Expression means that writers use language to shape artistic images, reflect social life and express their thoughts and feelings.

Specific methods. Different art categories have different expressions. For example, paintings have colors, lines, blocks,

Perspective, proportion and other techniques, music has timbre, timbre, rhythm, harmony, melody, polyphony and other techniques, and the film is brilliant.

Weird, long shots, voice-over, close-ups and other techniques. Literature is the art of language, and it is an artist related to the use of language.

Methods of shaping artistic image. There are various forms of expression in literature. We can not only grasp it from the rhetorical angle of language,

Such as metaphor, symbol, irony, analogy, metonymy, evil, exaggeration, repetition, duality and tactfulness are all common rhetorical devices.

Skills can also be grasped from the perspective of language rhythm, such as rhythm, meter, repetition, articulation and so on.

Skill. We mainly introduce several basic skills from the perspective of the content and methods of literary works, namely

Description, narration, lyricism, discussion, etc.

describe

Description is one of the most basic artistic techniques in literary creation,

A technique for describing the environment, which concretely and vividly presents the characteristics and appearance of objects. The description can also be from different angles.

Classify them. From the object of description, it can be divided into character description, environment description, detail description and scene description.

From the perspective of description, it can be divided into positive description and side description. From the description method, it can be divided into line drawing,

Handwriting, dynamic description, static description, comparative description, opposite description, comparative description, exaggerated description, inner monologue, etc.

We only introduce a few of the most common descriptions.

(1) General description and detailed description.

Overall description is to describe and portray the object of description as a whole, so that readers can have a better understanding of the object of description.

Overall impression o bayonet, the appearance and sex of Hauska, the protagonist at the beginning of American writer Mitchell's novel Gone with the Wind.

The characteristics of the case are described and portrayed as a whole: she is an unattractive but attractive image that men have seen.

She tends to be fascinated; From her face, we can see both the tenderness given by her mother and the disaster given by her father.

She has the skin that southern women like. She dresses well and fits well, but she dresses well. It's quiet and warm here.

The lower part of the soft appearance can't hide her true temperament, and her eyes are always restless, intelligent and unpredictable.

The table is out of proportion. It turned out that her mother's daily teaching and strict discipline forced her to make this gesture, and her pair

Eyes are born, not artificially modified. This whole description made readers like her from the beginning.

Appearance and personality characteristics form a preliminary overall impression, which is also helpful for readers to further grasp this point in future reading.

Personality characteristics of the image.

Detail description is a vivid and accurate description of life details, with typical significance and artistic ability.

There are many kinds of detail description, such as characteristic detail description, symbolic detail description, suggestive detail writing, repetition and so on.

Detail description, exaggerated detail description, etc. The description of feature details is to grasp the distinctive features of the object and the image is true.

Vividly express the shape and style of the object. Just like Maslova appeared in court in Tolstoy's Resurrection.

Portrait description, a good use of this technique, "clearly deliberately let one or two salt hair slip out of the headscarf and wear it."

The features of "forehead" and "pale face" show that Maslova was destroyed as a prostitute.

Psychological and personality characteristics of the disabled. The characteristic of symbolic detail description is to express abstraction with concrete and use simple and vivid details.

Expressing the complex feelings of the characters contains profound philosophy. For example, the "wreath" in front of Yu Xia's tomb in Lu Xun's Medicine and Harmony.

Crying dumb "crow" suitable for flying into the sky is the successful application of symbolic detail description. Hint at details

Description is to describe the development of characters' psychology and events economically with words. For example, The Legend of Water Disappeared is the first film.

Sixty-first, write a paragraph about Lu Junyi going out into the disaster and asking the housekeeper to load the car first, and Mrs. Lu Mao's dinner party to say goodbye to Lu Junyi. See.

The detailed description of "tears" at parting implies an important plot of Jia's adultery.

It plays an important role in the development of novel stories. Repetitive detail description is to deliberately create a detail in the plot.

Appear repeatedly during the exhibition to enrich the meaning of the work. For example, Ru Zhijuan's novel Lily has been successfully used.

This technique: the detailed description of the correspondent's clothes torn by the door gentleman appears three times in the work, which is very representative.

The psychology of the characters has been improved, enriching the theme and plot connotation of the novel. Exaggerated detail description is the feature of detail.

Exaggerated description to highlight the essential characteristics of things. Just like "Grandet of Eugénie", Grandet wanted to catch it before he died.

In the description of the priest's gilded cross in The Scholars, Yan Jiansheng pointed to two rushes before he died and refused to close them.

A detailed description of the eyes. This is a successful application.

(2) Direct description and indirect description.

Direct description, also known as "positive description" or "true writing", is the author's positive analysis of people, environment and events.

Fragments, scenes, etc. Are drawn directly and concretely. Direct description can restore the specific feelings of the object of description, and obtain intuitive, vivid,

Real artistic effect. Indirect description, also known as "profile description" or "imaginary writing", is the author's understanding of people from a profile perspective.

Description and depiction of objects, environments, events and scenes. Because literature has the characteristics of indirect image, R is not like direct.

The image of sex is so realistic that indirect description is highly valued in literature. China Institute of Ancient Novel Theory

Write this with attention to the other side: techniques such as "scattering powder on the back", "breaking the ridge through the clouds", "bending the flow through the dead bridge" and "offering clouds to hold the moon".

Actually, it's all indirect description. Compared with direct description, indirect description is not as good as direct description of concrete truth, but

Can better mobilize the imagination and sensibility of readers. There are many successful examples in the history of Chinese and foreign literature, such as Song Yu's writing about Chu and Gome.

Woman: "increasing one point is too long, reducing one point is too short." In San, Shang Mo, people watch Luo Fu; When Monkey saw Father Luo,

Hold the aluminum whisker under load. When the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and lowered his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe. Come and complain, but sit down.

Look at Luo Fu. "Homer's epic describes the admiration of the elders for Helen who walked through the city head, and so on, all of which are well described by asking questions.

It improves the aesthetic feeling of the characters' appearance and obtains the artistic effect of getting twice the result with half the effort and lasting aftertaste.

(3) Static description and dynamic description.

Static description refers to the relatively static description of the description object, which is often used in portraits, psychological descriptions and natural scenery.

Description of things and life scenes. For example, Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu appeared in A Dream of Red Mansions, and the author used static brushwork to compare them.

Describe their portraits in detail. If static description is not used properly, it will often appear dull and lengthy, so it will often be combined with dynamic description to write static and turn static into dynamic. Dynamic description is a description of the characteristics of an object in a specific situation, and this description can often be more.

People attach great importance to vividly conveying the expression, manner, style and spiritual character of the object in literary creation.

See. For example, in The Book of Songs, "Laughter divides love, eyes divide beauty" and in The Song of Eternal Sorrow, "If she just turns her head and smiles, she has cast a hundred kinds of spells".

Ying Ning's smile in Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Xifeng Wang's appearance in A Dream of Red Mansions and so on.

Very successful dynamic description *

(4) Line drawing and inner monologue.

These are two different ways of description, which are common in both Chinese and western literature. Sketch is a common expression in China tradition.

It is to grasp the typical characteristics of the object and outline the appearance of the object with concise words. The sketch was originally China's painting.

A technique of art, as opposed to "rendering". It does not rely on strong colors and has no background, but focuses on ink lines.

Outline the image. Later borrowing has become an important descriptive technique in literature. Mr. Lu Xun attached great importance to the skills of line drawing, emphasizing

Drawing a person needs to draw his eyes with extremely simple pen and ink, which is actually a line drawing technique. his

Pen and ink are indeed extremely concise. For example, in the sixth episode of The Story of Ah Q, Ah Q came back from the city and said, "It's getting dark.

He appeared in front of the hotel with his eyes closed. He approached the counter and stretched out his hand from his waist, full of silver and copper.

A few "cash, let's drink G" on the counter conveyed Ah Q's triumphant return from the city.

It's perfect. Inner monologue is a common description technique in western literature, which refers to the self-expression of characters.

Express the emotional feelings of the characters and reveal the development and changes of the inner activities of the characters. Inner monologues in traditional realistic novels

There are also many applications, such as Tolstoy's novel anna karenine, in which Anna committed suicide by lying on the railing.

The technique of inner monologue shows Anna's psychology of contradiction, panic, pain and disappointment well. But the inner monologue is in the stream of consciousness

Novels, psychological realism novels, psychological novels and other genres are more widely used and mature, which is a modern western small

One of the most important formal skills of a speaker is

describe

Narrative is the author's specific description and introduction of the characters, events and background in his works, and it is also a kind of literary creation.

Basic skills. In the past, our literary theory textbooks paid attention to description, ignoring narration, and thought that from the shaping of artistic image and

In terms of artistic expression, narration is only a means to help people write, and its function is only to simplify people and things.

Introduction and explanation of. This view is actually wrong. In the overall structure of a work, narration is not only more important than description.

Moreover, narrative angle, style and style all play an important role in the formation of pseudo-aesthetic value of works. knot

Constructivist literary theorist Genet believes that, on the surface, "description can be said to be more important than narrative, because there is no

Narrative description is easier to do than narrative without description. For example, the sentence describing "a white room with green windows and a slate roof"

Zi does not contain any narrative elements, but the narrative sentence "The man approached the table and picked up a knife" is also a description.

Write because the verbs "approach" and "pick up" have a descriptive effect. In fact, narrative in literary works

The status of is more important than description, because description is always the slave of narrative. Although description accounts for a large proportion in the works, it is from

Judging from the overall structure of the work and the development process of character events, description only plays an auxiliary role in narration. Genette even mentioned

Chu: "To study the relationship between narration and description, in the final analysis, it is mainly to study the narrative function of description, that is, to describe paragraphs or descriptions.

The role of aspect in the overall narrative structure. ⑦ He also divided the narrative functions described in the novel into three types: (1)

Decorative function. Mainly limited to those static scenes, portraits and descriptions of things. It doesn't state the m direction and the battle.

The process of narration is "the rest and digestion of Tao in the middle of narration, which plays a purely aesthetic role, just like the sculpture in classical architecture."

The same effect "(5), such as the Iliad Policy 18 describes the Achilles shield. (2) Interpretation and symbolic work

Yes For example, the works of realistic writers such as Balzac describe the appearance, clothes and bedroom furnishings of the characters.

Tending to reveal and explain the psychology of the characters. (3) Promoting and replacing functions, description directly becomes narrative events and unfolding.

I am tired of the importance of the plot. Ba 1 can be exemplified. For example, the description of three portraits of Mrs. Lin in Blessing is like this.

It becomes an important factor to unfold the story and directly serves the structural needs of the novel narrative. Genette's view is true.

It also shows that the narrative and description of literary works are inseparable and both obey the needs of the overall structure of the works.

It is wrong to emphasize only one.

Narrative skills involve narrative time, narrative rhythm, narrative frequency, narrative voice, narrator and many other issues.

Weighing, narrative angle and so on. We mainly introduce several common narrative methods, namely, shun Shu, flashback and pen insertion.

Sequential narrative is a narrative method based on the time and logical order of events, which can give people a clear context.

A coherent impression e does not mean a straightforward description or an unobstructed view. A good narrative should also be ups and downs.

Relax to attract readers' attention. Xu Shun can also be said to be the most basic narrative method. When we affirm a story,

When it has its internal time sequence and logical connection, it means that its basic narrative form is "chronological".

Flashback and interpolation are the changes of this basic form.

Flashback, also known as flashback, is a way that writers deliberately violate the order of narration and put the ending or time of events and plots behind.

A narrative way of showing things first and then returning to describe what happened before. Flashbacks can cause suspense and confusion.

The contrast between festivals and stories makes the development of stories more colorful, thus enhancing the artistic appeal of works. Such as Lu Xun.

The novel Blessing puts the end of the story-the death of Mrs. Lin at the beginning of the novel, which arouses readers' attention to the fate of the characters.

Strong concern, thus enhancing the ideological and artistic appeal of the novel.

Insertion means that the writer temporarily interrupts the main plot and event and inserts another event while telling the story.

And the narrative of the plot fragments. The content of interpolation is usually to recall the past, trace back to the past, or to the ongoing plot events.

Make a supplementary explanation. Interpolation can adjust the development rhythm of the story, enrich the content of the story and make the story flexible.

This is a very important way of narration. If the content of interpolation goes back to the past, it is very similar to flashback, but if it is overall

From the structural point of view, there are obvious differences between the two: flashback is said from the overall structure of the work, and only

Those that are arranged in chronological order as a whole, but only one or several past paragraphs are inserted in the middle, are considered as interpolation.

4. Lyrics and comments

Lyricism is the expression of the author's thoughts and feelings in his works, and it is the most basic method of lyric literary works.

There are two ways of lyric: direct lyric and indirect lyric. Direct lyric often uses the first person, and the screenwriter directly expresses his feelings. He doesn't use scenery, people or events to express his feelings. For example, Chen Ziang's poem: "Where were those lost times before me? Later, it was gone. "

Meet new people. I think of heaven and earth, without limit, without end, full of tears. "Is a typical direct lyric. Indirect lyric is generally the third kind.

People's narrative language shows that it relies on objective scenery, events and characters to express feelings, which contains emotional seedlings.

In the described events and scenarios. The poems of Zhan period in China describe "feelings in the scenery", "cherishing the scenery and expressing feelings" and "expressing one's will by supporting things".

"Holding things to express emotion" and so on all live in indirect lyric. For example, she fushi's quatrains say, "Two yellows sing green willows, and one line is white and green."

Jesus Christ. My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door often says "goodbye" to ships heading east, which is an indirect lyric. In lyric literature, direct lyric.

And indirect lyricism are often inextricably linked. For example, Cao Cao's famous poem "Short Songs" said: "When drinking,

How long is a person's life span? For example, morning dew is much more difficult to go to Japan. Be generous, and your troubles will be unforgettable. How to solve the problem, only Zhang Kang. Qingqingzi

Carrying, leisurely in my heart. But for your sake, I've thought it over. Yo yo Luming Literature, wild apple. I have a bright guest, playing drums and playing air. bright

As bright as the moon, when can I be photographed ... The stars are thin in the middle of the month, and blackbirds fly south. What skills can you rely on to circle the tree three times? Mountains never tire of heights, and water never tires of water.

Very deep. The duke of Zhou vomited, and the world returned to the heart. "It is difficult to distinguish between direct lyric and indirect lyric, but they are all there.

Machine-ground integration. In narrative works, lyricism is also indispensable, but this lyricism is based on objective scenery and

A description of the event. In dramatic works, lyricism is expressed through the characters' language and inner monologues.

Argumentative writing is a way to directly express the judgment and evaluation of objective things, which is mainly based on reasoning and argumentation.

Yes, but literary works often use arguments to reflect social life and express thoughts and feelings. In a very short period of time

In narrative works and lyric works, discussion techniques are rare. For larger narrative works, such as novels,

In novellas, discussion is often inevitable. Tolstoy's War and Peace is expressed by argument many times.

The author's views on history and real life make the description of history and reality in his works present a cold and deep style.

Tone, more life philosophy and ideological connotation. Of course, Tolstoy's works also have too much discussion, ignoring the image description.

The weakness of painting, the discussion in the last chapters of the novel is often divorced from the overall artistic image of the novel, with some political theories.

The color of teaching I Tolstoy's example also shows that arguments should be used with caution in literary works and must not be divorced from images.

The shaping of the whole. There are many forms of discussion in narrative works, and the typical form is to discuss through the narrator's language.

These comments usually represent the author's own views on the events discussed. There is also a discussion about borrowing the words of the characters in the works.

Said that this argument may represent the author's point of view, or it may be contradictory, contrary to the author's point of view. Western modern literature

Theoretically, there is a tendency to oppose the author's involvement in the work, and naturally it opposes the necessity of discussing existence in the work. such

This view is obviously wrong. American novel theorist Booth said in his famous novel Rhetoric, "Direct nothingness.

Although the discussion of "introduction" and the discussion divorced from the events of characters in the works should be denied, the role of discussion should not be underestimated. for

In this regard, he put forward the so-called dramatic discussion (that is, the characters' comments on events and characters in the novel) and implicit discussion (also

Is to reveal the author's point of view between the lines of the work), symbolic discussion (is some details and fields in the work

Landscape, as a special object, is also a suggestive discussion, and so on, pointing out: every

This discussion is to improve the reader's experience intensity of the special elements of a book. "Great novels were born."

These viewpoints of OObooth in Feeling and Evaluation of Being Born in a Hidden Companion are very valuable, and they also illustrate the discussion in literature.

It is necessary to exist and cannot be easily denied.

The description, narration, lyricism and discussion mentioned above have their own characteristics and functions, but they are all in the text.

Literary works do not exist independently, but are intertwined and subject to the overall structure and image-building of literary works.

The needs of. As an important factor in the form composition of literary works, expression finally points to the content of literary works.

This is our understanding of the means of expression, and it is also a factor in the form of literary works, such as language, structure and genre.

Basic positions and methods to be held.