Classic sentences said by Teacher Luo Xiang (Part 1)

1. "When trying to learn law, you must have common sense. Don't think that you are superior because you are a legal person. The law is nothing more than What is being solved is the contradiction in social life, so the judgment of legal professionals can never go beyond the simple moral sentiments of the people."

2. When trying to learn law, you must have common sense. Don't think that you are a legal practitioner. From a high level, the law only solves the contradictions in social life, so the judgment of legal practitioners can never go beyond the simple moral sentiments of the people. This is why many students said that many times when I take exams, I don’t understand anything, so I just rely on my simple three views. When it comes to answering questions, many times you can still get many questions right by relying on your simple three-dimensional perspective. Especially in every exam, there are some extremely difficult questions. To put it bluntly, these extremely difficult questions cannot be solved even if you have studied too much law. , because many times people lose their humanity when they learn too much about the law. It's easy to do it from an ordinary person's point of view. You must have some common sense.

3. But people cannot be romantic forever, otherwise they will lead to self-destruction. Romance is all about water, which can make people drown. People eventually have to enter a system of rules. As the saying goes, do whatever you want without breaking the rules.

4. The word "criminal law" itself is not good-looking. How to write the word "criminal law"? For those who operate on people, legalizing the basis for performing operations is called criminal law.

5. I hope that students can cultivate a true concept of the rule of law through the study of criminal law. Can be the light of the rule of law. My classmates will go further than me and will be able to swim more freely in the ocean of knowledge.

6. Misunderstanding is the norm in life, and understanding is the rare exception.

7. The important thing in life is to establish a great goal and the determination to achieve it.

8. Isaiah Berlin has a very vivid metaphor. He said that there are two kinds of human thinkers, one is the hedgehog, either this or that, black or white; The fox, while adhering to his own point of view, also recognizes the relative legitimacy of the opposing view. One is monism and the other is dualism. I think dualism is at least what I appreciate, because the thinkers who have brought countless catastrophes to mankind in human history are all hedgehog-style, either/or.

9. I will not be afraid of others laughing at me for having desires. I understand desires because I am closer to them.

10. Regarding Internet trolls, what you must reflect on is an anonymous environment, an environment where no one knows. When a gentleman is cautious about being alone, can you contain the darkness in your heart? As I have repeatedly said, people are ends and not mere means. Therefore, the most important thing in building a legal society is to learn to respect others. A person who respects other people's lives will not harm them, a person who respects other people's bodies will not sexually assault others, a person who respects other people's property will not steal from others, and a person who respects other people's reputation will not abuse others at will. Dirty water, people are ends, not pure means.

11. Don’t be discouraged just because there are some small obstacles in our rule of law construction. This is only temporary, and we still have beautiful pursuits.

12. Only by curbing your inner sense of intellectual superiority can you respect others from the bottom of your heart and avoid arrogance, so that you can continuously enrich your own heart.

13. Any gift given by fate has already been marked with a secret price.

14. There are two types of reading, utilitarian reading and non-utilitarian reading. Non-utilitarian reading is more important. It allows you to pursue success-oriented reading and accept your fate calmly. The real success of a person is not how glorious he is when he is brilliant, but when you encounter setbacks. When you are down, do you still have the courage to keep going? Non-utilitarian reading can make us aware of our own insignificance and cultivate our humility.

15. The more happiness can reflect human dignity, the more it is the greatest happiness, because it is related to human dignity.

There is a lot of happiness that lowers the dignity of human nature. The more happiness can reflect human dignity, the more it is the highest level of happiness. The reason why we study and travel is actually because we hope that we can continue to do so. What kind of happiness do you enjoy? High-class happiness. Classic sentences said by Teacher Luo Xiang (Part 2)

16. Skepticism is the curse of the rational era. If you hold a skeptical stance, all your understanding will be unstable. Reason is not the only epistemological basis. All human thinking is based on belief. We believe that justice exists, and justice must exist objectively.

17. The law can never go beyond the limitations of social common sense, and you must not be arrogant as a legal person. In my opinion, this kind of arrogance is actually just a manifestation of ignorance.

19. Bacon said: A crime only pollutes the water flow, but an unfair justice pollutes the water source. Ask the canal how clean it is, so that there is a source of living water. If the power of punishment is not restricted, then all justice may be emptied, and justice is often emptied in the name of justice.

20. All happiness obtained through shortcuts, whether it is money, sex or fame, will eventually bring pain to oneself. In fact, it is difficult for people to resist temptation. People can only stay away from temptation, so don't overestimate your own concentration.

21. And what is the greatest pain for people? I think the biggest pain for people is that they cannot cross the gap between "knowing" and "doing". Descartes is right when he says "I think, therefore I am", but "I think, therefore I am" often makes us immersed in an illusion, that is, as long as I think about it, I can do it, but this is not the case.

22. In the course of time, all good causes have a negative slope.

23. Restraint does not mean oppression, and calmness and rationality do not mean indifference and numbness.

24. Historical experience tells me that power leads to corruption, and absolute power often leads to absolute corruption. The most important thing for our explanation is to conform to the people’s simple sense of justice and our fairness, so why is this The law is not left to the whims of experts.

25. Vanity, the devil’s favorite original sin.

26. Whenever we express moral indignation, we may have to reflect on ourselves whether we are darker, more evil and hypocritical than we imagined. If conditions permit, the evil in our hearts Whether it will lead to greater evil, whether it will objectify and control others due to various advantageous positions, whether it will become more tragic and inferior without knowing it. Of course, here we mainly refer to myself. ?

27. Legal interests serve as the basis for guilt, while ethics serve as the basis for guilt.

29. There is no shortcut to happiness.

30. Many times we have to pretend. If we pretend too much, we will slowly start to respect others from the bottom of our hearts. If we leave this pretense, it may be difficult to respect others throughout our lives. What classic words did Teacher Luo Xiang say?

What classic words did Teacher Luo Xiang say? Part 1

1. If freedom is not restricted, the strong will inevitably exploit the weak. .

2. All real happiness requires long-term preparation and hard work.

3. Killing is forgivable but unreasonable.

4. The circles we draw are always not round enough, but no one will cancel the circle because of this.

5. Sometimes, seemingly good intentions often lead humans to hell on earth.

6. What kind of paradox is reading? I read because I want to know, but as I read more and more, I admit more and more my ignorance. This is a paradox.

7. Everything in the city does not necessarily live in strict logical argument, and living completely in accordance with logic may bring disastrous consequences to human society, so this is why Justice Holmes has repeatedly reminded us that the life of the law is experience rather than logic. Therefore, if constant experience reminds us in due course that 12- and 13-year-old children may commit serious and vicious crimes, then we believe that children under the age of 14 will The logical proposition that adults are not criminally responsible seems to need to be revised.

8. "The Great Gatsby" reminds us: "When you want to criticize others, you must know that not everyone has the superior conditions you have."

9. The word "criminal law" itself is not good-looking. How to write the word "criminal law"? For those who operate on people, legalizing the basis for performing operations is called criminal law.

10. But why do many people study? Many people read just to show off. Many people read just to show off when writing articles. Zhang Shuo Li Shuo Wang Shuo Wang Er Mazi said that many people read just to show their superiority in knowledge. Then you may read to the end of the dog's belly. Went.

11. Legal ethics and respect for the law.

12. Although a behavior violates the law, if this behavior is encouraged in ethical life, then it is not a crime in any case.

13. Although the judiciary must respect the expression of public opinion, it also needs to transcend the prejudices of the people.

14. We should never read only what we like to read. We should read books that challenge us. If a book cannot challenge us, why should we read it? If a book cannot challenge us, why should we read it? Challenge us, how can we get out of our own narrow-mindedness and our own prejudices. So Kafka said: A book is like an axe, which wants to split our frozen hearts. Are you ready? Talk to the great human soul and use its sharp ax to split open your cold, arrogant, narcissistic and self-pitying heart.

15. When I read more and more, when I go up to a tall building alone and look at the end of the world, I feel: ah, I am still so far away from the sky, and I will never reach it. I am so small, so ignorant, and I will never be able to swim in the ocean of knowledge. Everyone must be careful not to defend your ignorance.

16. I like a sentence very much. The author of The Chronicles of Narnia once said: Benevolence must live in the soil of justice. In other words, justice is a concept corresponding to benevolence, without notarization. , benevolence is meaningless, then if you leave justice and leave the basic concept of justice, such a basic point of justice, your empty talk about benevolence will become like man-eating grass. He is a man-eating plant, but it is very regrettable that she still has such a reputation as a cute green plant, but she is actually a man-eating plant. Without notary benevolence, there is no meaning. Without notary benevolence, it will definitely lead to A humanitarian disaster.

17. Many times we envy other people's scripts, but no one's scripts are worthy of envy. Many people's scripts are specially performed for others to see. And all you have to do is act out your own script. If you unfortunately encounter some setbacks, you have two options, one is to give up acting, the other is to perform the established script well, even if the process will be painful, it must be unique and exciting.

18. If you have not thought clearly about why a lawyer defends criminals, it means that you are not ready to be a qualified criminal defense lawyer.

19. Skepticism is the curse of the age of rationality. If you hold a skeptical stance, all your knowledge will be unstable. Reason is not the only epistemological basis. All human thinking is unstable. It is based on belief. We believe that justice exists, and justice must exist objectively.

20. Legal training will naturally make us disagree with the public on certain issues.

However, we must avoid two extremes, one is the closed elite position, and the other is the mass position of conformity. I think the law can never be divorced from the mainstream moral consciousness of a nation, and the law must transcend the prejudices of the people. This is why I have always advocated that lawyers should listen to the voices of the people, but should transcend their prejudices. What classic words did Teacher Luo Xiang say Part 2

21. If a behavior is permitted by social life, then it should not be a crime.

22. If the legal provisions are vague and unclear, then public power will become a wild horse running wild.

23. The value of a lawyer is to pursue legal justice on the basis of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties.

24. Nothing is more damaging to the rule of law than the "Legalist thinking" that prevails in the minds of most Chinese people.

25. Because there is no buying, there is no selling. It is because the penalties in the buyer's market are too light that there are so many sellers' markets.

26. Life is like birds sleeping in the same forest, flying separately when the time comes.

27. "Freedom must be subject to normative restrictions. If freedom is not restricted, it will definitely lead to the exploitation of the weak by the strong."

28. Any gift given by fate, The price has already been marked secretly.

29. Whenever we express moral indignation, we may have to reflect on ourselves whether we are darker, more evil and hypocritical than we imagined. If conditions permit, the evil in our hearts Whether it will lead to greater evil, whether it will objectify and control others due to various advantageous positions, whether it will become more tragic and inferior without knowing it. Of course, here we mainly refer to myself. ?

30. If your eyes are always focused on the ground, you will never know how happy you are looking upward.

31. The relationship between people is like saving money. You have to deposit money before you can withdraw it. If you only withdraw money without depositing it, this is called a malicious overdraft, and your account will go bankrupt, so if you want to withdraw feelings from others. You must first deposit enough feelings.

32. People have to accept that things go counterproductive. We are too limited. We can only do what we think is right and then accept the results.

33. Restraint does not mean oppression, calmness and rationality do not mean indifference and numbness.

34. Only when you follow these norms can you truly have the so-called freedom, because freedom is not the freedom of indulgence. Freedom is always the freedom of self-discipline and the freedom of self-discipline.

35. If judicial power is not restricted, then anyone may become the target of arbitrary strikes by the penal power. An allusion in Chinese history is the death of Yue Fei on New Year's Eve in 1142. When Yue Fei was about to die, he said eight words: "The sky is clear, the sky is clear." What was the crime of Yue Fei's death? There is no need to exist. Therefore, I believe that every student who has a basic understanding of Chinese history knows these eight words. If you want to accuse them, there is no need to hesitate.

36. I hope that students can cultivate a true concept of the rule of law through the study of criminal law. Can be the light of the rule of law. My classmates will go further than me and will be able to swim more freely in the ocean of knowledge.

37. Cherish the flowers and be careful, don’t comb your hair when you love the moon.

38. Only the rule of law can bring our nation to true rejuvenation.

39. When you feel that there is a lot of injustice in the world, is there a concept corresponding to injustice called justice? If there is actually no justice in this world, then it is meaningless to say that it is unjust. . And we believe that there is actually justice, so we must use the legal knowledge we have learned to constantly pursue justice. Although this pursuit is gradual, we will never be discouraged or tired, and we will do our best.

40. The common people have a say, because everyone has the same sense of justice, and everyone has a simple sense of justice.

Those gentle words said by Teacher Luo Xiang

Those gentle words said by Teacher Luo Xiang Part 1

1. Because there is no sale without buying, it is because of the buyer’s market penalty Too light is why there is so much seller's market.

2. The empirical philosopher Aquila tells us: The purpose of our spiritual life is to transcend the spirit. What should people pursue in this life? hapiness? There is a difference between quality and quantity of happiness. The more happiness can reflect human dignity, the greater it is, because it is related to human dignity. There is a lot of happiness that lowers the dignity of human nature. The more happiness that reflects human dignity, the more it is the highest level of happiness. The reason why we study and travel is actually to hope that we can continue to enjoy what kind of happiness? High-class happiness.

3. There is no end to human evil. There is no worst, only worse.

4. Finally, there is the theory of analogy. Invisible justice is what needs to be believed.

5. The missions of lawyers and judicial organs are the same, both to maintain the dignity of the law. One is to fight crime through strict application of the law, and the other is to do everything possible to protect the legal rights of criminal suspects. .

6. If your body belongs entirely to you, it will inevitably lead to the exploitation of the weak by the strong.

7. A crime only pollutes the water, but an unfair justice pollutes the water.

8. The more important kind of reading is non-utilitarian reading, because only with this kind of non-utilitarian reading can you resist the success-oriented reading, and can you calmly accept your destiny. Accept your failures calmly. Many times, a person’s real success is not how glorious he is when he is brilliant, but the key lies in whether you still have the courage to continue when you are frustrated or depressed. moving forward?

9. We need dialogue with the great souls of mankind to get out of our own narrow-mindedness and prejudice.

10. When you feel that there is a lot of injustice in this world, is there a concept corresponding to injustice called justice? If there is actually no justice in this world, then it is meaningless to say that it is unjust. . And we believe that there is actually justice, so we must use the legal knowledge we have learned to constantly pursue justice. Although this pursuit is gradual, we will never be discouraged or tired, and we will do our best.

11. The second is empiricism. Everyone will experience or experience or see some unjust things. Deep in everyone's heart, everyone longs for the existence of the concept of justice, and all human feelings must have an objective object to project on. When you are thirsty, there will be water. Things will exist when you are hungry, so why do humans have a sense of fairness? There must be an object to which fairness is directed, otherwise this feeling is meaningless.

12. People born of women are full of sorrows. They come out like flowers and are cut off. They fly away like shadows and cannot remain. Everyone will definitely encounter hardships in this life. In times of hardships, will you still be there? Have the courage to continue living. If you only accept the influence of successism, you will definitely not have this power. Therefore, we need this kind of non-utilitarian reading questions. Successful reading and utilitarian reading will definitely It will make people arrogant and arrogant, and knowledge will make people proud.

13. Many times we have to pretend. If we pretend too much, we will slowly start to respect others from the bottom of our hearts. If we leave this pretense, it may be difficult to respect others throughout our lives.

14. "You say a person is talented, can he pass the exam? Impossible! What else do all talented people need? They also need hard training!"

15 .? Everything has exceptions. Exceptions are not a negation of the principle, but an enrichment of the principle. Those gentle words said by Teacher Luo Xiang Part 2

16. The human heart hides the corruption of the entire world, and there is a Zhang San hidden in each of us.

17. "Classmate, I see that you are good-looking, why don't you sell your kidney to me?" "This classmate said, Teacher, I have dignity." "I said 500,000, and he said Teacher I have dignity, okay?" "Five million." "He said, teacher, I really have dignity." "Fifty million plus two houses in Shanghai." "Deal." "What dignity do you have? Your dignity is just money. Just calculate."

18. If you fight with the dragon for too long, you will become a dragon yourself; if you stare into the abyss for too long, the abyss will stare back.

19. There are only ordinary people in this world, and rational people are just assumptions.

20. This is a sentence that Luo Dada often talks about. He often said that if you study law to death and become mechanical, if you study too much law, you lose your humanity and your basic judgment as a human being, it is sad.

21. People must accept their own limitations. First, people admit that they are limited, so admit that your logic is limited, admit that your rationality is limited, admit that your reading is limited, admit that your whole being is prejudiced, and your life is full of prejudice. Get out of prejudice.

22. It will not be a crime if the law does not expressly stipulate it, and there will be no punishment if the law does not expressly stipulate it. No matter how bad a behavior is, if there is no provision in the criminal law, it is not a crime.

23. Many times we envy other people's scripts, but no one's scripts are worthy of envy. Many people's scripts are specially performed for others to see. And all you have to do is act out your own script. If you unfortunately encounter some setbacks, you have two options, one is to give up acting, the other is to perform the established script well, even if the process will be painful, it must be unique and exciting.

24. The law cannot go beyond the limitations of social common sense and the simple moral emotions of the people, and must consider the ethical color. The law is nothing more than resolving conflicts in social life. Don't be arrogant like a legal person. This kind of arrogance is actually a manifestation of ignorance.

25. "The Great Gatsby" reminds us: "When you want to criticize others, you must know that not everyone has the superior conditions you have."

26. Although the judiciary must respect the expression of public opinion, it also needs to transcend people's prejudices.

27. People can only be ends, not pure means.

28. True freedom is the freedom of self-discipline, not the freedom of indulgence.

29. So if you achieve anything, you must actively give back to the society. Yours may not necessarily belong to you, but do your opportunities belong to you? Times make heroes.

30. French scholars said that criminal law is a whip with a whistle. Before whipping you, it must tell you that this is wrong. Teacher Luo Xiang’s words worth remembering for life

Teacher Luo Xiang’s words worth remembering for life Part 1

1. Morality is always self-disciplined in most cases. rather than heteronomy.

2. An act that appears to be in compliance with the law will no longer be considered a crime as a matter of course, unless you can actively prove that it infringes on certain legal interests. An act that infringes upon legal interests will not be regarded as a matter of course. To commit a crime, unless he violates ethics and morals, if a behavior is encouraged by ethics and morals, it is definitely not a crime.

3. We cannot be great people, we can only do small things with great love.

4. Reputation is easy to lose but hard to gain.

5. Legal interests serve as the basis for criminalization, and ethics serve as the basis for criminalization.

6. People must accept their own limitations. Human logic, rationality, and reading are all limited, and the whole person is biased. People are getting rid of prejudice in this life.

7. Justice Holmes, a representative of the social legal school, once said: “The life of law does not lie in logic, but in experience.

”

8. “If my phone is not turned off, I will watch Plato’s Republic for five minutes and I will start playing on my phone. Play for two hours and then throw the phone down and say: ‘Why am I such a person! ’, and then continued to watch Plato for ten minutes, and then looked at the phone again. So it needs to be restricted, so now I usually turn off my phone when reading, and I directly mess up the network. ”

9. People must accept that things go against their wishes. We are too limited. We can only do what we think is right and then accept the results.

10. The law can never transcend society. The limitations of common sense must not be followed by the arrogance of a legal person. In my opinion, this kind of arrogance is just a sign of ignorance.

11. "Do you think you are here voluntarily?" Who came into this world and whose parents asked for your opinion? We are on a stage that was not chosen by us. Do you have a life script that you chose? Do you envy other people's scripts? To be honest, I sometimes envy other people's scripts. But there is no other way. Your script is not chosen by you. You can only work hard to perform your script well. Although it is painful, as long as you work hard to perform your script well, there will be excitement in the pain, and there will be excitement. Everyone's life script is unique, and everyone's life script is wonderful. There is no need to envy others. ”

12. If freedom is not restricted, it will definitely lead to the exploitation of the weak by the strong.

13. When others ride a horse, I ride a donkey. If I think carefully about it, I am not as good as me.

14. Whenever we express moral indignation, we may have to reflect on ourselves, whether we are darker, more evil and hypocritical than we imagined, and whether the evil in our hearts will give birth to evil if conditions permit. The greater sin is to objectify and manipulate others due to various advantages, and whether it is more tragic and inferior without knowing it. Of course, we here mainly refer to myself?

15. Skepticism is the curse of the age of rationality. If you hold a skeptical stance, all your knowledge will be unstable. Reason is not the only epistemological basis. All human thinking is based on belief. We believe that justice exists, and justice must exist objectively. 16. Kant said: People can only be ends, not mere means. A person who respects others will not treat others as playthings. , A person who respects human nature can also respect himself without indulging in corrupt and vulgar tastes.

17. If you don’t ask me what time is, I feel that I know it, but once it happens. Ask me what time is, and I will be at a loss.

18. The second is empiricism. Everyone will experience or experience or see some injustice, and everyone desires it deep in their heart. The concept of justice exists, and all human feelings must have an objective object to project onto. When you are thirsty, there will be water, and when you are hungry, there will be the existence of things. So why do humans have a sense of fairness? There must be a fair place? Otherwise, this feeling is meaningless.

19. Misunderstanding is the norm in life, and understanding is the rare exception.

20. The mission of a lawyer and the value of a lawyer. , is to pursue legal justice on the basis of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties. Xiao Qian is a well-known journalist who has covered the trials of the International Tribunal for the Far East. He does not understand why the Allies actually hire lawyers to defend the heinous war criminals, but when he Having experienced legal nihilism, the Cultural Revolution and the anti-rightist movement, I have experienced the sadness of being knocked down at the first order without any right of defense. No war criminal has the helplessness to question the fairness of the court's judgment. Therefore, the lawyer's criticism is precisely to ensure the fairness of the judgment. Teacher Luo Xiang’s words worth remembering for life Part 2

21. The circles we draw are always not round enough, but no one will cancel the circle because of this

22. People mature. One of the signs is not to actively assert one's rights, but to consider others, in other words, to constantly have empathy for others.

23. The dust comes and goes, and the green mountains and green waters are quiet in the heart; the romantic thoughts on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are infinite, and there is no need to worry about this life.

24. There is no end to human evil. There is no worst, only worse.

25. When you meet someone, you can only say a few words, but don’t give up everything.

26. US Justice Hobbes: "The life of law is experience rather than logic." Because logical inferences may lead to very absurd conclusions, when the first logical proposition reaches the conclusion You feel that it is impeccable, but maybe there is a small flaw in the first proposition that you did not see, so you come up with the second proposition, but you do not see the flaw, and more and more flaws are derived, but you all We think it is rational, so we need to carry out logical training, but we must go beyond logic.

27. Mother Teresa said: We cannot become great people, we can only do small things with great love.

28. When trying to learn law, you must have common sense. Don’t think that you are superior because you are a legal person. The law only solves conflicts in social life, so the judgment of legal people can never go beyond the simple opinions of the people. Moral emotions, this is why many students say that many times when I take exams, I don’t understand anything, so I rely on my simple three views to answer the questions. Many times, you can still get many questions right with your simple three views, especially in every exam. There are some extremely difficult test questions in the book, and to put it bluntly, if you study too much law, you will not be able to solve these extremely difficult test questions, because many times people lose their humanity if they study too much law. It's easy to do it from an ordinary person's point of view. You must have some common sense.

29. If the legal provisions are vague and unclear, then public power will become a wild horse running wild.

30. The value of a lawyer is to pursue legal justice on the basis of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties.

31. "Human nature is full of contradictions, and we are far more narcissistic and sanctimonious than we think."

32. Those with great power will have a loud voice, and those with high ambitions will have far-reaching ideas.

33. We read because of our ignorance, and our reading makes us feel our ignorance even more.

34. "All a person's procrastination means that he does not really love."

35. We must accept criticism, because it can help us get out of the narcissistic illusion and not They have been morally and intellectually narcissistic for a long time, leading to destruction in their narcissism. Some people say that hell is the path where the soul lives forever in self-centeredness and self-obsession. When you lose all humility, you are disconnected from the reality of the universe. In fact, we are far more hypocritical and dark than we think.

36. British philosopher Bacon: The consequences of an unfair trial are even greater than ten crimes. Because although crime ignores the law, it is like polluting the water, but unfair trials destroy the law, which is like polluting the water source.

37. Nothing is more damaging to the rule of law than the "Legalist thinking" that prevails in the minds of most Chinese people.

38. The law adopts paternalism at this time, because you have no ability to decide your freedom, so the law must protect you like a parent. If it does not protect you, it will harm you. If it doesn't limit you, it will harm you. Think about it, students, your parents didn’t control you when you were a child. Are there any of you who grew up today without being controlled? I don't think it's possible.

39. "Our goal is not to get full marks or high scores in the exam. Our goal is to pass the law exam. As long as we pass, it will be exciting even with low scores."

40 .? Everything has exceptions. Exceptions are not a negation of the principle, but an enrichment of the principle.