-Seneca
In p>1664, exhausted and persecuted, Spinoza came to Voorburg, a small village near The Hague, to grind glass lenses for a living. He refused the help and gifts from his friends, and also declined the position of professor at Heidelberg University recommended by Leibniz, and lived a hard and quiet life. Glass dust greatly damaged his body. On February 21st, 1677, he died of tuberculosis. He was the last person to live like an ancient philosopher, independent and indifferent to the world.
Colerus once said that he was a "melancholy condemned man". He has suffered too many attacks and persecution. Because he published heresy, he was permanently expelled from the Jewish guild, and then the rich family subsequently announced that he was deprived of his inheritance. In fact, these are nothing to him. The rabbis hated this man who questioned the Bible, and almost killed him after promising to buy Spinoza with 1 pounds of gold coins every year. And sometimes those accusations come from some passionate and mindless people. In this world, he is alone.
Spinoza's thought is brave and simple. In his view, the whole truth of this world lies in the only God, whose attributes are thinking and extension. In his view, God is both spirit and not spirit, nature and not nature, because God is both at the same time, which is the unity of spirit and nature. God is the absolute power, the absolute cause and inevitability of this world. All the freedom and happiness of human beings lie in the exploration and submission of this eternal unity. "The supreme goodness of the spirit is to know God, which is its final law." Spinoza said.
In his representative work Ethics, he completed his argument in a very blunt way of mathematical proof. Starting from the definition, further deduces theorems and propositions. Simple thinking starts from the heart and obstinately reaches the god he and Einstein believe in. This is both arrival and return, both attachment to nature and reverence for spirit.
He is grinding his glasses, and the dust is flying, and he coughs up blood. Here, in the cold Nordic wind blowing in through the window, he feels the peace and freedom of mind. Until that year he died quietly of tuberculosis. In those days in The Hague, the neighbors only knew that he was a kind-hearted man, and they felt the kindness and simplicity like them from his deep and melancholy eyes. No one knew that what was hidden in this thin and rickety body was the strongest and lonely love for the world.
God is natural and holistic, and attributes everything to the same property. On the contrary, people's passion is the opposite tension, trying to maintain people's self-existence as individuals.
Spinoza believes that the human spirit has a proper understanding of the eternal and infinite nature of God. All kinds of human emotions, such as desire, hope, enthusiasm, love, hatred, doubt, jealousy and so on, are motivated by self-preservation and are defined as "human self-preservation consciousness", so they confuse people's hearts and cut off our overall understanding of God's infinite extension and nature, and people tend to be fragmented and separated because of their personality. "Everything tries to maintain its existence as long as it is free." , so it can't be integrated with the whole nature, so love and hate and disputes arise.
Not all human emotions are demagogic, but those passions are the ones that cause our hearts to be blocked.
Nevertheless, those things which are certain and real in human beings-reason-will still hold the trend of integrating us with the whole. When we realize this, self-preservation will change its nature and will no longer lead to separation.
according to the conclusion of this section, Spinoza draws the following two sections, Human bongdage and Human Freedom. They are: the enslavement and bondage of emotion to human mind and the liberation of human mind by rational power. And put forward various methods to correct fervor.
Spinoza deepened the unity of nature into the integration of the whole universe-Spinoza denied the concept of time. We should care about the future as much as we care about the past or the present, so we no longer have hope-for the future; Regret-for the past, in this way, we can get eternal peace of mind at this moment.
when the pendulum of time stops swinging, human beings will be relieved from the fear of death-human freedom.
My view on Spinoza's philosophy is that human thought, every thought under complete logical thinking, has its merits. But judging whether a philosophy is brilliant or not is not about examining logic. Whether the meaning covered by philosophy is extensive or not, and whether the content excavated by philosophy is far-reaching depends on the perspective of the thinker and the perspective of the outlook-the realm of philosophy. Spinoza's philosophical realm is the realm of integration with nature. For the first time, the characteristics of human nature were clearly and completely distinguished by the thinker, although it was when he looked up at the natural divinity of the boundless universe. Van Loon said that Spinoza "restored the true image of human beings distorted from the Greek and Roman times-the image of being a member of the real world." Human beings are full of reason and emotion, personality and instinct, with joys and sorrows and uproar, but always try to integrate themselves into the calm and perfect natural divinity.