(1) Narrative: It is a style with narrative and description as its main forms and characters, narrative, scenery and things as its main contents.

1, the classification of narrative

(1) In terms of content and expression:

(1) a simple narrative.

② Complex narrative.

(2) From the perspective of different writing objects:

(1) write a narrative.

(2) Narrative narrative.

(3) Narrative based on landscape writing.

(4) Narrative mainly tells things.

(2) Explanatory text: a style that takes explanation as the main expression and is used to introduce or explain the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process, reasons, merits and demerits of things.

1, classification of descriptive text

From description object (content):

(1) Description of physical things.

(2) explanation.

(3) scientific essays.

From the perspective of language expression:

(1) Simple explanation.

(2) literature expository.

2, the characteristics of the text:

(1) is very scientific in content.

(2) The structure is clear and organized.

(3) There is strict accuracy in language.

③ Practical writing:

Practical writing is a practical style that meets the actual needs of daily life, work and study, and has a certain format, short length, simplicity and popularity.

1, types of practical writing:

(1) letters:

General letters and special letters (thank you letter, commendation letter, condolence letter, letter of introduction, open letter, confirmation letter, application, proposal, proposal,

Invitation letter), telegram, remittance.

(2) Precautions:

Diary, reading notes.

(3) Official documents:

There are thirteen orders, decisions, announcements, circulars, notices, circulars, motions, reports, requests for instructions, replies, opinions, letters and minutes of meetings.

(4) Propaganda category:

Advertising draft, speech draft, blackboard newspaper, news, newsletter, product manual.

(5) notification category:

Apocalypse poster.

(6) Etiquette:

Invitation, congratulatory letter (congratulatory letter, telegram), condolence letter.

(7) contract:

Articles (receipts, IOUs, receipts, IOUs, leave notes, messages, etc.). ), contracts (agreements) and conventions.

(8) Chronicle:

Biography, local chronicles, family history (school history, village history).

④ Argumentative paper:

Argumentative writing is a common style that takes argumentation as the main way and directly expresses the author's views and opinions through facts and reasoning.

(1), the classification of argumentative papers:

By content use:

(1) general political papers.

Two comments.

Prose (essays, essays, notes).

4 after reading.

According to the way of argument:

(1) Do a paper.

2 refute the paper.

[Edit this paragraph] Composition elements

Six elements of composition

You shoot one, I shoot one, don't forget to write the time;

You shoot two, I shoot two, and keep the position in mind;

You shoot three, I shoot three, and writing well is the key;

You shoot four, I shoot four, and things are written in detail;

You shoot five, I shoot five, why write clearly;

You shoot six, I shoot six, and you can't lose anything;

Good words and sentences accumulate and are easy to use when writing;

Remember the six elements of composition, and the composition will be written.

[Edit this paragraph] Writing method

1. Writing at the beginning: Everything is difficult at the beginning, so is writing a composition, but the beginning of the article is very important. Commonly used methods are as follows:

(1) background method: explain the time, place, scene and other background of the event.

(2) Character method: explain the main characters or related characters to be described in the article.

(3) Topic syntax: Put forward a viewpoint or argument as a topic to be clarified or discussed in the article.

(4) questioning method: Asking questions leads to the content of the article and attracts readers' attention.

(5) Amazing sense of language: Starting with sentences with amazing sense of language, arouse readers' interest.

(6) Story method: spread the article in the form of storytelling, and spread the article on this basis. Mostly used in narrative and argumentative essays.

(7) Data method: citing verified figures to cause topics.

(8) Grammatical quotation: quote famous sayings or commonly used idioms and proverbs as the beginning of the article.

(9) Definition method: it is common to define the topic first, and then explain it in detail through examples, logical reasoning and other methods.

(10) exaggeration: attracting readers on the premise of an absolutely impossible event.

2. Writing of the text

(1) Deduction method:

From general to individual. Put the sentence with universality and generality at the beginning of the paragraph, and the other sentences in the paragraph are the concretization of the topic sentence and the concrete explanation of the topic sentence.

(2) induction:

From special to ordinary. According to specific and individual cases, the general rules are summarized.

Step 3 write it at the end

(1) brief evaluation or conclusion: the last few sentences of the article summarize the full text, further affirming the central idea of the article or the author's point of view.

(2) Repeat the topic sentence: go back to the central idea or topic sentence of the article to achieve the effect of re-affirmation or emphasis.

(3) Ending with a rhetorical question: Although the form is a question, the meaning is affirmative, with obvious emphasis, which can arouse readers' thinking.

(4) Put forward a prospect or hope: put forward a prospect or hope for the future and call on readers to act on it.

(5) Quote famous sayings, proverbs and common idioms at the end.

[Edit this paragraph] Improve skills

Writing ability is an important part of human language expression ability, so it is very important to cultivate students' writing ability in the process of Chinese teaching.

My teaching target is mainly intermediate level students. In the teaching process, I found that students' writing mainly has the following problems:

1, limited vocabulary, unable to express in detail: "My mother is a good mother, she is not only good to me, but also good to everyone. She is really a good mother. " Simple and repetitive words obviously limit the expressive power of language.

2. Limited expressive ability makes it difficult to organize an article with complete structure and coherent tone.

. Because students are not familiar with Chinese thinking habits and expression habits, when they transition from writing a single sentence to organizing an article and expressing it coherently in Chinese, they often feel inadequate, and the articles they write are often fragmented or unsatisfactory.

I don't know what I wrote in the article. This is a very special phenomenon, which mostly happens to children in China. It seems that the text is orderly, but its author can't understand it. Why? Because the composition is written with the help of parents, choosing words and making sentences reflects parents' thinking. This kind of composition exercise doesn't work at all.

4. I dare not write a composition. Some students do well in reading, dictation and even sentence-making, but they almost give up their Chinese study for several years because they are afraid of writing.

In front of such a teaching object, it seems that only explaining how to examine questions and how to organize materials is a drop in the bucket. Because they still have a series of obstacles to overcome before they start writing. If you don't help them overcome these obstacles, then writing can only be an armchair strategist. In teaching practice, I found that changing the writing procedure from "thinking-writing" to "thinking-speaking-writing" is one of the effective ways to help students overcome these obstacles. This change means that at this time, the focus of teaching for this specific group should not just stay on "writing", but should first do the first two steps: "thinking" and "speaking", that is, preparation and guidance before writing. Because these activities are student-centered, we can also call them "pre-practice before writing".

The focus of pre-practice before writing is to guide and help students to correctly say what they want to write in Chinese according to the requirements of a composition. The pre-practice procedure before writing and its functions are as follows:

1, the preparation stage is actually the stage of "thinking". Before writing, arrange the topic and thinking outline of the composition in the form of homework, such as the composition "My favorite person/thing", and ask students to think in advance: Who/What? What are his/her characteristics? Why do you like her/it?

Wait a minute. Due to the limited vocabulary of most students in middle and lower grades, it is difficult to express it directly in written form. Proper preparation can make students understand and be familiar with what they want to involve, especially some related words and expressions, thus ensuring the full discussion in class. At this stage, many students think with the help of their mother tongue first, and then translate it into Chinese. The influence of their mother tongue will leave traces more or less, thus affecting the expression effect of Chinese. Therefore, the following link is more necessary and important.

2. Oral composition and class discussion, that is, the stage of "speaking". It is to let students dictate their ideas in class, and then discuss them in class, and the teacher will comment on them. Every composition discussion should focus on topics and themes in terms of vocabulary, sentences and structure, determine several key points, solve problems step by step, and accumulate and improve bit by bit. The function of this activity link is as follows:

(1) Improve students' overall expressive ability through oral expression. Ye Shengtao once said: "oral words are words, and written words are words." Moon Jae in, not biased, because of its combination. " Any language is divided into "language" and "text". The expression of "language" is listening and speaking, and the essence is the use of language thinking. The expression of "Wen" is reading and writing, and its essence is the written expression of language thinking. The law of learning a language is "language" first, then "text". Oral English is the foundation, and students' written expression ability can only be developed on the basis of actual oral English training.

(2) Successful "speaking" and "commenting" can help students build a small vocabulary in each writing exercise. For example, when writing "my favorite person/thing", students can be inspired to orally introduce their favorite person or thing on the basis of thinking: what is it like? What do you like about him/it? Write these words on the blackboard and explain them, such as words about the appearance of people/things, words about the character of people/things, words about the quality and behavior of people/things, etc. Then let the students read and remember. In this process, students have accumulated and established a small vocabulary, which not only clears the vocabulary barrier for the next step of writing, but also broadens their thinking, enhances the expression effect and improves their expression ability.

(3) Chinese is difficult to learn, not only because Chinese characters are difficult to remember and write, but more importantly, the huge differences in expression and thinking habits between Chinese and Latin have caused students' confusion in using it. What we often encounter is that students can read and write, but they can't speak and write correct Chinese sentences. Such as: "I am Wei Ming, 16 years old"; "David and I will go to the bookstore first"; "We pulled over" and "I ran home". What's more, because I didn't understand China culture, I wrote the sentence "My friend is as kind and friendly as a dog". "Say" begins with oral expression, and through demonstration, explanation and correction, it trains its correct expression, word order and appropriate language, guides students to enter the real Chinese realm, and writes articles that conform to Chinese habits.

(4) The training steps of speaking first and writing later are helpful to correct the primary mistakes in expression in time and achieve the effect of * * * improvement. Speaking in class in the form of discussion can give more students the opportunity to learn from others' strengths and be inspired by them. At the same time, due to the "amorphous" nature of oral expression, its revision is much easier than written writing. It allows students to make mistakes, correct each other, correct themselves and correct at any time. The problems exposed by teachers and students can be commented in time, and everyone can learn from them to avoid similar problems from appearing again in the composition.

(5) Effective pre-practice before writing can help students overcome psychological barriers and improve their writing enthusiasm. As mentioned above, many students become afraid and hate writing because of poor writing, which leads to a vicious circle. In this link, through "speaking", every student is technically and psychologically prepared before writing. At this time of writing, students' self-confidence will be enhanced accordingly, and their enthusiasm will naturally be improved accordingly.

When students can express their basic meaning orally in a more appropriate way, it will be a very good article to tell them how to write what they say, try to write down what they say, and then process and modify it. Practice has proved that this targeted training is very effective in improving students' Chinese writing level and expression level.

Second, how to correctly refine the theme?

Refining the theme is to use various ways of thinking to dig deep into the internal meaning of the article materials, thus forming some unique ideas or things. The theme of refining should be: 1, based on all materials, and extract the correct ideas from all the materials we have. 2. Explore the essence of things, abandon appearances, explore the inner meaning of things, and reflect the essence and regularity of things. The author should stand at the height of the times, gain insight into the essence of things and deepen the depth of excavation; The author should also consider the expressive functions of different articles such as narration, discussion, explanation and lyricism, and explore the essence of things from different sides. 3. Choose a novel and unique angle to explore the novelty of things. A new angle refers to a new observation angle (exploring the theme from different sides) and a new understanding angle (expressing the author's unique point of view).

Third, briefly describe the relationship between material and theme.

Material is the basis for refining and forming the theme. The theme is refined and determined in the process of analyzing the research materials. The material is primary and the theme is secondary. 2. Materials are the means to express the deep theme, and the theme is expressed or proved by certain materials. 3. The choice and organization of materials are restricted by the theme. When the theme is not formed, the material plays a decisive role in the theme refining; Once the theme is determined, it becomes the most important basis for selecting or arranging materials. The choice, details and transformation of materials should obey the needs of expressing the theme and prevent the material from being out of touch with the theme.

4. What are the basic requirements for material selection?

To meet the needs of the theme. The selection of materials serves to express the theme and cannot be divorced from or contradicted with the theme. 2. Be true and conclusive. The truth of materials refers to the truth in the strict sense and the truth in the essence of things. The authenticity of materials means that they are both accurate and appropriate. 3. Be typical. Typical materials are materials with unity of individuality and generality and unity of concreteness and universality. It is concrete and individual, and can reflect the essential characteristics and universal significance of similar things. 4. Be novel and vivid. The material strives for concrete images and intimate suspense, which is a little-known new discovery and adapts to the stylistic characteristics (the narrative material is concrete and infectious; Argumentative materials are general and logical; The description material should reveal the characteristics of the object.

5. What are the basic requirements of the structure?

Integrity. All parts of the article should form a perfect and unified whole; All parts should be relatively complete, and cannot be incomplete without reason; Each part should occupy an appropriate position in the article. 2. Coherence. It means that all parts of the article are interrelated in the context of the content, and there is a close connection and reasonable transition in the form of language, and the context cannot be disordered and broken. 3. rigidity. There is a close logical connection between the parts of the article, which cannot be contradictory or irrelevant. The full text has inherent cohesion. 4. Flexibility. The article is diverse in structure, lively and not rigid and dull.

Six, try to describe the basic principle of the structure.

Reflect the internal relations and laws of things. The structure of narrative articles is closely related to the stage and order of things' development, forming a concept of time and space that conforms to the original order of objective processes; Argumentative writing reflects the process of understanding things from phenomenon to essence, from part to whole, from analysis to synthesis, and its structure is often to ask questions and draw conclusions. 2, in line with the author's ideas. Thinking is the author's thinking route. The author's thinking process should follow the same law of human thinking, and it also condenses the author's unique understanding and feelings about things. 3. Obey the need to express the theme. 4. Adapt to stylistic features. Structure is restricted by style. Narratives are written in time and space order, and argumentative essays focus on horizontal classification or vertical depth.

Seven, summarize the basic content of the structure.

The content of the structure includes three aspects: hierarchy and paragraph, transition and reference, beginning and end. Hierarchy is a structural unit that expresses meaning by arranging the order of the ideological content of the article as a whole and expanding the structure and steps of the article. A paragraph is a relatively independent structural unit set by the author in the article, from the beginning to the end in the form of a space at the beginning of the paragraph. Paragraphs should be single in meaning, complete in content and moderate in length. Transition refers to the cohesive form or means between paragraphs and levels. Common transition methods are: using related words, using transition names and using transition segments. There are two common situations that require transition: one is when the content changes, and the other is when the expression changes. Reference is a structural means of responding before calling. There are three kinds of common citation situations: beginning and end citation (which can be divided into two types: point citation and problem-solving citation), and mutual citation in citation (which can be divided into two types: far citation and recent photo citation). Citation is an important means to make the structure rigorous and vivid, which can make the composition flexible and dense, connect the context and strengthen the key content.

The function of the beginning of a good article: it is conducive to expressing the theme and expanding ideas; Conducive to attracting and guiding readers. The common opening ways of argumentative essays are to come straight to the point, explain the writing background or motivation, and detour into the topic. The function of the end of a good article: the full text; Unforgettable The main ways to end an argumentative paper are: summarizing or reaffirming the argument; Put forward hope or call; Imagine the ending.

8. What are the types of article structure?

According to the temporal and spatial order of the existence and development of things, the narrative type of the structure can be divided into two types: the normal type and the abnormal type. Argumentative style, taking the internal causal relationship of concepts as the main basis of structure. It can be divided into total score type, parallel column type and progressive type. Descriptive, laid out in the inherent order of things themselves. Comprehensive type, often based on one structural type, supplemented by other types.

9. Comparison between the first-person narrative and the third-person narrative.

The first person narrates things in a tone, which is convenient for the author to fully express his thoughts and feelings and makes people feel cordial and true when reading. Its limitation is that it can only describe what I have seen and heard, rather than what I have experienced, which reflects that the breadth of life is limited. The third person narrates in the third person's tone as an outsider, which is not limited by the narrative scope and can reflect life more widely. Its limitation is the lack of first-person intimacy.

10. What are the common narrative methods?

Sequential narration: Narrating according to the sequence of occurrence and development of characters experience or events. 2. Flashback: A narrative that puts the ending of the event or the prominent fragments in the event in front, and then describes the development process of the event in chronological order. 3. Interpolation: insert another narrative about the event in the narrative process, and then connect with the narrative written by the original main line. 4. Supplementary narrative: To supplement the narrative of previous events without developing the original plot. 5. Simple narrative: a separate parallel narrative of two or more things that happen at the same time.

XI。 Briefly describe the basic requirements of narration.

Explain clearly: explain clearly the time, place, people, events, causes and effects. 2. Clear clues: Clues are the reflection of the author's ideas of organizing materials, and they are the ideas and clues that run through the development of narrative characters and events. Narrative clues can be arranged according to the development of time, the transformation of space, the division of problems, the changes of thoughts and feelings, or according to a specific object and other styles. 3. Appropriate details: describe the primary and secondary details of the material to express the needs of the theme and make reasonable tailoring. 4, ups and downs: refers to the narrative twists and turns, rich in change, fascinating.

12. What are the requirements for description?

1. The purpose is clear: to describe it from the perspective of expressing the theme, portraying the characters and rendering the atmosphere. 2. Outstanding features: use the art of "eye painting" to grasp the essential characteristics of the object to be described and describe it. 3. Both form and spirit: the harmonious unity of form and spirit not only vividly shows the external appearance and modality of the object, but also reveals the internal details and spirit of the described object.

For the guidance of some of the above writing methods, candidates need to understand and deal with them flexibly according to the materials and requirements of the test paper.