1. The author of the text (The Old Man by the Bridge) is Hemingway (1899-1961), a representative writer of the "Lost Generation" in the United States. Representative works: novels "The Sun Also Rises", "A Farewell to Arms" and "For Whom the Bell Tolls". The novella "The Old Man and the Sea" won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 because the novel reflected "the courage of people in a real world full of violence and death." (The Old Man by the Bridge) uses a limited perspective narrative, and the language is concise and tense, leaving space for readers to explore and ponder. His famous saying: A person is not born to be defeated. You can eliminate him, but you can't defeat him.

*2. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), the author of the text "The Spot on the Wall", is a famous modern British female writer and critic, and is known as the greatest novel of the 20th century. One of the writers, he was a pioneer in guiding the trend of modernist literature.

A typical stream of consciousness novel is "The Spot on the Wall". Stream of consciousness novels are typical psychological novels, in which the psychological activities of the characters become the absolute subject of the novel. Famous stream-of-consciousness writers and works include: Ireland’s James Joyce and Ulysses, France’s Marcel Proust and his In Search of Lost Time, and America’s William Faulkner and The Sound and the Fury.

3. Victor Hugo, the author of the spy novel "The Cannon Beast", was the most outstanding representative of French romanticism in the 19th century and one of the greatest poets and novelists in the history of French literature. His life spanned almost the entire 19th century, and his literary career lasted for 60 years. His creativity was enduring and he wrote a total of 79 works. The dominant ideas throughout his life activities and creations are humanitarianism, opposition to violence, and fighting evil with love. Representative works include: "Les Misérables", "Notre Dame de Paris", "Sea Laborers", "The Man Who Laughs" and "1993". Jean Valjean in "Les Misérables" is a noble ideological figure. "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" is a classic about the contrast between beauty and ugliness. In 1827, Hugo published the play "Cromwell" and its preface. Although the script was not performed, the preface was considered a declaration of French Romanticism and became an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It played a great role in promoting the development of French literature.

*4. The author of the text "Antonovka Apples" is the Russian writer Bunin. Won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1933.

Russian literature is a treasure of world literature. A large number of outstanding writers have emerged in various historical periods in Russia, and they have written many works that have influenced the world. In the 19th century, there were Pushkin (Yevgeny Onegin), known as the "Father of Russian Literature", critical realist writer Gogol (Dead Souls), Turgenev (Hunter's Notes), Doss A large number of works such as Toyevsky's (Crime and Punishment) and Chekhov's (Chameleon) were the peak period of Russian literature. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the novel creations of Bunin and others, the author of "The Antonovka Apple", basically followed the path of 19th century realism, while revealing more sentimental sentiments. In the early days of Soviet Russia, Fadeev, who wrote "The Young Guards", and Sholokhov, who wrote "The Experience of a Person", quickly turned to socialist realism.

5. The author of the text (Danko) is Gorky (1868-1936), a proletarian writer in the former Soviet Union and the founder of socialist realist literature. Romantic works include "Makalay Chudra", "Old Lady Izegil", "Song of the Eagle", etc., which praise the strong personality that loves freedom, yearns for light and heroic achievements, and expresses the passion for fighting. There is a novel "Mother" and a play "The Enemy", and there is a trilogy of autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In the World" and "My University".

*6. The author of the text (The Alchemist) is the Brazilian writer Paulo Goero. (The Alchemist), also translated as (The Fantastic Journey of the Shepherd Boy), is the author's most holy novel. This fable with strong symbolic color is known as "a modern classic that affects readers' hearts for a lifetime" and ranks first among bestsellers in 18 countries.

7. Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910), the author of the text (Natasha), was the greatest Russian realist writer in the 19th century. "War and Peace" is a masterpiece with epic and chronicle characteristics. It has always been called "the greatest novel in the world". There are also works "Anna Karenina" and "Resurrection".

Lenin called him "the mirror of the Russian Revolution" and Lu Xun called him "the Russian giant of the 19th century." The author of "The Western Canon" called him "the only great man since the Renaissance who can challenge Homer, Dante and Shakespeare." Writer."

*8. Rabindranath Tagore, the author of the text (Suba), is a famous Indian poet, writer, artist and social activist. He is a writer with world influence. Won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. He is the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. He wrote more than 50 collections of poems and was known as the "Saint of Poetry". He is the author of poetry collections "Gitanjali", "New Moon Collection" and "Bird Collection". The popular novels "People of Kabul", "Suba" and "Mahamaya" are all masterpieces of short stories in the world. His "philosophy of love" influenced the literary creations of Bing Xin, Wang Tongzhao and Xu Dishan. Bing Xin even takes "maternal love, childlike innocence, and nature" as the themes of her creations.

9. Shiga Naoya (1883-1971), the author of the text (Seibei and the Gourd), is the main representative of the famous "Shirakaba School" in the history of modern Japanese literature. He has "Japanese short stories" "God" title. His works pursue the liberation of individuality, advocate the spirit of humanitarianism, and emphasize human dignity and will. His representative works include the novel "Walking in the Dark".

*10. The text (By the Bridge) is written by Bohr (1917-1985), a German novelist who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972. His major works include the novella "Arrival on Time", the novel "Adam, Where Have You Been" and the short story "Wanderer, If You Go to Spa..." The famous work "Arrival on Time" has become the representative of the "ruin literature" of the Federal Republic of Germany. Representative work. "Photograph with a Lady" published in 1971 is the culmination of all Bohr's creations and was hailed by the Nobel Prize judges as "the pinnacle" of his work.

11. Calvino (1923-1985), the author of the text "Livestock Grove", is the most influential contemporary Italian writer. His representative works include (Winter Night Traveler) (Invisible City), etc.

*12. The author of the text (half a sheet of paper) is Strindberg of Sweden.

13. Singer (1904-1991), the author of the text "Zlat the Goat", is an American Jewish novelist and is known as the "best storyteller" short story writer in the 20th century. "Gimpel the Fool" and his other short masterpiece "Spinoza in the Market Street" are two masterpieces. In 1978, Singer won the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his passionate narrative art, which is not only rooted in the cultural tradition of Poles of Jewish origin, but also reflects and depicts the universal human condition."

*14. The author of the text (Tuesday Nap Time) is Garcia Marquez of Colombia. A representative writer of Latin American magical realism, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. His representative works include "One Hundred Years of Solitude" and "Love in the Time of Cholera".

15. Borges (1899-1986), the author of the text (The Book of Sand), was an Argentine poet, novelist and translator. A master of short stories in the 20th century, he is regarded as "the first Latin American writer to influence European and American literature." He won the National Literary Award of Argentina in 1950, the Formento Prize of Spain in 1961, and the Cervantes Prize of Spain in 1979. His works have concise words, strange conceptions, exquisite structures, absurd and bizarre plots, full of fantasy, and a strong sense of mystery.

*16. Kafka (1883-1924), the author of the text (The Bucket Rider), was an Austrian writer, one of the founders of Western modernist literature, and one of the greatest novelists of the 20th century. His representative works include "Metamorphosis", "The Trial" and "The Castle".

1. Hemingway, American novelist. Winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature.

"The Old Man at the Bridge", a realist short story "The Iceberg Theory"

The great American poet Frost gave an appropriate description the day after Hemingway committed suicide with a shotgun: "He He is tenacious and does not begrudge himself. Fortunately for us, he gave himself enough time to show his greatness. His style dominates the way we tell long and short stories. I still remember my obsession with reciting "The Killer" aloud to everyone I met. He is a friend I will always miss. The whole country is in mourning.

”

Hemingway’s early novels “The Sun Also Rises” (1927) and “A Farewell to Arms” (1927) became the main masterpieces expressing the “lost generation” in the United States. After the 1950s, he shaped The "tough guy character" represented by Santiago "can destroy him, but just can't defeat him" (the representative novella "The Old Man and the Sea" 1950)

In terms of art. , his simple and powerful style and excellent use of various modern techniques have caused a "literary revolution" in American literature, and many European and American writers have been obviously influenced by him.

2 Virginia Woolf, one of the representative writers of British stream-of-consciousness literature and one of the three major stream-of-consciousness writers in the world, is known as the "Best Female Writer of the 20th Century"

"The Spot on the Wall". Stream of consciousness short story

Shakespeare was a great British playwright and poet during the Renaissance. His main works are 37 plays. His tragedies include "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear" and "Macbeth" (together) (called "the four great tragedies") and "Romeo and Juliet", and comedies such as "The Merchant of Venice". Marx called it "the greatest dramatic genius of mankind"

3. Victor Hugo. The great French writer of the 19th century, the most outstanding representative of romantic literature

"The Cannon Beast" is an excerpt from the romantic novel "1993", the novel "Notre Dame de Paris" and "Les Misérables"

Balzac was a great French critical realist writer in the 19th century, the founder and outstanding representative of European critical realist literature. His main works are the Encyclopedia of Human Comedy (including "Petro Goriot", "Eugénie Grandet", etc. ), is one of the most magnificent creations in world literature and one of the most brilliant achievements of human thinking. Marx said that it "provides an outstanding realist history of French society, especially the upper class of Paris." p>

4. Maxim Gorky, a great proletarian writer of the former Soviet Union

"Danko" a romantic symbolic allegorical short story "The Old Lady Izegil"

Main works: autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "In the World", "My University", novel "Mother", prose poem "Haiyan", etc. Lenin called him "the most outstanding representative of proletarian art" and "Mother". ” is a “very timely book”

5. Leo Tolstoy

Excerpts from “Natasha” “War and Peace”

The greatest Russian writer in the 19th century, mainly including the long historical novel "War and Peace", the landmark masterpiece "Anna Karenina", the novel "Resurrection", and the autobiographical novels "Childhood" and "Youth". With his powerful brushstrokes and excellent artistic skills, he worked hard to create "first-class works in world literature". Therefore, he was praised by Lenin as a "genius artist" with "the most sober realism" and has been recognized as a literary leader around the world.

Pushkin was the greatest Russian poet in the 19th century. "The father (ancestor) of Russian literature"; his works are known as the "Encyclopedia of Russian Life"; his main works are the lyric poem "Ode to Freedom" and the long novel. Verse novel "Eugene Onegin", fairy tale poem "The Story of the Fisherman and the Goldfish", etc.

Turonev was a major Russian critical realist writer in the 19th century. His works include the novels "Roting", "Father and Son" and "A Noble House", and the collection of prose stories "Hunter's Notes" depicting the misery of serfs. Life, criticizing the serfdom system, is known as "a book that ignites the fire". "Fathers and Sons" is Turgenev's masterpiece.

Chekhov was a great Russian critical realist writer at the end of the 19th century. His main works are the short stories "Death of a Civil Servant", "Chameleon" and "The Man in the Trap", the novella "The Sixth Ward", and the scripts "The Seagull" and "Uncle Vanya". He is the only Russian writer who has reached the top of the world literary world with his short stories. One of the world's three greatest short story writers.

Gogol was the best satirist in Russia in the 19th century, the founder of critical realist literature in "The Imperial Envoy", and the miser image in "Dead Souls" (one of the four miser images).

Ostrovsky: a 20th century Soviet writer whose representative works include "How Steel Was Tempered".

6. Rabindranath Tagore, the great Indian poet of the 19th and 20th centuries

"Subha" a realist short story

The representative works "Gitanjali" and "The Gardener" "The Birds" and the novel "Shipwreck". The first Asian to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.

Tagore is a writer with great influence on the world. He wrote more than 50 collections of poems and was known as the "Saint of Poetry".

7. Others

"Seibei and the Gourd", a realist short story by Naoya Shiga, Japan

"By the Bridge", a realist short story by the German Sea Inrich B?ll, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972

"The Grove", a realist short story by Italian Calvino

"Half a Sheet of Paper", a short story from Sweden Limbaugh

"Zlat the Goat" is a realistic short story by Isaac Shwes Singer, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1978

"Tuesday Nap Time" "Magic realism short story Colombian García Márquez, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. Novel: "One Hundred Years of Solitude" and "Love in the Time of Cholera".

"The Book of Sand" magical realism short story by Argentinian Borges, the master of short stories in the 20th century

"The Bucket Rider" absurdist short story by Austrian Franz Ka Fka, the originator of modernist literature. Long stories: "The Castle" and "The Trial"; short stories: "Metamorphosis".

The first unit of narrative

"The Old Man by the Bridge" (selected from "Selected Short Stories of Hemingway") depicts the image of a lonely Spanish old man during World War II. Through his exhausted The difficult escape experience reflects the evil of fascist war and expresses the people's desire for peace. Hemingway (American, representative writer of the "Lost Generation") won the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature. "The Sun Also Rises", "A Farewell to Arms" (representative works of the "Lost Generation"), "For Whom the Bell Tolls" and "The Old Man and the Sea" have created the image of "getting rid of confusion and pessimism, fighting bravely and fearlessly sacrificing for the interests of the people" "The image of an anti-fascist warrior; creating the image of a tough guy who "can destroy him, but just can't defeat him" (Santiago's "The Old Man and the Sea"); the "iceberg principle" (hide things and let readers think) This article : The method of depicting characters; the image of characters; the side view of war.

"The Spot on the Wall" describes that the protagonist sees a spot on the wall, which triggers a series of endless reveries. Later, he discovers that the spot is just a snail crawling on the wall. Virginia Woolf (representative British writer of stream-of-consciousness novels) (the first is Proust's "In Search of Lost Time") "The Waves", "To the Lighthouse", "Jacob's Room" and "Mrs. Dalloway" His "novel is like a spider web. It may be only slightly attached, but it still sticks to life with four feet." In the unrestrained flow of consciousness, he expresses his true and inner views on life.

Second unit scene

"Cannon Beast" (selected from the novel "1993") creates a gloomy, mysterious, tragic and tragic scene by describing the terrible scene of a cannon slipping off. The atmosphere created the image of the artillery captain who bravely stepped forward after dereliction of duty and the image of General Lanternac who was stern, cold, decisive and clear in rewards and punishments for his subordinates. The author Hugo is the leader of the French positive romantic literary movement. His representative works are "Notre Dame de Paris", "Les Misérables" and "1993". The themes of his works are humanitarianism, opposition to violence, and fighting evil with love. In Hugo's works, the principle of contrast between beauty and ugliness (the role of contrast in scene description and character description) and romantic techniques are often used. Studying "Cannon Beast" mainly involves mastering the characters and their image creation methods, with emphasis on the arrangement of the scenes.

"Antonovka Apple" cleverly arranges four life scenes in chronological order: the prosperous period of the manor, the life of the middle-class nobility, the declining spirit of the landowners, and the beginning of the era of small landowners, revealing the middle-class aristocracy in Russia The increasing decline of the class and the increasing decadence of their spirit sing an elegy for the decline of the landlord class. Bunin, a Russian writer, was born into a noble family and won the 1933 Nobel Prize for Literature. His representative works are "Mija's Love", "Three Rubles", "The Cicada Path" and "Paris". Bunin inherited the realist tradition of Russian classical literature. His novels paid little attention to the arrangement of plot and structure, but focused on the portrayal of characters and the rendering of the environment and atmosphere. (Take the text as an example for analysis)

Theme of the third unit

"Danke" (selected from "Old Lady Izegil") uses romanticism to depict the character of Danke Brilliant image. In order to help his people get out of the darkness, he dedicated his heart and used his burning heart to illuminate people's future and lead them out of the darkness.

He highly praised Danke's bravery, determination, selflessness and fearlessness, and his spirit of daring to devote himself to his ideals. The image of Danko expresses the Russian people's desire for freedom and pursuit of bright ideals. Gorky, a famous writer in the former Soviet Union, was called "the greatest representative of proletarian art" by Lenin. His representative works include "Song of Petrels", "Mother", "In the World", "My University" (an autobiographical trilogy) and "The Life of Krim Samkin" (a chronicle of Russian spiritual life). "Danke" suppresses one another and enhances one. It has a romantic color, uses imagination, and fictionalizes characters, plots and environments that do not exist in reality. In fact, it contains a symbolic meaning and is a reflection of real life. This article: the symbolic meaning of the characters, the meaning of heart-wrenching, and the author's writing style.

The story of the boy’s treasure hunt in “The Alchemist” gives people a profound revelation: everyone’s wealth is around them, but to dare to pursue it requires courage, wisdom, perseverance and difficult tests. Even if it doesn't come true in the end, the process of pursuing it is a lifetime of endless wealth. - It keeps you away from mediocrity and inaction. Paulo Goero, Brazilian writer. The representative work "Pilgrimage" takes understanding oneself as the starting point, and is good at using simple language and symbolic techniques to tell meaningful philosophy.

Characters in the fourth unit

"Natasha" (selected from "War and Peace") describes Natasha's excitement, excitement and anxiety before attending the dance. She met Prince Andrey at the ball and both planted the seeds of love. Natasha, who had been betrothed to Andrey, betrayed Andrey by the temptation of the beautiful man Anatole because of her loneliness and loneliness. She is an innocent and kind-hearted aristocratic girl who longs for love and happiness, but is too gullible and full of romance and fantasy. Leo Tolstoy, the greatest Russian writer of the 19th century. His representative works "War and Peace" (a masterpiece with epic and chronicle characteristics), "Anna Karenina" (the second landmark work), and "Resurrection" (an immortal masterpiece of world literature) criticize aristocratic life and advocate moral self- Cultivation, good at psychological analysis.

Focus on "the people's thoughts."

"Natasha" is a classic image written by Tolstoy.

This article: analyzes characters and methods of character creation.

"Suba" shows us Suba's misfortune and her harmonious integration with nature by depicting the eternal lonely inner world of the mute girl Suba. After growing up, due to her own disability, Suba was forced to marry far away to Galgoda, away from the life she was familiar with, and fell into greater loneliness. Suba, a beautiful, intelligent, rich-hearted, and loving kind-hearted woman The experience is sympathetic. Rabindranath Tagore, a famous Indian poet and novelist, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 (for the collection of lyric poems "Gitanjali"). "Mahamaya" (short story), poetry collections "Gitanjali", "Shipwreck", "Gola", "Birds Collection", "Gardener Collection", "New Moon Collection" Poems - Meditation and leisure, rich lyrical atmosphere, philosophical meaning It is profound, the rhythm is beautiful and full of changes, and the aesthetic style is simple, natural and transcendent.

The work reflects the strong desire of the Indian people to change their destiny under the oppression of imperialism and feudal racial system, describes their indomitable resistance struggle, and is full of distinctive patriotism and nationalism spirit.

Plot of the fifth unit

"Qinghei and the Gourd" tells the story of Qinghei who likes gourds, but this hobby was stifled, and he became passionate about painting instead. The author sympathizes with Seibei, criticizes the practice of brutally killing the individuality of young people, and calls on people to respect individuality and allow it to develop freely. Shiga Naoya, the "god of novels" in Japan and the "representative writer of the Shirakaba School" in modern times. The novel "Walking in the Dark". Characteristics of Shiga Naoya's novels: 1. Pursue individual liberation, advocate humanitarian spirit, and emphasize human dignity and will. 2. Most of the works are drawn from materials around them and are characterized by delicate observation and precise description. 3. This article: The role of flashbacks, the significance of contrast, and the role of plot ups and downs in expressing themes and shaping characters must be mastered.

"By the Bridge" vividly describes a touching secret love story through the narration and delicate psychological portrayal of "I" counting people crossing the bridge by the bridge, and expresses the protagonist's inner complex feelings and emotions. The persistent pursuit of beautiful emotions. Heinrich B?ll, a German writer, won the Nobel Prize in Literature for "Photograph with a Lady" in 1972. He is a representative of postwar literature, that is, "ruin literature".

The representative works "Photograph with a Lady" and "Wanderer, If You Go to Spar..." reflect the broad social life with the broad vision of the times and keen typification skills, and create realistic and delicate characters. This article: Capture the running of the plot and the delicate psychological description.

Structure of the sixth unit

"The Livestock Grove" (selected from "The Collected Works of Calvino") describes the struggle of Italian farmers against the invading German Nazi soldiers in plain but humorous language. Calvino's masterpiece "The Invisible City" is both a fairy tale in reality and a reality in fairy tales. The situation of losing one's own essence is vividly displayed. This article: grasp the plot of the article and the role of "delay"; analyze the image of Zhua and the typical background of his appearance.

"Half a Sheet of Paper" is almost drawn in white. The method of introducing a young tenant's two-year life experience (happy - lonely, unfortunate, sad - smiling) reveals the protagonist's optimistic, positive and energetic attitude towards life, and at the same time tells us that everything in the past, good, should be cherished; unfortunate , let time pass by, we should seize the present and open up a better future. Strindberg, a Swedish writer, is famous for his unique expressions in "Drama of Dreams" (a pioneer of European Expressionism), "The Red Room" and "Miss Julie". , expressing profound connotations and giving people a refreshing feeling. Use plain language to write about vivid people and things. This article: understand the meaning of half a piece of paper; understand the theme of the novel.

Unit 7 Emotions

"Goat Zlat", through the narration of the experience of failing to sell a sheep, not only casts a compassionate gaze on the people in difficulty, but also gives the warmth of care to the pure goat who is still loyal and loyal in the desperate situation, embodying the author's A highly focused and refined overview of social reality. Isaac Shwe Singer, an American writer, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1978 for his novel "The Magician of the Ruble". His work is "a passionate narrative art." Art is not only rooted in the cultural tradition of Polish Jews, but also reflects the universal human condition. "This article: the role of scene description; the role of anthropomorphic narrative; understanding of themes.

"Tuesday Siesta Time" uses a pair of characters. The story of mother and daughter going to pay homage to a relative who was beaten to death as a thief shows us the persistence of maternal love and the tolerance of the priest, further revealing the inherent love in human nature. García Márquez, Colombian writer, 1982. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2011. His representative work "One Hundred Years of Solitude" (a representative writer of magical realism caused a literary earthquake in Latin America) combines realism and fantasy. His novels use a richly structured imaginary world mixed with magic. and reality, reflecting the contradiction of life in the entire South American continent

Unit 8 Fiction

"The Book of Sand" tells the story of "I" through a holy book that has neither beginning nor ending. "The influence of "Elucidates a feeling of infinite possibility and infinite continuation, indicating the author's confusion about the world and a fear of the unknown world. Borges, Argentinian writer, master of short stories in the 20th century, writer of writers, Knowledge-based writer. His representative works are "Passion of Buenos Aires" (a collection of poems, this is the place where the Olympic torch is relayed) and "Collection of Fictions" (a collection of short stories). His works are clean in style, concise in text, unique in conception, and exquisite in structure. The plot often unfolds in the exotic oriental background, which is absurd and full of fantasy, with a strong mysterious color.

This article: The symbolic meaning of the Book of Sand; the downplaying of the storyline; the description of the heart.

"The Bucket Rider" uses an illusory approach to describe the fact that a person living in poverty asked for a shovel of coal from a coal store and was evicted, showing us the reality of the real society. The coldness and hardship of people's lives express the author's accusation and criticism of society. Franz Kafka, an Austrian writer and a famous European Expressionist writer. Most of his representative works "The Cave", "Metamorphosis" and "The Castle" use deformed and absurd images and symbolic intuition to express isolated and desperate individuals surrounded by a hostile social environment. This article: Understand why you should ride? What is the symbolism of the barrel rider? Understand the text topic.