Reading Argumentative Papers for High School Entrance Examination*Main Characteristics of Argumentative Papers 1. The main expression of argumentative papers is argumentation, that is, using concepts, judgments, and reasoning to express the author's point of view and clarify the truth; or to refute other people's wrong opinions , point out its fallacy. Therefore, it is persuasive. 2. The basic structure of an argumentative essay is composed of three parts: argument, argument, and demonstration, which are the so-called "three elements" of an argumentative essay. 3. The language of an argumentative essay is mainly argumentative. , and there are also narratives, explanations, lyrics, etc., all of which serve the discussion. The language of argumentative essays pays attention to abstraction, generality and rigor, and the expression must be accurate, pertinent and clear. When reading argumentative essays, focus on the content of the selected articles. For articles with a humanistic color, such as educating students in personality, thought, quality, psychology, etc. The question types are dominated by subjective questions, and open-ended questions have also begun to be tried. 1. Grasp the arguments of the argumentative essay. (Key points, Hot spots) 1. The argument is the basic point put forward by the author in the article, and it is also the central issue elaborated in the article, and the central argument is the core of the author's point of view. To accurately analyze and summarize the argument, you must first identify two issues: A. Argument and topic. The topic is the object and scope of the author's discussion; the argument is the author's opinion on the topic. It should be a clear judgment and should be a complete sentence in form. The argument cannot be a question, cannot have only one phrase, and cannot be used Metaphor. B. Central argument and sub-arguments. Some articles have both central arguments and sub-arguments. Remember: an argumentative essay has only one central argument, and sub-arguments are set up to prove or supplement the central argument. The sub-argument is the supporting material of the central argument. The form of this test point is to find or summarize the central argument of the paragraph. (1) The way the argument is presented: ① The most common is to put it at the beginning of the article, some are put forward clearly; some are Quotes; some are summarized examples or famous quotes. Pay attention to the suggestive effect of the prompts on the arguments in the text. ② Those placed at the end often first put forward sub-arguments, discuss them layer by layer, and summarize the central argument at the end. Pay attention to the summary Inductive language. ③In this kind of article placed in the text, there is often a process of putting forward the opinions. After some discussion, the central argument is put forward. Generally, this method is best used for refutational articles and articles such as after-reading articles. . Pay attention to the transitional language that connects the previous and the next. There are also central arguments hidden in the argument, which requires the reader to summarize. This kind of article is difficult to read. It is necessary to study the various relationships between the article content and the topic well. Summarize it (in the high school entrance examination, such difficult questions are rarely chosen). ④ Many times, the title is often the central argument of this kind of article. (2) Find the correct argument: the argument should be a clear judgment (with the author’s obvious tendency ), is a complete statement of the author's opinion, which should be a complete sentence in form. In addition to finding arguments in position, the following methods can also be used: 1. Analyze the content of the article, which helps to find arguments. 2. Analyze arguments It helps to find the argument. Because the argument proves the argument, analyze the argument to see what problem it proves. This question is the argument. 3. Analyzing the title helps to find the argument. Pay attention to the difference: some titles are not arguments, but Thesis topic. 4. Analyze the summary key words. 5. Analyze the sub-arguments and find the central argument. (3) Summary method. Question format: Summarize the argument of the article. Answer points: Summarize the central argument of the argumentative essay. The language expression must be Use clear judgments or statements and have a clear tendency. When summarizing arguments, (1) grasp the central words; (2) use declarative sentence patterns; (3) have a clear tendency and have a clear-cut stand; ( 3) The language should be concise, the meaning of the text should be smooth, and it should be based on scoring and not flashy. If there are sentences that clearly express the point of view at the beginning of an article, and there are the same or similar sentences at the end of the article, use the opening paragraph as the argument. Some paragraphs have no statement in the entire article. A sentence that clearly expresses a point of view requires merging and refining several sub-arguments. In some articles, the author's point of view permeates the argument, which requires understanding and summarizing. There are several ways to grasp the points in the test question examples. 1 . Title correlation analysis method. It is to directly grasp or analyze the argument based on the relationship and role of the title and the central argument.

The challenge of traveling is by no means a temporary discovery, but the result of five years of global travel, collecting a large number of animal and plant specimens, and painstaking observation. Without a large amount of rich data, Darwin would never have made valuable discoveries. Doubt. ⑤ The reason why doubt is valuable is that you dare to think, dare to imagine, dare to innovate, and dare to discover the truth. Let us hold the question mark as the key and open the door to the treasure house of knowledge! (1) Fill in the short article (A) The most appropriate one is ( ) A. Thinker B. Scientist c. Scholar D. Writer (2) The most appropriate item to fill in the short sentence is ( ) A. Because the "theory of immutability of species" was doubted by Darwin, he founded the "theory of evolution" B. Because Darwin had doubts about the "theory of immutability of species", he founded the "theory of evolution" C. Without doubts about the "invariance of species", there would be no creation of Darwin's "theory of evolution" D. Without doubts about the "theory of species immutability", there would be no creation of Darwin's "theory of evolution" (3) The central argument of this short article is ( ) A. Dare to doubt B. Doubt is the seed of knowledge C. Material is the basis for suspicion D. Learning is expensive and doubtful (4) Regarding the division of structural levels of the essay, the correct one is ( ) A. ①/②③/④⑤ B. ①/②③④/⑤ C. ①②/③/④⑤ D． ② The central sentence, key sentences, and words, sentences and paragraphs that serve as transitions or references in the article. (Key points) 10. Analyze the argumentation process and grasp the structure of the article. The basic structural framework of an argumentative essay is: introduction (raising questions), main thesis ( Analyze the problem), conclusion (solve the problem), that is, the "three-paragraph argument structure". However, different articles often evolve into multiple structural methods according to the needs of the content and questions, such as parallel, progressive, and total score. , contrastive, comprehensive, etc. Therefore, when reading an argumentative essay, you must pay attention to analyzing its argumentation process, grasping its ideas, and clarifying its structure. There are two key points in analyzing the structure: one is to analyze the paragraph and sentence levels; It is the use of analytical argumentation method. When analyzing paragraphs and sentence levels, first look at where the article completes the task of raising questions; where it starts to analyze the problem; where it ends, and the conclusion is drawn. Another thing to note is that : The leading sentence of a paragraph is often the key, and we must grasp it closely for analysis and understanding. In short, after the above analysis of the article, generally speaking, the structure and ideas of the article will be very clear, and finally it can be summarized to form a structural system diagram There are two types of argumentative essays: separation and refutation. Refutation can refute points, refute arguments, and refute the argument process. Generally speaking, extracurricular refutational argumentative essays are not tested in the high school entrance examination. The basic form of this test point is: Author How to prove the argument? The probability of taking this test is relatively low. The idea of ??answering this question is that in order to prove the xxx point of view, the author first used the xxx argument, and then analyzed the xxx argument to prove the xxx point of view. The key It is necessary to clarify the hierarchy of the proof process. 11. Developmental examination questions Developmental examination questions in argumentative essays often ask the respondent to answer his or her opinion on a certain question. Such questions generally need to be answered based on the actual life, and they must The point of view is clear, the basis is sufficient, the language is concise, and it can be summarized and quoted. The answering method is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay, with arguments and arguments. This test point is currently a popular test point, and the form is flexible and changeable. Candidates want to prove their opinions You can quote famous quotes or famous anecdotes, but the language should be concise. * Issues to note: The types of questions in the exam are changeable, and the propositions are often unexpected but reasonable. One type of question can have many proposition angles. Candidates only need to It is not difficult to get high scores and full marks by mastering the review methods and basic answer ideas and handling them flexibly. In addition, the accuracy of expression when answering questions is also the key to scoring. In the past two years, the reading of argumentative essays in the high school entrance examination has become more open. Sexuality test questions are on the rise, and the question types are diverse. In summary, there are mainly four types: 1). Examinees are required to make extended judgments on the content of the material based on their own reality. For example, the 2003 Jiangsu Xuzhou paper used "Rational Reading" as the test Material,

The fourth question is: "As for the reading experience mentioned in this article, please choose one of them and talk about your opinions based on your own reality." In the 2003 Guangdong volume "Saving Life", the fourth question is: "The article says that 'savings are needed in life. There are a lot of things, what do you think you need to save? Please write one point and briefly explain the reason." 2) Derive relevant content from the reading materials and require candidates to create independently. For example, "Olympic Motto" in the 2003 Shanghai Volume , Question 6 is: "'If China is lucky, the world will add splendor' 'City makes life better', these are the promotional slogans for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Please use concise and vivid language to support the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Create a promotional slogan for the sports games." 3). Relevant poems are elicited from the reading materials, and candidates are required to make self-reviews based on the viewpoints in the materials. For example, the 2003 Guiyang paper uses "Speaking of Music" as the reading material, and the fifth question is: " To evaluate the quality of a song, we should not only see whether its melody is harmonious and natural, but also whether its lyrics are healthy and beautiful. Please briefly comment on the following lyrics according to the requirements in brackets, each item should be within 15 words. ⑴ (Brief comment Ideological content) 'Life is only a few autumns, and you will never give up until you are drunk' (Excerpted from "Love the country, love the beauty more") (2) (Brief comment on the language characteristics) 'How can you see the rainbow without going through wind and rain' (Excerpted from "Real Heroes" ")." In the 2003 Yantai edition of "Spiritual Cane", question 7 is: "What do you think are the similarities and differences between the discussion in this article and the 'born from sorrow' advocated by Mencius? Please talk about your views." 4) Ask the candidates to answer the question The materials provided allow students to think independently and encourage candidates to think innovatively and express new opinions. This type of open-ended test questions is increasingly favored by test takers and embodies the spirit of the new curriculum standards. For example, the relevant test questions in 2003: ⑴ The author believes that "I "Very important". Do you think there is anything more important than "I"? Please briefly describe your opinion. (Fuzhou volume, the reading material is Bi Shumin's "I am very important") (2) Regarding the article "Our great rivers and mountains are really important" "It is already devastated and dying of injuries." Do you agree with this statement? Please explain the reason. (Guilin volume, reading material is "The country is broken by mountains and rivers") ⑶ Some people think: "Humans have conquered ligers and obtained the guarantee of survival. "Conquered disease and gained health and longevity; conquered gravity and flew to the moon..." So can humans conquer nature? Please share your views. (Beijing Chaoyang District Volume, reading material is " "Speaking of Conquest") The above-mentioned open test questions run through the following spirit of the new curriculum standards: "cultivate students' active inquiry, innovative spirit and exploratory reading, creative reading ability", "promote multi-angle and creative reading, use Reading expectations, reading reflection and criticism, etc., to expand thinking space and improve reading quality." "We must pay attention to evaluating students' emotional experience and creative understanding." 12. How to analyze the writing characteristics of argumentative essays (1) Analyze the three elements. ① Argument. First, look at what argument the author puts forward, and whether his attitude is correct and clear; second, look at how the argument is put forward, where the argument is, and why such an argument is made. ② Argument. First, look at whether the argument and argument are consistent. , whether the argument is strong; secondly, it depends on the type of argument, whether the factual argument is typical, and whether the citation of theoretical argument is appropriate and accurate; thirdly, it depends on the angle from which the author chooses the argument. ③ Argument. Look at what argumentation methods are used, and the functions and functions of these methods. Used.) Analyze the structure of the argumentative essay. First analyze the overall structure, such as how to ask questions, how to analyze and solve problems. Then analyze the specific structural forms (i.e. logical relationships), such as parallel, hierarchical, total fraction, etc. (3) Analyze the language styles. Some are obscure and tortuous, speaking near and far; some are both solemn and humorous, sharp and pungent; some are condensed, implicit and thought-provoking. Although their language styles are different, they have the same artistic charm.