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I. Explanation of Nouns
Dichotomy: Dichotomy is to divide all styles into two categories: verse and prose. China has long been divided into articles and chapters. Liu Xie divided the style into "writing" and "pen"; Aristotle in ancient Greece called all poetic styles such as epic and dramatic poems according to whether the language of the style rhymed or not, while blank styles included various literary and non-literary styles and even applied styles. This classification is too general and has long been out of use.
Realistic literature: it is a literary form that pays attention to the reproduction of objective reality in a realistic way, and its basic characteristics are reproducibility and realism. This should be understood from two aspects: one is to reproduce the objective reality. This is the theme of realistic literature. Reproduction refers to the description or simulation of external objective reality, which requires literature to be based on objective reality, face reality squarely, face reality squarely, be faithful to real life, rather than avoid reality. It emphasizes being based on objective reality, being faithful to reality, calmly observing and analyzing reality, and directly revealing realistic contradictions. The second is the realistic way. This is the main artistic means of realistic literature. It accurately and realistically depicts all kinds of things in life according to their true colors. Realism refers to the fine and realistic description of all kinds of things in life by realistic means. The perceptual representation of objective things and the truth of details are its characteristics, which are good at describing, not exaggerating and not deforming, and truly reflect the perceptual representation of objective things.
Ideal literature: it is a literary form that focuses on expressing subjective ideals in a direct lyrical way. Its basic characteristics are expressive and illusory. This should be understood from two aspects: one is to express subjective ideals. This is the theme of ideal literature. Performance refers to presenting the inner subjective world situation (such as emotion, ideal, imagination, fantasy, etc.). An image in). It highlights subjective factors, has obvious idealism, artistically shapes an ideal world and expresses the writer's subjective desire to transcend reality. The second is the way of direct lyric. This is the main artistic means of ideal literature. Ideal literature, on the other hand, makes full use of exaggeration, distortion and fiction, and does not seek the truth of appearance, but follows the logic of emotion and pursues the truth of emotion. Its emotional attitude is mainly expressed in a direct way, rather than quietly hiding emotions in the description of objective things like realistic literature.
Symbolic literature: it is a literary form that pays attention to aesthetic implication in a suggestive way. "Symbol" has a meaning beyond the image itself. Symbolic literature highlights the transcendence of literary image meaning. Its basic characteristics are suggestibility and concealment. This should be understood from two aspects: one is aesthetic implication. This is the theme of symbolism literature. This kind of implication focuses on either objective reality or subjective feelings, and often has some abstractness, generalization and obscurity beyond concrete and individual phenomena. The second is the way of suggestion. This is the main artistic means of symbolic literature. Hint is a way to symbolize the meaning of literature. Hint means that words contain some connotation beyond the original meaning. It pays attention to using indirect methods to imply objective laws and subjective feelings, and often creates deformed and virtual imaginary images to inspire readers to appreciate the meaning beyond the image. Characteristics of symbolic literature.
Romantic literature: a literary trend of thought that rose at the end of 18 and flourished in 19. With a strong subjective attitude, passionate emotional strength, imaginative spirit and strange and mysterious artistic effects, we focus on the ever-changing life, spiritual turmoil and various strange phenomena full of characteristics and mystery. Therefore, romantic literature is full of exaggerated images, abnormal plots, illusory mythological colors and exotic sentiments.
Realistic literature: 19 Literary trend of thought formed in 1930s and 1940s. It has become a typical form of realistic literature with its strong authenticity, typicality and criticism. It advocates writing according to the true nature of life, facing reality, reflecting reality and reproducing reality. Going deep into all levels of the real society in an all-round way requires not only a detailed description, but also a long-scroll macro display of history. At the same time, it also gives the characters a great sense of history and richness, shapes a typical image and shows the typical environment in multiple social relations. He also made a sharp analysis and profound criticism of the ugly phenomena in the real society, showing a strong spirit of realistic rational criticism.
Symbolism literature:1Literary trend of thought formed in 1970s. It emphasizes the creation of art and advocates that art should not only describe the objective world, but also reveal the truth hidden behind the objective world and express people's mental state. In terms of expression, it pays attention to suggestion, and thinks that human spirit is closely related to everything in nature, and there is a correspondence or tacit understanding between visible things and invisible consciousness. Therefore, subjective spirit and psychological state can be implied by the counterpart of subjective consciousness, and subjective spirit can be implied by objective things with symbolic significance. It is devoted to tapping the potential of language, breaking the singleness of words, the directness and clarity of meaning, highlighting the escape of sentences in stuttering and implication, and implying complex and unspeakable emotional state, which has become a typical form of symbolism literature.
Classicism:/kloc-a literary trend of thought that originated in France in the 0/7th century and was popular in European countries. The main features are advocating rationality, attaching importance to types, emphasizing education and pursuing elegance and norms. Representative writers include tragedy masters Gao Naiyi and Racine, and comedy master Moliere.
Naturalism: a literary school developed after 1960s. It advocates writing people from the biological point of view, advocating the complexity of description and advocating not thinking. Representative writers are Zola, Flaubert and Gonggur brothers. Naturalism, like realism, also emphasizes the objective reflection of reality, but the idea of naturalism describing nature is actually a vulgar natural phenomenon observed casually, mostly by accident. Oppose realism and reflect reality through typical generalization. It requires writers to become scientists and should conduct research and creation in a strict way. Naturalists believe that since a writer has fulfilled the functions of a scientist, he should be absolutely calm and objective, and should not express his personal feelings and make comments.
Modernism: the general name of various anti-traditional literary schools and ideological trends in the West since the beginning of the 20th century. It mainly includes futurism, Dadaism, surrealism, expressionism, stream-of-consciousness novel, absurd drama, black humor, existentialism, French neo-fiction school and other literary schools. In terms of ideological content, the biggest characteristics are: sharp contradictions and abnormal disconnection in the four relationships between man and society, man and man, man and nature (including nature, humanity and material world) and man and self, and the resulting mental trauma and abnormal psychology, pessimism and despair and nihilism. Modernism emphasizes the expression of inner life and psychological truth or reality; Think that art is expression, creation, not copy, not imitation; Advocate that content is form and form is content. Without form, there is no content. One of the important creative techniques of modernism is free association. In terms of artistic style, image metaphor, different styles, punctuation marks and even spelling methods and arrangements are widely used to imply the feelings, impressions and mental States of characters at a certain moment; The structure of the work is abrupt and multi-layered; The story seems to be nothing, grotesque and absurd; The characters are chaotic and perverse. Many western scholars believe that modernism has been gradually replaced by postmodernism since 1970s.
Aestheticism: it is a bourgeois literary trend of thought popular in western Europe at the end of 19. It first began in poetry, and then gradually spread to novels and plays, mainly popular in Britain. The so-called "aestheticism" means taking the formal beauty of art as an artistic proposition of absolute beauty. The "beauty" mentioned here refers to the beauty of skills divorced from reality. Therefore, aestheticism is sometimes called "aestheticism" or "beauty first". Keats was an English romantic poet and a pioneer of aestheticism in 1930s. Gaudi, a French writer, is a writer who transited from romanticism to aestheticism. He opposed the utility of art, advocated pure art, pursued formal beauty, and put forward the idea of "art for art's sake", which was an advocate of aestheticism movement. Its real representative is Oscar Wilde, who is a practitioner of aestheticism and an advocate of aestheticism theory.
Symbolism: a literary school and literary trend of thought that rose in France at the end of 19. It has two meanings: one refers to symbolism school, and the other refers to symbolism literary trend of thought. . From the perspective of creative methods, symbolism is a rebellion against classicism, realism and romanticism, and it is an artistic tendency when the romantic literary movement begins to decline, realism turns to critical realism, and naturalism branches appear to the extreme. It develops synchronously with critical realism and becomes one of the two major artistic trends in capitalist society. It believes that the world is illusory and painful, while the "other world" is real and beautiful. It brings literature back to the old road of emphasizing the expression of personal feelings. However, his personal feelings and romantic lyricism are quite different, and they are not superficial joys and sorrows in daily life, but elusive inner secrets. The purpose of poetry is not to let readers understand what the poet really wants to say, but to let readers understand the profound meaning. Symbolism does not pursue simplicity and clarity, nor does it deliberately pursue obscurity, but pursues images that are half bright and half dark, bright and dark, and confusing.
Expressionism: a genre of literature and art popular in some European and American countries from the early 20th century to the 1930s. Germany and Austria were the most popular after World War I. It first appeared in the art world, and then made great progress in music, literature, drama, film and other fields. In creation, expressionist writers are not satisfied with imitating objective things, but demand to express the inner essence of things; It is required to break through the description of human behavior and environment and reveal human soul; It needs to show eternal quality, not just to describe temporary and accidental phenomena: it has produced a number of influential writers and works in the fields of poetry, novels and drama. The theme of his poems is to hate the noise of the city, or to expose the chaos, depravity and sin of big cities, full of seclusion and sadness, or to preach "universal humanity" Its characteristic is that it does not attach importance to detail description, but only pursues the strong expression of subjective spirit and inner passion. Representative figures are Trakel of Austria and Heim and Bain of Germany. The characters and stories in his novels are abnormal deformation or distortion of real life, which is used to reveal the alienation phenomenon in industrial society and the serious spiritual crisis of people losing themselves. The representative figure is Kafka of Austria. His plays are absurd in content and scattered in structure, with no logical connection between scenes, sudden changes in plot, no clear boundaries between life and death, and dreams and reality. Use short, fast, high, strong rhythm and lengthy inner monologues to express the thoughts and feelings of the characters. At the same time, a large number of lights, music, masks, etc. are used to supplement the language effect. Representative figures include Strindberg in Sweden, Toler in Germany, O 'Neill in the United States, Capec in the Czech Republic, Duquesne in Britain, Yixiuwude in Ireland, O 'Casey and so on.
Futurism: It is one of the schools of bourgeois literary thoughts popular in Europe in the early 20th century. This trend of thought is mainly manifested in poetry creation, and western futurism is also reflected in drama, painting, music, dance and other literary and artistic fields. Guided by opposing aestheticism in literature, it recognizes that literature and art are the reflection of social life. Futurist writers claim to pursue the future, advocate complete separation from the past, deny all previous cultural achievements and literary traditions, and advocate new forms in theme and style to conform to the spirit of the times of machines and technology, speed and competition. In literary creation, he advocates "freedom of writing" and "freedom of imagination", opposes the logical structure of sentences, and likes to piece together with a series of nouns or infinitives.
Dadaism: It is a bourgeois literary school that rose in Europe in the early 20th century. Dadaism is an anarchist art movement, which tries to discover the real reality by abolishing traditional cultural and aesthetic forms. Dadaism was led by a group of young artists and anti-war activists, who expressed their despair of bourgeois values and World War I through anti-aesthetic works and protests.
Surrealism: It is a school of modernism. It was born out of Dadaism in Switzerland and gradually evolved from Dadaism in France combined with symbolism. Surrealists believe that there is a so-called other world besides the real world, that is, the unconscious or subconscious world. Surrealists are committed to exploring the transcendental level of human experience, and at the same time, they are committed to breaking through the logical and practical concepts of reality, trying to combine the concepts of reality with instinct, subconscious and dream experience to achieve an absolute truth and transcendental truth. The representative painters of the surrealist school are Margaret, Dali, Miro, Mason, Ernst and so on.
Stream of consciousness novel genre: The concept of stream of consciousness was first put forward by American psychologist william james. He believes that people's consciousness activities are not carried out in a fragmented way, but in a stream way, which is carried out in the way of thought flow, subjective life flow and consciousness flow. At the same time, it is believed that human consciousness is composed of rational consciousness and illogical irrational subconscious; It is also believed that people's past consciousness will emerge and interweave with their present consciousness to reorganize people's sense of time and form a sense of time with direct reality in subjective feelings. Stream-of-consciousness novels are not a unified literary genre, and there is no recognized unified definition. As a structural method, stream-of-consciousness novels are characterized by breaking the single and linear development structure formed by traditional novels basically according to the sequence of story plots or the logical connection between plots; The narrative of the story does not advance in a straight line in chronological order, but organizes the story through free association with people's conscious activities. The arrangement of the story and the connection of the plot are generally not limited by time, space or logic, causality, and often show the jump and change of time and space, and there is no close logical connection between the two scenes in time and place. Time often crosses or overlaps in the past, present and future. This kind of novel often centers on an event that was happening at that time. Through the trigger, people's conscious activities are constantly expanding and contracting in all directions, and after repeated cycles, a three-dimensional structure with branches and vines is formed.
Existentialism: Existentialism literature rose in France in 1930s and became popular in Europe and America in 1940s and 1950s. The 1960s is a spent force, but its influence continues to this day in European and American literary circles. Existentialist literature is a school of transition from modernism to post-modernism, which has had a far-reaching impact on various post-modernism thoughts. Existentialism literature is the literary reflection of existentialism philosophy. Existentialism denies the independent existence of objective things, emphasizes that human value is above everything else, and advocates "focusing on action", "free choice" and "positive progress". However, most existential literature describes the absurdity of the world and the filth of reality, showing the disappointment and misfortune of the lonely in the absurd world, with a pessimistic tone. In art, existentialist literature strives to integrate philosophy into works and emphasizes the objective indifference of narration. Existentialist literature is mainly novels and plays.
New fiction school: or "anti-fiction school". It began to appear in France after the Second World War and prevailed in the 1950s and 1960s. It has a great influence on Britain and the United States, especially on Western and Eastern Europe (Poland). Its main representatives are French writers alain robert Gerye, Natalie Sarot, Michelle Bouthors, Margaret Dura and so on. They advocate abandoning the traditional novel concept and reforming the plot, characters, theme, time sequence and even language. It requires not only the content and form of the novel, but also the relationship between the novel and the reader. They are opposed to portraying the characters' characters in novels, and to depicting the characters' appearance characteristics. He strongly advocated that people's thoughts and opinions should be removed from the novel, and all the political, moral and psychological comments made by the author should be removed from the novel, in an attempt to rebuild a space-time that is purely an inner world through the novel.
Absurd drama: it is one of the most influential schools in the western drama world after the First World War. It rose in France, and in 1950s, plays created by playwrights such as Yunescu, Beckett, adamov and Genet entered the Paris stage. Under the influence of the popular surrealist literature in the 1920s, especially under the influence of Aalto's drama theory, these playwrights broke the traditional drama writing skills and created a number of dramas with unique contents and forms. Beckett's Waiting for Godot is a classic drama masterpiece of the absurd.
Black humor: an important American literary school in the 1960s. The so-called "black humor" refers to the "morbid absurd humor" that seeks pleasure from cruelty. Its main feature is the funny and grotesque handling of the theme of internal tragedy; Loose, disjointed and untimely narrative structure: look on coldly with despair, insolence and cruelty. Novelists with "black humor" highlight the absurdity of the world around the characters and the oppression of individuals by society, express the disharmony between the environment and individuals (that is, "self") with helpless irony, and amplify and distort this disharmony, making it more absurd and ridiculous, and at the same time making people feel heavy and depressed. In terms of description techniques, "black humor" writers also break the tradition, and the plot of the novel lacks logical connection. They often mix narrative real life with fantasy and memory, and mix serious philosophy with gag.
Poetry: Poetry is a literary genre with concise words, jumping structure, rich rhythm, highly concentrated reflection of life and expression of thoughts and feelings. It can be divided into lyric poetry and narrative poetry, metrical poetry and free verse. Its basic characteristics are simplicity, jumping and rhythm. The conciseness of poetry is reflected in reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings with highly summarized artistic images and extremely refined literary language. Poetry has outstanding jumping characteristics in structure. It follows the logic of imagination and emotion, and often jumps from one end to the other, or from the past to the future, surpassing the barrier of time and space. Among all kinds of styles, poetry is the most rhythmic. The rhythm of poetry mainly refers to the regular changes of different voices in the length and strength of poetry. If each poem pauses evenly, it will form a distinct rhythm.
Novel: Novel is a literary style, which focuses on portraying characters and telling stories. It can be divided into novels, novellas and short stories, classical Chinese novels and vernacular novels. The basic characteristics of the novel are: in-depth and meticulous characterization, complete and complicated plot narration, and concrete and sufficient environmental description. Describing characters is a striking feature of this novel. Paying attention to depicting characters is a sign that the novel is maturing. The novel has more expressive means in characterization, and can deeply and meticulously portray characters with complex personalities from all aspects. The plot is closely related to the characters, which is the history of the character development. Narrative literature pays more attention to the plot, and the plot of the novel is more complete and complicated. Novels can break through the relatively fixed time and space restrictions, accommodate more complex and rich plots, and reflect a wider range of life content. Environmental description is an important means to set off characters and express stories. The activities of the characters and the occurrence and development of events in the novel are inseparable from a certain era, society and natural environment. The formation and development of characters' personalities are also restricted by specific environment. Only by fully describing the environment can we truly reveal the realistic basis of characters' activities and conflicts.
Script: Script is a literary genre that focuses on characters' lines and reflects contradictions and conflicts. It can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama, one-act drama and long drama. Its basic characteristics are: concentrating on reflecting real life, concentrating on expressing contradictions and conflicts, and promoting dramatic actions with characters' lines. Limited by the time and space of stage performance, the script reflects real life in a highly concentrated way. "Three unifications". Without centralized contradictions and conflicts, there would be no drama, and the script should be highly centralized and sharp. The temporal and spatial characteristics of drama art determine that scripts should focus on expressing contradictions and conflicts. In the script, characters' words (lines) are the basic means to shape images and express conflicts.
Prose: Prose can be divided into broad prose and narrow prose. Prose in a broad sense includes all literary works except poetry, as well as general scientific works, papers and applied articles. Prose in a narrow sense is prose in the literary sense, which refers to a literary style juxtaposed with poetry, novel and drama. Including lyric prose, narrative prose, essays, travel notes and so on. Literary prose is a literary genre with a wide range of subjects, flexible structure and emphasis on expressing true feelings and situations. Its basic characteristics are: wide and diverse themes, free and flexible structure, and expressing true feelings. Prose has extensive freedom in choosing themes. You can describe people, narrate, describe scenery, chant things, cherish friends, visit the elderly, describe local conditions and customs, show the international situation, and describe flowers, birds, insects and fish in detail. Local customs, street scenes, memories of the past, feelings, and heaven and earth are all indispensable throughout the ages. Prose is a style with free structure. Its structure has no strict restrictions and fixed patterns. Flexibility and randomness are its strengths. Prose's "scattered" more prominently reflects its structural characteristics. Prose is the style closest to real life. One of the main characteristics of prose is to remember people's narration, to write scenery with things, to express the writer's real realistic feelings and real life situation.
Reportage: Reportage is a literary genre that shapes artistic images based on real people and events and reflects real life in time. Its basic characteristics are timeliness, documentary and literariness. Reportage, like news communication, is good at conveying exciting events that have just happened in life to readers in time at the fastest speed. Reportage must take real people and things in real life as the description object, and photographic documentary is its important feature. Reportage must create plump characters and vivid details.