back home: I think of the willows with lush branches and leaves when I went out for the battle, but at this time, the journey back was snowy, the road was long, and the weather was cold. , hungry and thirsty, it can be said to be very embarrassed and miserable. Xie Xuan, a native of Jin Dynasty, regarded the four sentences "I am gone in the past" as the best poems among the 300 poems. It had a great influence on the history of literature. It is often chanted and imitated repeatedly by later generations of literati. Since the Book of Songs is known for its simplicity and simplicity, there are not many works of this kind that are so poignant and touching. Therefore, it has become a model of the lyrical works of the Book of Songs and has been praised by writers of all ages.

The theme of this poem is serious. The ferocity of the wolf and the sergeants of the Zhou family are ready. The author, as a garrison sergeant, describes the solemn and majestic military force and the tense and difficult life of commanding generals and dispatching Wu servicemen to defend China at the order of the emperor. The author's patriotism is expressed through his hatred of the lynx. It is also expressed through the strong contrast between the narration of their devotion to their duties - "Don't forget to start a new home", "Don't forget to start a new place", "Don't dare to settle down", "How can I not avoid the sun" and their extreme homesickness in their hearts. The whole poem is set off with touching descriptions of natural scenery: the growth of Wei, the softness of Wei, the strength of Wei, the blooming of Tangdi flowers, the leaning of willows, the falling rain and snow, all of which highlight the soldiers' "sun precepts" life, but in their hearts. It is the feeling of longing for home. What is written here are the true thoughts of the soldiers. The sad mood does not reduce the value of this poem as a patriotic poem. On the contrary, it expresses people's innocence, simplicity, reasonable thoughts and emotions. It is this pure authenticity that gives this poem its strong vitality and appeal.

From the writing point of view, it uses the same Wei Qixing technique as many works in the Book of Songs, plus repeated refrains in composition and lexicon, so that the content and interest can be laid out layer by layer, and gradually It deepens and enhances the musical beauty and rhythm of the work. The whole poem contains narratives, discussions, scenery, lyricism, and psychological descriptions. The combinations are well-proportioned and very appropriate. Therefore, "Plucking Wei" is indeed one of the best chapters in the "Book of Songs".

(Jiang Liangfu)