1? Comparison between infinitive and gerund as subjects
Gerund as the subject indicates a general or abstract repetitive action, and infinitive as the subject indicates a specific or one-off action, especially a future action.
2? Comparison of infinitive, gerund and participle as predicative words
(1) The difference between infinitive and gerund as predicative is the same as that of subject.
(2) The infinitive and gerund are used as predicates to explain the content of the subject, the present participle is used as predicate to indicate the characteristics of the subject, and the past participle is used as predicate to indicate the state of the subject.
3? Comparison between infinitive and gerund as objects
(1) Some verbs are followed by infinitives, such as: want, hope, hope, management, demand, promise, refusal, delay, plan, offer, decision, consent, expectation, etc.
(2) Some verbs only take gerund as the object, such as: admit, praise, avoid, consider, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, complete, give, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, resist, take risks, suggest, etc.
(3) Some verbs can be followed by infinitives and gerunds, and their meanings are not much different, such as: like, like, hate, prefer, plan, start, continue, etc.
(4) Some verbs can be followed by infinitive and gerund with different meanings, such as forgetting, remembering, expressing, regretting, stopping and trying.
4. Comparison of infinitives and participles as object complements and subject complements.
(1) Some verbs are only followed by infinitives as object complements or subject complements, such as: asking, informing, ordering, wanting, hoping, warning, allowing, advising, allowing and forbidding.
(2) Some verbs can be followed by infinitives and participles as object complements or subject complements, but their meanings are different, such as: see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, have, make, etc. The infinitive does not take to, but it must take to in the passive structure. The infinitive refers to the whole process of action; The present participle refers to a part of the ongoing action, which means initiative; The past participle refers to the completed action, indicating the passive meaning.
5? Comparison of infinitive, gerund and participle as attributes
(1) The infinitive is used as the attribute to mean "will", the present participle means "being" or taking the initiative, and the past participle means "already".
(2) Gerund as the attributive indicates the usage of the modified noun, and now participle as the attributive indicates the action of the modified noun.
The gerund of a swimming pool is used as the attribute, and the present participle of a minnows is used as the attribute.
6? Verb infinitives are used as adverbials to modify verbs and adjectives, indicating reasons, purposes and results, and participles are used as adverbials to modify verbs and sentences, indicating time, reasons, conditions, ways, accompaniment and results.
1, doors and windows need painting.
Protecting the environment is everyone's obligation.
I think it is wise to give up this requirement.
Peter's car broke down and he had to go by bus.
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
I forget whether he asked this question.
This novel is so interesting that all the students are interested in it.
She insisted that I have dinner with her.
He is not used to being talked like that.
The American spoke so fast that the students couldn't understand him at all.