1. The history of the evolution of horse calligraphy, knowledge about ancient carriages and horses, and knowledge about famous horses~~

The evolution of the ancient Chinese carriage and horse system

Recently, archeology Wang Wei, deputy director of the institute, was invited by the "History of Ancient Chinese Carriage" program of CCTV's "Tibetan Travel World" column to elaborate on the evolution of the ancient Chinese carriage system and its role in history.

Wang Wei introduced that it is still a mystery as to when cars began to be used in ancient China. In the documents of the pre-Qin period such as "Zuo Zhuan" and "Mozi", there are sayings that "Xi Zhong made chariots" and Xi Zhong was the chariot chief of the Xia Dynasty. However, no archaeological evidence has been found that cars were used in the Xia Dynasty. Ruts were found on the roads in the early Shang capital of Yanshi, Henan, indicating that vehicles were already in use at that time. However, the distance between the two wheels of this rut ??is only about 1.2 meters, which is much narrower than the 2.2 to 2.4 meters of the wheelbase of the late Shang Dynasty carriages. Therefore, it is estimated that it may not be a rut left by a horse-drawn carriage. Ancient documents have recorded that the merchant's ancestor Wang Hai "made cattle". Therefore, merchants in the early Shang Dynasty may have used ox carts. It cannot be ruled out that the ruts found in Yanshi Mall were left by ox carts or rickshaws. So far, the earliest physical vehicle discovered in our country is a carriage from the late Shang Dynasty (about 3300 to 3050 years ago) unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province. Dozens of them have been discovered so far. Most of these carriages were buried next to the tombs of nobles. Generally, 1 or 2 carriages were buried in a carriage pit. Most of the carriages have bronze carriages and horses, and some carriages also have weapons and equipment for driving the carriage. Some carriages also have driver drivers buried beside them. It can be seen that the carriages in the late Shang Dynasty were mainly used for chariot battles and as transportation tools for nobles.

The Western Zhou Dynasty was an important period for the development of ancient Chinese ritual systems. Many systems in ancient China appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The chariot and horse system is no exception. At that time, in addition to continuing to be used in combat, horse-drawn carriages were also used as a symbol of class status. According to the ritual books of the Zhou Dynasty, from the king of Zhou to the princes, ministers and officials, there were strict differences in the structure of the carriage, the number of horses, the shape of the carriage and horse equipment, and the decoration of the carriage according to their different status. Chariots and horses can often be found buried next to the tombs of nobles in the Zhou Dynasty. The number of chariots and horses buried in the pit matches the size of the noble tombs and the burial objects next to them. The largest number of vehicles found in the chariot and horse pits of the Western Zhou Dynasty so far is more than ten. The chariot and horse pit next to the Eastern Zhou Tomb No. 1 in Jiuliandun, Zaoyang, Hubei, excavated last year, contained as many as 33 vehicles. In addition, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the number of chariots became one of the symbols to measure the military strength of various countries, so there were expressions of "a kingdom of thousands of chariots" and "a kingdom of ten thousand chariots".

In the late Warring States Period, cavalry gradually replaced chariots and became the main means of combat for the Eastern Zhou countries. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the structure of the vehicle changed significantly, from a single-column vehicle driven by two horses to a double-coupled vehicle driven by a single horse. The vehicle was mainly used as a means of transportation and carrying goods. In the tombs of princes and kings of the Han Dynasty, you can see cars buried with them. Until modern times, the structure and purpose of horse-drawn carriages have not undergone major changes.

2. The more information about ancient Chinese carriages and horses, the better

The classification of carriages (horse carriages and ox-carts, the latter is only explained), the specific structure of carriages (this is The key points among the key points), the rules of riding, the deployment of horses when driving, and briefly explain some decorative accessories of the carriage and horses.

Explain the process of using horses: Before the Warring States Period, they were used to pull carts; during the Six Kingdoms period, single riding began; in the Warring States Period, horseback riding became more and more popular. (See the table below for details) Part One: The relationship between carriage and horse.

Ancient books, chariots and horses, and the Warring States Period. Chariots and horses. In the past, chariots and horses were connected, that is, horses and horses. Qiansi = chariots and horses. Riding on horses. Horses in parallel, galloping, and Si chariots. Traveling in small carts. Combat classification. Oxen, carts, and cargo. Second. Section: Construction of a carriage. Yusui, Yi, Shi, Gai (right ride) Rim, hub, spoke (spoke) Axle governs ( , ), 軎, ( ) rail (track) Tough shaft two straight wooden cart yoke ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Single The third part of a small car scale made of bent wood: riding a car and driving a horse.

Riding in a chariot, the chariot is on the left, the chariot is on the right, and the chariot is on the right. Spear-driving horse costume (middle), left and right, aristocratic chariots and horses, and several accessories. Part 4: Changes in the relationship between chariots and horses. Before the Warring States Period, there was more than just riding alone (chariots and horses were connected). In the middle of the Warring States Period, there was no riding alone. After the Warring States Period, the trend of riding horses became more and more popular.

3. The story of chariots and horses in ancient my country

Chariots and horses in ancient my country

1. It is common to see both chariots and horses in ancient books. Before the Warring States Period, chariots and horses were connected. Generally speaking, there is no horse without a carriage, and there is no horseless carriage. Therefore, what the ancients called driving a chariot also meant riding a horse, and riding a horse also meant riding a chariot. In ancient times, riding two horses was called a parallel, riding three horses was called a gallop, and driving four horses was called a si.

2. There may have been horseback riding in the Spring and Autumn Period, but that was only a very rare case. During the Warring States Period, King Wuling of Zhao learned the art of horseback riding from the Huns. Only then did the style of horse riding come into being.

3. A carriage and four horses constitute a ride (sn8ng). During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, countries were classified according to the number of vehicles they carried. The emperor is a country of thousands of vehicles, and the princes are a country of thousands of vehicles.

4. The name of ancient chariots and horses

Chariots.

It is common to see chariots and horses riding together in ancient books. Before the Warring States Period, chariots and horses were connected. Generally speaking, there is no horseless carriage, and there is no horse without carriage. Therefore, what the ancients called driving a chariot also meant riding a horse, and riding a horse also meant riding a chariot.

In ancient times, people stood in the carriage while riding, which was called "standing riding". The wooden boards on both sides of the carriage can be leaned on by the body, which is called. The crossbar at the front of the carriage allows you to lean on the handrails, which is called Shi (Shi). The ancients used the posture of holding hands and bowing their heads to express their salute while driving. This kind of salute is also called posture.

Extended information:

Chariots and horses refer to the bronze accessories used on ancient Chinese chariots and horses. The emergence of chariot and horse equipment is related to the emergence and development of the chariot and horse system in Zhonghui. So far, the earliest physical vehicle discovered in China is a carriage from the late Shang Dynasty unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan. Dozens of them have been discovered so far.

Most of these carriages were buried next to the tombs of nobles. Generally, 12 carriages were buried in a carriage pit. Most of the carriages have bronze carriages and horses, some have weapons and tools for driving the carriages, and some have drivers buried beside them. The Western Zhou Dynasty was the era when the horse-drawn carriage system began to appear, and the horse-drawn carriage was used as a manifestation of caste status.

In the late Warring States period, cavalry gradually replaced chariots as the main means of combat, and was mainly used as a means of transportation and carrying goods. The chariot and horse implements of the Han Dynasty are divided into two categories: horse-regulating implements and chariot-regulating implements.

Sogou Encyclopedia - Chariots

5. What are the names of ancient chariots and horses?

They are called Licheng. The ancients rode while standing in the chariots. It's called "standing ride"

The carriage of an ancient carriage is called a carriage, which is the part where people ride. The front and sides of the carriage are shielded by wooden boards, and passengers get on from the back of the carriage. "The Analects of Confucius? Xiangdang" said: Confucius "When ascending a chariot, one must stand upright and hold the Sui." The Sui is the rope on the chariot, used for holding hands when people get on the chariot.

It is common to see chariots and horses riding together in ancient books. For example, "The Book of Songs? Tang Feng? Shan Youshu" says: "You have chariots and horses, and you can't drive them." "The Analects of Confucius? Gongye Chang" says: "May the chariots and horses be dressed in light fur, and have sex with friends. "Before the Warring States Period, horses and chariots were connected. Generally speaking, there is no horseless carriage, and there is no horse without carriage. Therefore, what the ancients called driving a chariot also meant riding a horse, and riding a horse also meant riding a chariot.

"The Analects of Confucius? Yong Ye": "Red is suitable for riding on a fat horse and wearing light fur." ??This means riding on a chariot driven by a fat horse. In ancient times, riding two horses was called a parallel, riding three horses was called a gallop, and driving four horses was called a si. "The Analects of Confucius? Ji Shi": "Qi Jinggong has a thousand horses." This does not mean that he has four thousand horses, but that he has a thousand chariots.

Material civilization such as carriages and horses, architecture, food, etc. are the most popular research topics.

In recent decades, there has been a saying in historical circles that compared with traditional historiography's focus on heroes, modern historiography pays more attention to the bottom of society, including the so-called "material civilization", "grassroots class" and so on. Mr. Ding Wenjiang vividly said: Facing the tide of the Qiantang River, children always pay attention to the athletes riding on the waves, but adults know that the more important thing is the tide itself. It means maturity.

The ancients said "submit an ox and ride a horse", which shows that there are ox-carts in addition to horse-drawn carriages. Horse-drawn carriages were called small carts in ancient times and were used by nobles for traveling and fighting; ox-carts were called large carts in ancient times and were generally only used to carry goods.

6. Ancient poems about carriages and horses

Envoys to the fortress

Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty

When a bicycle wants to ask about the side, it belongs to the country. Juyan.

Zheng Peng left the Han Dynasty and returned to the Hutian.

The lonely smoke in the desert was straight, and the sun was setting in the long river.

Xiao Guan met the Hou Qi, and both Protecting Yan Ran.

The luggage of the ancient army

During the day, I climbed the mountain to watch the beacon fire, and at dusk, I drank my horse and crossed the river.

Pedestrians fought against the wind and sand in the dark, and the princess played the pipa There are many grievances.

Camping for thousands of miles without a city wall, rain and snow fall all over the desert.

The wild geese fly night after night, crying, and the wild geese shed tears.

Hearing the truth The jade gate is still covered, and one should throw one's life into a light chariot.

Every year, the bones of battles are buried outside, and it is rare to see grapes entering the Han family.

Early autumn in the military city

Yan Wu

Last night the autumn wind entered Hanguan,

The moon was full on the western mountains beside the moon.

He even urged the flying generals to pursue the proud captives,

Don’t send your horses back from the battlefield.

The next song (two songs)

Lu Lun

The grass in the forest is frightened by the wind, and the general draws his bow at night .

I look for white feathers in the bright light, but they are lost in the stone ridges.

The black geese fly high in the moonlight, and Shan Yu escapes at night.

He wants to chase Qingqi away, but there is heavy snow. Full of bows and knives.

Conquering others

Liu Zhongyong

Every year the golden river returns to Jade Pass,

Chao Chao Ma Ce and Sword ring.

Returning to the green tomb with white snow in three springs,

Thousands of miles of Yellow River circles the Black Mountain.

7. Ancient knowledge of horseback riding

Literati's Horseback riding

"The spring breeze is so exciting that the horse's hooves are so fast that I can see all the flowers in Chang'an in one day." A frail and thin scholar waved his whip again and again like a fan. This forms an extreme contradiction with the horse's demeanor. Horses are angry and martial. Not only are most scholars incapable of martial arts, they can't even get angry for more than five minutes. If they want to ride a horse, it's best to choose some "driving horses" for them to ride. However, this cannot be generalized. Lu Fangweng's horse riding is also extraordinary. "Shooting pheasants in the western suburbs always hits the target", this kind of hunting is no less heroic than charging into battle. Perhaps because he is a counselor in the commander's mansion, he can have the heroic spirit of "mounting his horse to kill the enemy, and dismounting his horse to spread the cloth". It must be someone like him who can say: "Looking north to the Central Plains, the energy is as strong as the mountains."

Women riding horses

Naturally, they have their own charm; however, after all, Hualiu is worthy of a hero. , not for beauties. Unless she is a beauty and a hero! After the Anti-Japanese War, many Amazon heroes emerged among our female compatriots. They not only had the ambition to wrap their bodies in horse leather, but also had the courage to leap over Tanxi River.

8. Where were the ancient palace carriages and horses stored?

The ancient palace carriages and horses were stored in Taipu Temple. Taipu Temple was one of the central institutions of the ancient Chinese imperial court. Among the nine ministers of Qin and Han Dynasty, there was Taipu, the official in charge of chariots and horses. The decree of Mingzhang to herd horses belonged to the Ministry of War, and Nanjing Taipu Temple was established in Chuzhou. For this reason in the Qing Dynasty, when the emperor went on tour, he would be in charge of all the attendants, horses, horses and sundries. Among them, there are official positions such as Qing, Shaoqing, and Yuanwailang. In the 1910s, after the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the institution was abolished.

According to the Zhou rites, there are six offices: heaven, earth, spring, summer, autumn and winter. The Xia officials took the Great Sima as their chief and were in charge of the military affairs. His subordinates included the Little Sima, the Army Sima, the general, the division commander, the brigade commander, as well as the Huben clan, the Luben clan, the Fang Xiang clan, the Taipu clan, the Zhifang clan, etc.

As the name suggests, Taipu Temple is the department where Taipu works, which is the highest institution in the country that controls horse administration. In modern terms, it is similar to a position held by Marshal Budyonny as "Deputy Minister of Agriculture of the Soviet Union, in charge of horse breeding."

The highest official of Taipu Temple is Taipu Temple Minister (from the third rank), and his subordinate officials include 2 Taipu Temple Shaoqing (from the fourth rank), four Taipus Temple Ministers (from the sixth rank), Taipu Temple Yuanwai Lang (from the fifth grade), Taipu Temple Director (the sixth grade), Taipu Temple Master Book (the seventh grade), etc.