Liszt's development view consists of three parts: productivity theory, industrial priority theory and state intervention theory. In his masterpiece "The State System of Political Economy", Liszt first reviewed the history of western European countries and pointed out that there were different economic development paths. Then, in view of the value theory of classical economics, he put forward his own productivity theory and wrote his own famous saying: "The productivity of wealth is many times more important than wealth itself;" It can not only guarantee the existing and increased wealth, but also compensate the wealth that has disappeared. " (Note: Liszt: The National System of Political Economy, Commercial Press, 1983, p. 1 18. )。 In the process of discussing how to promote the development of productive forces, Liszt put forward some opinions: 1. Attach importance to the role of education and science and technology in the progress of productive forces; 2. Emphasize the role of political, economic and legal systems in the progress of productive forces; 3. Coordinated development among industrial sectors can promote the progress of productivity; 4. It is pointed out that the evolution of national spirit is the basis of developing productive forces. On this basis, Liszt emphasized the importance of giving priority to the development of industry, believing that industry can promote the formation of a new national spirit and improve the national economic structure, especially the traditional industrial sectors such as agriculture. This is obviously aimed at the current situation that Germany was still dominated by agriculture and its industry was backward.

However, "productivity theory" and "industrial priority theory" are only the foreshadowing, and Liszt's ultimate goal lies in his emphasis on the role of the state. He believes that backward Germany can only realize its dream of becoming a strong country with the support of strong national strength. In his view, protecting tariffs was the most effective means that Germany could take to improve productivity at that time. It can be considered that productivity theory and industrial priority theory, as opposites of classical economics, are theoretical preparations for tariff protection policies, and the latter is the logical result and case analysis of the former two. The tariff protection policy was formulated by Liang Fang, a powerful country, for backward Germany, so he got a great book. Although Liszt's concept of development is not mature, he demonstrated the problem of productive forces for the first time in the theoretical history, put forward and demonstrated the economic development and path of backward countries, thus answering the theoretical questions raised in the process of Germany's economic rise and basically fulfilling the mission entrusted to him by history. From 65438 to 0832, he entered Leipzig University to study philosophy, history and linguistics. 1836 was a lecturer in the history department of breslau University, 1839 was a professor, and184/kloc-0 was a professor of national studies at Marburg University. 1844 ~ 1845 as the school principal. 1846 was dismissed for participating in the activities of the German producers' club in London. During the March Revolution, he was a member of parliament, and later he was desperate to teach at universities in Zurich and other places. 1862 and professor j Conrad (1839 ~ 19 15) founded the yearbook of national economy and statistics. He is a historian and statistician. Like Rochelle, he entered the study of economics from the basis of the study of historical countries. But he failed to complete his own independent system and method in economics. He cared about the administration and politics of the country all his life, and once engaged in railway construction, set up a "savings bank" and a "widow's pension vault" and set up a statistics bureau. 1848, he published the National Economics of the Present and the Future (Volume I), and began to study the Economics of the Present and the Future by analyzing the development process of past economic theories, which shows that he is different from the classical school and socialism. The preface of the book says that economics should be transformed into the science of national economic development in all countries, and the understanding of national economic life in economics should adopt the method of historical linguistics. His current national economic task, published in 1863, describes his method. However, his school of historical language and Rochelle's school of historical law are both anti-enlightenment thoughts and anti-rationalism reactionary thoughts in the middle of19th century, and they emphasize the so-called "national spirit" inherent in the nation.

Hildebrand introduced the theories of Engels and proudhon. He believes that the reason that hinders the political and economic unification and development of Prussia and Germany is also the biggest obstacle to welfare, obviously poverty. Therefore, the task of economics is to understand the economic aspects of national life in order to solve the poverty problem. He put forward that the process of economic development stage is physical economy, monetary economy and credit economy. He tried to eliminate capital rule and poverty through credit. He idealized the stage of credit economy and thought it was a world of moral equality. He believes that the poor can obtain capital through the power of credit, thus solving the social problems of poverty. Knies was born in Marburg, Hesse, and studied theology and ethnology. 1846 Lecturer, University of Marburg. 1855 Professor of National Studies, University of Freiburg. 186 1 ~ 1865 as an elected member of Baden National Assembly University. He was a professor at the University of Heidelberg from 1865 to 1896. His major works are Political Economy of Historical Methodology (1853). He criticized Smith's theory as a kind of cosmopolitanism, "eternalism" and theoretical absolutism, ignoring the differences of national economic development in different countries. He said that his economics is the principle of relativity, that is, studying the development of national economic life is a special topic of economics. He disagreed with Liszt, Rochelle and hildebrand's theories and assumptions of historical development stages, and stressed that we must explore the regularity of national economic phenomena through analogy. He is opposed to using a single formula to stipulate the causal relationship of economic life development, and thinks that there is no * * * same development law in national economy of all countries, but each country has its own special and specific development process. In his view, this kind of economics is only organically linked with a certain era or a certain country or nation in human history. It is produced under the constraints of a certain time, space and a specific country or nation, and it also changes with them. Economics should explore its theoretical basis from historical life, and its conclusion can only be solved by historical methods. The general law of economics is nothing more than an explanation of historical performance and an expression of the evolution of truth. The absolutism of economic theory can only be applied to a certain historical stage, because it is the product of the times. Therefore, the economic theory of a certain era cannot be regarded as intact and the last thing.

He emphasized that the study of economic phenomena and economic life must be combined with other cultural phenomena, rather than using isolated abstract methods. He especially emphasized the investigation of historical statistics and advocated that induction is the method of economics. He believes that economics is neither a spiritual science nor a natural science, but a science that studies the third social phenomenon. Knies is a Lutheran Protestant. His historical method is driven by spiritual factors, and he has strong religious beliefs. He is a pioneer of the ethics of the new historical school, and his monetary theory belongs to the monism.

After the 1970s, the New Historiography School and its representative 19, German industry developed and monopolized, and internal contradictions began to appear. The economic crisis of 1873 caused the decline of the middle class, unemployment and poverty of the working class, and serious social problems. The German Social Democratic Party publicized Marxism and launched the workers' movement. In order to resist Marxism and ease social contradictions, the new historical school inherits the legacy of the old historical school on the one hand, and puts forward social reformism on the other. They think that it is impossible to solve the problem only by asking laborers to restrain and save, and they must also criticize the theoretical premise of "cosmopolitanism" and "economic man" and the "materialism" of the classical school ideologically. At the initiative of Shmuler and others, 1872 established the Social Policy Institute. Economists who participate in this society generally belong to the new historical school and are also called "forum socialists". In addition to Shmuler, Wagner and brentano, there are also A. Held (1844 ~ 1880), G. F. Knapp (1842 ~ 1926) and K. Bicer (/kloc-