18 16, vision and color;
In 18 19, Die Welts and Vorstellung wrote that "the world is my representation", and he confused the objective world with the subjective world. On this basis, he completed his philosophical system of voluntarism: will (thing itself)-idea (direct objectification of will)-thing (indirect objectification of will);
1836, on the will in nature;
1839, about freedom of will, about freedom of will;
1840, on the basis of morality, ü ber die grundlage der moral;
184 1 year, two basic problems of ethics;
185 1 year, appendix and addendum, Parerga und Paralipomena；;
The books separated from the above works are: Schopenhauer's Theory of Morality and Freedom, Life Wisdom, Existential Emptiness, Schopenhauer's Thoughts Essays, Schopenhauer's Aesthetic Essays and Schopenhauer's Philosophy of Life.
other
Schopenhauer (Biography)
Publishing House: Shanghai People's Publishing House
Publication date: February 2009
Version: Version 1
Author: (France) Didier Raymond "Four Roots of the Law of Sufficient Reason"
This doctoral thesis was written in 18 13 when Schopenhauer was 25 years old. It was modified once in 1847.
The law of sufficient reason can be summarized as: everything has a reason, or nothing can't be explained.
There are four different forms of the law of sufficient reason: law of cause and effect, logical reasoning, mathematical proof and behavioral motivation. These four forms are not used as reasons to prove the law of sufficient reason, but the law of sufficient reason expresses itself in these four forms.
There must be a transcendental truth before the logical truth is established, which is the second form of expression of the law of full reason. Schopenhauer divided the way to truth into logical, empirical, transcendental and hyperlogical. These four reasons and grounds not only prove the truth itself, but also illustrate the law with sufficient reasons.
People's behavioral motivation is the fourth form of the law of sufficient reason. In other words, every behavior of human beings must have its motive reasons and be explained from the motive. In fact, this led to Schopenhauer's another book, The World as Will and Representation, and also laid his ethical theory.
The World as Will and Representation
Schopenhauer suggested reading this book with Critique of Pure Reason as the premise, Four Roots of the Law of Sufficient Reason and his criticism of Kant's philosophy. More precisely, the main idea of this book is as a world of appearances, but ultimately as a will, rather than juxtaposing the two. In this book, Schopenhauer tries to solve the problems left by Kant's philosophy. Unlike Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, Schopenhauer kept the thing itself and defined it as will. So the whole book is about this idea. From the time he wrote this book to his death, he believed that he had solved the secret of this world.
This book is divided into four parts. The first part reinterprets the law of sufficient reason and explains why the phenomenon world must be understood through the law of sufficient reason. The second part provides the details of the expression of will, which is a blind impulse that neither satisfies nor stops, requiring people to be liberated from their own existence essence, that is, desire; The third part tries to get a short-term comfort through the aesthetics of nature and life, that is, art; The fourth part provides a possible way of redemption in the form of ethics and asceticism.
The world is divided into two parts: on the one hand, appearance, on the other hand, will. An object is something that is recognized through the transcendental space-time category. Subject and object * * * together constitute the world as a representation, so they are inseparable. People's innate knowledge is only time, space and causality, and these things only play a role and form a connection between appearances, and have nothing to do with the will itself. There is no causal relationship between sensibility, intellectuality and will. Therefore, the existence of all appearances is the objectification of will. The existence of all appearances comes from two completely different forms, one is perceptual and intellectual, and the other is will. Schopenhauer's published works include his doctoral thesis Four Roots of the Law of Sufficient Reason (18 13). The second edition was published in 1847. 18 16 was published in Latin, and Schopenhauer translated it into German. What does this mean? 18 18 19, the first edition of Die Welts America and Vorstellung (hereinafter referred to as WWR) was published in 1844 as the second edition of Schopenhauer's most important work WWR. The first volume is basically the same as the first edition, the second volume adds many supplements to the first volume, and the third edition is published in 1859 after the supplement. On Will in Nature was published in 1836 (? Ber den Willen in der Natur), second edition published in 1854. Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik published by 184 1, including 1839' s award-winning paper On Freedom of Will? Berdie Freiheit des Menschlicchen Willens and 1840, On the Basis of Morality? The Basis of Morality, the second edition was published in 1860. 185 1 published two volumes of Parerga und Paralipomena, which made Schopenhauer famous. MacIntyre's description of Schopenhauer's "excellent observation of human nature" in A Brief History of Ethics can be confirmed in this set of books. Among them, The Wisdom of Life and Proverbs and Mottos were highly praised by Thomas Mann and Tolstoy.
After Schopenhauer's death, his friend Julius Flawn? Dt (1813-1879)1873 edited and published six volumes of Complete Works of Schopenhauer, S? Mtliche Werke, 1873-74(6 volumes) Editor Julius Flawn? Dt), and published the second edition in 1877, which is the first time Schopenhauer's works appeared in the form of complete works. Following the six-volume Complete Works of Schopenhauer edited and published by Paul Deursen, Schopenhauer's? Following Mtlichewerke (Munich: Piper Verlag,191–26), Arthur Herbscher edited and published seven volumes of The Complete Works of Schopenhauer in 1988. Mtlichewerke (Mannheim: F.A. Brockhaus, 1988) is considered as the most important version, and is widely quoted as the standard version of Schopenhauer's complete works. Herbscher (1897- 1985) is an expert of Schopenhauer and an ardent fan of Schopenhauer. After his death, his grave was next to Schopenhauer. Hübscher also edited Schopenhauer's five-volume manuscript collection Der handschriftlicher Nachla? , Ed. Arthur Herbscher, 5 volumes. (Frankfurt: Kramer, 1970) and Gesammelte Briefe letters, edited. Edited by Arthur Herbscher (Bonn: Bouvier, 1978). Schopenhauer's works were first translated into English 1877 by On Will in Nature magazine published in new york. The second English version of Schopenhauer's works comes from the three-volume World as Will and Idea (London: Trübner, 1883-883). Four Roots of the Rule of Sufficient Reason and Will in Nature (London: George Bell & Sons, 1889) translated by Ms. Karl Hillebrand were published in London after WWR, which is the first English translation of Schopenhauer's doctoral thesis. 1890 T. Bailey Saunders translated Wisdom of Life and Advice and Motto from appendices and addenda, and Arthur Brodrick Bullock translated On the Basis of Morality (London: Swan Sonnenschein new york: Macmillan, 1903), which was written by Schopenhauer for the Royal Academy of Sciences in Copenhagen/kloc. On Vision and Color (Karachi: Federal Bookstore, 1942) translated by E.F.J Payne (1895- 1983) was published. Following Payne, On Freedom of Will translated by Constantine Kolenda (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1960) was published. Payne's translation also includes two volumes: The World as Will and Representation. (new york: Dover, 1958-66), in which Vorstellung is translated into presentation on the basis of morality (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill,1965); Two volumes of appendices and addenda (Oxford: clarendon Publishing House,1974); Four sources of the sufficient cause rule (La Salle, IL: OpenCourt,1974); This four-volume manuscript (Oxford: Berg, 1988) contains all Schopenhauer's philosophical notes from his college days to his death. On Will in Nature (new york: Berg,1992); On Freedom of Will (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). It is also worth mentioning that Jill Berman's translation of The World as Will and Idea (London: Everyman, 1995) was published in 1995. Like Haldane and Kemp's translation, Waallstroem has also been translated into idea, which is the third English translation of WWR. The third wave of Schopenhauer's translation began in 2007, represented by the first volume of The World as Will and Representation (new york: Pearson/Longman, 2007) jointly translated by Richard Aquila and David carus. As the fourth English translation of WWR, the second volume was published on 20 10, and Vorstellung was translated into presentation in this translation. In addition, in 2009, two basic issues of ethics translated by Christopher Janaway (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), one of the six volumes of Schopenhauer's Cambridge works, was published, and Janaway's translation was the first time that these two papers appeared in the bound volume. Almost at the same time, Two Basic Problems of Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 20 10) co-authored by David Cartwright and Edward edman was also published by Oxford. The first book published in 2009 is Two Basic Issues of Ethics, and the second book in this series is The World as Will and Representation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 20 10), which was published on 20 10, and is the fifth English translation of WWR after Aquila. In this translation, Vorstellung is translated into representatio. The latest book in the Cambridge series is The Four Roots of the Law of Sufficient Reason and Others, which was published on 20 12 and translated by David E. Cartwright, Edward E. edman and Christopher Janaway. This volume includes not only the latest translations of Dr. Schopenhauer's thesis, but also the latest translations of On Vision and Color and On Will in Nature.
Chinese translation of the world as will and representation
The earliest Chinese translation of Schopenhauer's WWR is The World of Will and Representation, translated by Liu Dabei of Taiwan Province Province, 1976, published by Taipei Wenzhi. Liu only translated part of it. The first full translation of WWR, and the only Chinese full translation so far, was translated by Lin Jianguo. Lin's translation was first published by the translator at his own expense, and published in Taiwan Province Company, tel: 1974-89. Unfortunately, Lin's translation was translated from English by Payne, not from German. The most popular Chinese versions of Schopenhauer WWR are Shi Chongbai's version published by the Commercial Press 1982, and Yang Yizhi's book The World as Will and Representation. The translation of The Stone is based on arthur schopenhauer's works and edited by E. Gribach in Leipzig on 1859? Mtliche Werke translated the first volume. However, it is understood that Schopenhauer's first complete works were written by Flawn Hester in 1873? The Dt editor was later published in Leipzig.