Part 1 (required questions): Reading of general narrative and explanatory articles (15 points)

Exam syllabus statement: 1. Comprehension: (1) Understand the important concepts in the text Meaning; (2) Understand the meaning of important sentences in the text

2. Analysis and synthesis: (1) Screen and integrate the information in the text; (2) Analyze the structure of the text and grasp the ideas of the article.

(3) Summarize the key points of the content and summarize the central meaning; (4) Analyze and summarize the author’s views and attitudes in the article.

One: Understand the article based on the stylistic features

(1) Understand the article based on the stylistic features. The first type is general exposition articles (academic papers) with social sciences as the research object, mainly using explanatory argumentative expressions, and the content involves economics, education, culture, history, linguistics, aesthetics, etc., and The content is mostly an introduction to academic arguments and their sub-arguments, arguments, background and significance. One type is scientific and technological expository essays targeting natural science, which mainly use explanatory expressions. The content is mostly about introducing new technologies, new discoveries, and new understandings. Several paragraphs of the main text introduce this "new" in detail from different angles: background, structure, and principle. , characteristics, current situation, development, evaluation (advantages and defects) and its research and application prospects. (According to the stylistic characteristics, you can guess the following content while reading to improve your reading speed.)

(2) Pay attention to overall reading. Read paragraph by paragraph, mark the central sentence of each paragraph, and roughly repeat the content of each paragraph in your mind. Finally, the textual meaning is integrated on the basis of finding the object of explanation (object of discussion) in the full text.

Two: Answers to multiple-choice questions

Make it clear that this type of question is playing a word game. The questioner changes the original text and sets the wrong part of the attributive or adverbial (part of the complex sentence), thus changing the Sentence meaning. (1) Five commonly used methods of making mistakes: add: add attributive or adverbial, delete: delete a sentence to change its meaning. Replace: Replace with other words to make it seem paradoxical. Tune: Change the order of words or sentences to change the meaning of the sentence. Copying: Mixing together several words (sentences) with related or unrelated meanings to cause errors.

(2) Carefully identify logical errors in distractor items, paying special attention to whether similar words in attributive or adverbial positions in the options are equivalently converted:

A stolen concept: by missing words, Add words, change words, change the order, etc. to expand, reduce or transfer the concept. Pay special attention to pronoun reference.

Second, use part to generalize: use part to replace the whole (or the opposite), use the individual to replace the general (or the opposite), and use the particular to replace the universal. Focus on:

a represents the number of words (a few, some, several, most); b represents the range of words (every, all, all, all; part, etc.); c represents the degree Words of severity (especially, ten, slightly, etc.); d represents words with high or low frequency (usually, always; sometimes, occasionally, etc.)

Three confusing tenses: (already and not yet) already, once, Past; present, present; will, not yet waiting

Four confusion modalities: (possibility and necessity) must, will; possible, estimate, if, not necessarily wait

Five correct words Contrary: that is, affirmation and negation are reversed.

Six disordered sequences: time sequence is misplaced, logical events are misplaced, and spatial location is misplaced.

Seven reversals of cause and effect: "Cause" and "effect" are misplaced; or "conditions" and "results" are misplaced.

Eight imposed causation: That is, two things have no causal relationship, but they are forcibly said to have a causal relationship.

Nine things are created out of nothing: that is, the original text does not have this information.

Ten answers are not what the question was asked: that is, the options do not answer the questions in the stem of the question, or do not answer the full meaning of the question in the stem of the question.

In addition, don’t let the following points become blind spots in answering questions:

(1) Remember: Don’t just look at whether the option is wrong or right, pay attention to whether the option does not answer the question; (2) Remember : There are words such as "basis", "evidence", "cause" in the question stem, and there must be a causal relationship between the options and the question stem; (3) Remember: some options must be selected The best answer, not the right or wrong choice;

(4) Remember: the question involves several levels of meaning, and the options must answer all the levels of meaning.

Three: Answers to short-answer questions (new question type in 2007)

Read as a whole and grasp the corpus as a whole: read general narrative articles: start from the perspective of argumentation and reasoning, Find out what the central argument of the article is, whether there are sub-arguments, what materials are used to prove the point, and what are the characteristics of the argument structure; read scientific and technological explanatory texts: scientific and technological texts generally belong to the news category, and their structure is generally "inverted pyramid": Chapter 1 One paragraph first introduces the topic, introduces new processes, new technologies, new insights, new achievements, introduces its structure, principles, development, current situation, evaluation, etc. When reading, you must first clearly explain what the object is, what its characteristics are, and what What value, what role, what significance to society, etc. Key Points and Difficulties:

Key and Difficult Point 1: Analyze the structural level of the article and grasp the basic method of the article’s ideas

Skill 1: Identify the style and choose the right angle. The argumentative style can be summarized from the overall The above is divided according to the introduction, main thesis, and conclusion, clarifying the writing ideas, and analyzing its internal logical relationships, material properties, and argumentation methods, and further based on the common argumentation structures—parallel, contrast, total score, and layered progression— Segmentation; explanatory style, closely following the object of explanation, dividing according to its specific order of explanation, or according to time, space, or according to the composition of the thing itself, or according to the development of the thing, or according to the logic of the matter.

Tip 2: Identify important sentences. There are some sentences in the article, such as introductory sentences, concluding sentences, transitional sentences, and response sentences (including sentences that appear repeatedly in the article)

Tip 3: Identify iconic words. The following words that can be used as landmarks are: A sequence words, B related words, C referring words, D range words, E category words, and F transition words. In addition, there are synonymous or near-synonymous words that appear repeatedly in different places in the text.

Technique 4: (1) Analyze from the aspect of form ① Pay attention to language marks that have the functions of cohesion, connection, and anaphora; pay attention to punctuation marks that have the function of distinguishing levels. ② Grasp the different structural rules of articles due to different styles: Argumentative essays often use the structure of raising questions, analyzing problems, and solving problems to demonstrate matters; expository essays often use the total score or parallel structure to explain problems.

Second and difficult point: Summarize the main points of the content and summarize the central meaning

To summarize the main points of the article and summarize the central meaning of the article means to use concise words to summarize the overall content of the article and the central theme of the article. expressed in language.

1. When analyzing and summarizing the main content of the article, pay attention to the following points:

■Be aware of stylistic characteristics: in an essay, the topic and argument (sub-argument) are the main information, Arguments and demonstrations are secondary information; expository text, the object of explanation, content of explanation

and the characteristics (characteristics) of the object are the main information, and the method of explanation and the materials used are secondary information.

■Be aware of layers and layers: study the structural relationship between paragraphs or sentences.

Choose one of the same relationships; belong together The relationship should be "belonging"; the merging relationship should be "sum"; the primary and secondary relationship (partial relationship) should be "primary".

■ Have an overall awareness of the full text: When analyzing and summarizing, you must start from the full text and grasp it as a whole in order to be comprehensive and accurate.

The main methods of language organization are:

(1) Use the syntax excerpting method: grab the central sentence of each paragraph (the central sentence of each paragraph is often the key point) and compress it;

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(2) Use the merging method: When the meaning of each layer is indispensable, you can merge the contents of each layer;

(3) Use the extraction method: For paragraphs without a central sentence, you must Analyze the relationship between sentences, grasp the key points of their content, and select the main content;

2. Analyze and summarize the central meaning, you can start from the following aspects:

(1) Find the central sentence (Paragraph), summarize the central meaning: Some titles are the center, some indicate the center at the beginning, and some reveal the center at the end.

(2) Combine the content of each paragraph and summarize the central meaning: Find the central sentence of each paragraph and combine the main content of each paragraph to refine the summary.

(3) Use the overall grasp method to summarize the central meaning: Some articles (paragraphs) do not have the main theme sentence, and the main ideas of each paragraph in the full text must be synthesized and refined.

Point 3: Analyze and summarize the author’s opinions and attitudes in the article

Refers to the author’s subjective tendency towards a specific thing, whether he agrees or opposes, likes or dislikes, with a clear personal subjective color. Its expression varies depending on the style of writing. Some are spoken directly, while others are scattered between the lines, looming. In the specific analysis and summary, we must first grasp the stylistic characteristics, and secondly, grasp some iconic words and phrases, such as "think", "feel" and some theme sentences. The content, ideas, and themes of the article must be grasped as a whole. The specific method of analysis is:

① Look at the entire text and select sentences that directly reflect the author’s views and attitudes;

② Start with the central content of the material to analyze the author’s views and attitudes. Attitude;

③ Analyze the author’s views and attitudes starting from the expression of the work.

Part 2 (optional questions): Reading of literary texts and practical texts

Top tips for high scores: Read the article, approve the questions, and answer the questions in a standardized manner

< p>0. Basic knowledge of reading and answering questions in modern texts (all kinds of texts)

(1) Basic knowledge of answering questions:

1. Reading: pay attention to the overall reading and pay attention to three aspects : First, one must have an awareness of stylistic characteristics (see below for an overview of the stylistic characteristics of essays, novels, news and biographies); second, one must have an awareness of ideological analysis (summarizing the meaning of each paragraph and the relationship between paragraphs while reading); third, one must have an awareness of the meaning of each paragraph and the relationship between paragraphs. It is necessary to have the awareness of looking for the central sentence (the central sentence of each paragraph, especially the beginning, end, transitional sentences and title of the article)

2. Review the question: seek inspiration from the question stem and seek a breakthrough in solving the problem , to ensure accurate answers. The question stem has the following functions: hinting at the answering area; hinting at the idea of ??answering the question; hinting at the method of answering the question; hinting at the answer itself. When reviewing the questions, pay attention to:

◆Whether you choose the right part of the question (the key points of the answer); ◆Whether you choose all the key points (several aspects to answer);

◆Whether you choose the right angle (who should answer the question) as the main body of the statement); ◆ Whether the appropriate sentence pattern has been selected (it must be consistent with the sentence pattern of the question)

When organizing the language, pay attention to the "question" and "answer" to be well taken care of. For example, ask: < /p>

"Why is this a short and pleasant trip for the author?" Then:

(1) The question (key point of the answer) is: short and pleasant; (2) Key points (The content of the answer) should include: "short-lived" and "pleasant";

(3) Questioning angle: use "this" as the statement object, not the "author"; (4) The sentence structure should be: two sentences, and form a parallel relationship.

3. Answer: Three principles that cannot be forgotten in "standardized answers": ⑴The answer is in the text (either directly from the text or extracted from the text); ⑵Select equally

Assemble the text Keyword sentences (pay attention to whether the angle of expression of the original text is consistent with the angle of the question); (3) Answer points and points (points are given in the college entrance examination).

(2) Commonly used writing techniques (techniques) (the ones underlined are techniques commonly used in college entrance examinations)

Category 1: Expression methods: narrative, description, lyricism, explanation, discussion

The second category: Expression techniques: contrast, foil (contrast), change of person, associative imagination, symbol, analogy, virtual and real combination of rendering and contrast

The third category: Structural method: before and after Reflection, foreshadowing, transition (connecting the previous to the next), setting up suspense, revealing ambitions at the end of the chapter, suppressing the desire to advance, creating waves, specifying clues, narrative order (sequential narration, flashback, interlude), material arrangement (priority, detail, etc.),

Category 4: Rhetorical techniques: metaphor, repetition, contrast, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, parallelism, quotation, questioning, rhetorical questioning, metonymy:

Category 5: Descriptive techniques: < /p>

Angle of description: frontal description, profile description

Methods of character description: language description, action description, demeanor description, psychological description, appearance description, and detail description.

Angle of describing scenery: vision, hearing, taste, touch

Methods of describing scenery: combining movement and stillness (using movement to describe stillness), combining generalization with specificity, from far to near (or from near to far )

(3) Basic question types (non-exploration type and evaluation type) and solution ideas

Question type 1: Understand the meaning and expressiveness of important sentences in the text

A. Questions about the meaning of sentences: restore the original meaning of rhetorical sentences; reveal the philosophy of warning sentences; transform the meaning of profound and implicit sentences; reveal the pun of sentences;

B. Questions about the function of sentences: to Answer the role this sentence plays in both the structure and content of the article.

1 The first sentence of the article: ⑴ echoes the title (opening topic); ⑵ exaggerates the atmosphere (sets the emotional tone); ⑶ lays the foreshadowing

⑷ sets up suspense; ⑸ sets up the following (center ) as an auxiliary; ⑹ lead the following;

2 sentences in the text: ⑴ to refer to the previous and the following, ⑵ to connect the previous and the following (transition); ⑶ to summarize the above; to open the following; ⑷ as a auxiliary to the following

< p>3 The last sentence of the article: ⑴ always refers to the beginning or title, with a tight structure; ⑵ the final chapter shows the ambition and reveals the center; ⑶ summarizes the full text and deepens the theme;

Question type 2: Organize the ideas of the article and summarize the content of the article< /p>

This question focuses on clarifying how the article is written and what is written: what content is said in each paragraph of the article and from what angle; what is the relationship between paragraphs (merger, mutuality) inheritance, belonging to each other), how they correspond to each other, and how they form an organic whole (the relationship between each segment and the center). As long as you can see the author's idea of ????writing from beginning to end, and clearly distinguish the introductory paragraph, transitional paragraph, central paragraph, return paragraph, and conclusion paragraph of the article, the context level and main content of the article will be right in front of you.

▲Clues of narrative style: Look at the changes in time, the changes in space, the changes in emotions,

Look at the changes in the storyline, and the changes in the development stages of things.

▲The structure of narrative style: parallel, contrastive, layered, and total.

▲The order of explanatory style: spatial order, temporal order; logical order.

Question Type 3: Analytical techniques and functions (see the first four major categories and 13 subcategories). Here are the main examples to illustrate the functions of rhetorical techniques:

1. Metaphor: turning the plain into vivid , turn the profound into the simple, and turn the abstract into the concrete.

2. Personification: Turn objects into humans, shorten the distance, be friendly and natural; facilitate dialogue and exchange of emotions.

3. Metaphorism: use simplicity to replace complexity, use reality to replace emptiness, use strangeness to replace ordinary.

4. Exaggeration: to heighten the atmosphere, enhance the appeal, and enhance the association; create the atmosphere, reveal the essence, and give inspiration.

5. Duality: easy to recite and remember, giving the words a sense of music; concise expressions and smooth lyricism.

6. Parallelism: The content is concentrated and the momentum is enhanced; the narrative is thorough and analyzed in detail; the tone is strong and the lyricism is strong.

7. Repetition: highlight thoughts and emotions; connect the previous and the next with clear levels; emphasize multiple times to enhance appeal.

Question Type 4: Analyze the author’s opinions and attitudes, and summarize the main idea

Question-solving ideas: ⑴ Quickly read the original text and deeply understand the meaning of the text (what aspects of the author described and discussed )→→⑵Go beyond the article and grasp the purpose of the article as a whole (What social issues does the article involve?)→→⑶Separate from the last chapter, summarize the key points, and grasp the true meaning and soul of the article (what is the author’s true intention)→→⑷Follow the title requirements , organize and extract effective information

Question type 5: Inquiry type (including evaluation) with additional topic

Category 1: Reading of literary texts:

Syllabus statement:

Read and appreciate Chinese and foreign literary works. Understand the basic characteristics and main expression techniques of literary genres such as poetry, prose, novels, and dramas. When reading literary works, pay attention to aesthetic experience, feel the image, taste the language, comprehend the connotation, analyze the artistic expression; understand the social life and emotional world reflected in the work, and explore the national psychology and humanistic spirit contained in the (work).

1. Analysis and synthesis C

(1) Analyze the structure of the work and summarize the theme of the work; (2) Analyze the basic characteristics and main expression techniques of the genre of the work

2. Appreciation and evaluation D

(1) Appreciate the rich meaning of important sentences and taste the expressive power of wonderful sentences; (2) Appreciate the image of the work, appreciate the connotation of the work, and understand the artistic charm of the work; (3) ) Evaluate the value judgment and aesthetic orientation embodied in the work

3. Exploration F

(1) Discover the rich meaning of the work from different angles and levels; (2) Explore the national psychology and humanistic spirit contained in the works

(3) Humanistic reading and creative interpretation of the works

(1) Reading of prose:

< p>1. Clear concepts

The author uses vivid, vivid and concrete language to describe people, things or natural landscapes in social life, deeply explores the true meaning and philosophy, and sincerely expresses his views on society, life and nature. A literary style of sentiment.

2. Stylistic characteristics: The form is scattered but the spirit is not scattered (the form is scattered: the expression and writing techniques are flexible and diverse, eclectic; the spirit is not scattered: the theme and artistic conception are concentrated)

3. Reading essentials

Prose has the characteristics of "the form is scattered but the spirit is not scattered", the language is beautiful and concise, and it has a poetic and picturesque artistic conception. When reading, you can start from the following four aspects:

1. Clarify the context and levels, and correctly understand the ideological content of the prose. Grasping the context clues means grasping the small paragraphs and sub-layers of lyrical discourse in the prose. Organizing these discourses is the main ideological content of the article. By analyzing these sentences, the theme can be roughly analyzed.

2. Understand and analyze the expression techniques of prose. Generally speaking, the expression techniques of prose works are rich and diverse, and it is difficult to analyze. You can analyze and think from the following three aspects: first, what methods of describing scenes and lyrics are used, whether there is emotion in the scene, scene in the scene, blending of scenes, or emotion. Yu Jing, supporting things to express aspirations. The second is to analyze the characteristics of the dispersed form and the persistent spirit, clarify the dispersed "form" and the persistent "spirit", and grasp the combination point of "form" and "spirit" through association. The third is to analyze the conception, moral or symbolic meaning of the prose. The deep meaning of the prose is expressed through "objects". It is necessary to see clearly what characteristics, qualities or thoughts the author has given to the "objects".

3. Understand and analyze the language characteristics of prose. The language of prose is generally more beautiful, and many sentences have richer meanings. Put more typical words and sentences into specific paragraphs to think about and appreciate the beauty of language.

4. Understand the artistic conception of prose and understand the purpose of prose. On the basis of understanding and analysis, we must associate and expand. General prose always describes and creates a beautiful artistic conception, and expresses this artistic conception through "objects" and "people". In other words, it is the spirit expressed in prose. or quality characteristics. It is divided into three categories: expressing one's ambitions by mentioning things, describing one's feelings through narration, and explaining one's thoughts by discussing things. Literary meaning = form (structure and technique) + content (material) + theme (aspiration, emotion and philosophy)

(2) Reading of novels

1. Clear concept: The novel is A literary genre that reflects real life through specific descriptions of characters, plots, and environments.

2. Stylistic features: Creating characters, having a complete storyline and specific description of the environment are the basic features of the novel, which are called the three elements of the novel.

3. Reading essentials:

(1) On the basis of understanding the meaning of words and sentences, analyze and grasp the characters in the novel

Analyze the author’s understanding of the characters Description - Appearance description, language description, action description, psychological description, etc. to evaluate the characters' personality characteristics;.

Portrait description: hints at the character's identity and status; reflects the character's mental state and style; reflects the character's personality and hobbies.

Action description: shows the character's inner world and shows the character's personality feature.

Psychological description: showing the character's inner activities and hinting at the character's personality traits

Language description: depicting the character's personality and reflecting the character's psychological activities. You can also describe the character's voice and receive a special effect.

(2) Clarify the storyline in the novel

When reading novels, pay attention to how the plot design effectively expresses the character's personality, and whether the development of the plot is driven by the inner character of the character. Driven by forces, a character's actions and manner of action are determined by their unique personality.

(3) Analyze the description of the typical environment of the novel

The typical environment of the novel includes the natural environment and the social environment. Appropriate environmental description helps to depict the characters and express the theme.

Environmental description has the following functions:

Function 1: Explain the background of the characters’ activities and indicate the time and place where the event occurred;

Function 2: Hint and Social environment, revealing the essential characteristics of society;

Function three: revealing the character's mood and expressing the character's personality;

Function four: exaggerating the atmosphere, highlighting the character's emotions and thoughts;

Function 5: Promote the development of the storyline

(3) Grasp and analyze the theme of the novel

The theme of the novel is the novel’s depiction of real life and the shaping of its artistic image. The central idea expressed. The theme is the soul of the novel. When analyzing the theme of the novel: 1. Start with the characters and plot of the novel and conduct a careful investigation; 2. Connect with the description of the typical environment of the novel; 3. Combine the background of the times and creative motivations of the author's writing.

(4) Understand the narrative techniques of novels

1. Sequential narration: able to describe clearly in a certain order (time or space).

2. Flashback: creates suspense and is fascinating.

3. Narration: Make necessary foreshadowing and supplementary explanations for the main plot or central event to make the plot more complete, the structure more rigorous, and the content more substantial.

4. Supplementary narration: Supplementary explanation of the above content and some explanation of the following.

5. Plain narrative: (refers to describing two or more things that happened at the same time) to make the clues clear and to respond appropriately.

Category 2: Reading of practical texts:

Exam syllabus statement: Reading and evaluation of Chinese and foreign practical texts. Understand the basic characteristics and main expression techniques of practical genres such as interviews, investigative reports, biographies, and social science papers. Accurately interpret text, filter, and integrate relevant information. Analyze the ideological content, constituent elements and language features, evaluate the social functions produced by the text, and explore the life value and the spirit of the times reflected in the text.

1. Analysis and synthesis C

(1) Screen and integrate the information in the article; (2) Analyze the language characteristics, grasp the structure of the article, and summarize the central meaning

(3) Analyze the basic stylistic features and main expression techniques of the text

2. Appreciation and evaluation D

(1) Evaluate the main viewpoints and basic tendencies of the text; (2) Evaluate the content of the text The social value and impact produced

(3) Make in-depth thinking and judgment on certain features of the text

3. Explore F

(1) From Discover the deep meaning of the text from different angles and levels; (2) Explore the value of life and the spirit of the times reflected in the text

(3) Explore the doubts and difficulties in the text and put forward your own opinions

(1) Reading of news articles: including news and communications (features, reportage)

1. Clear concepts:

News is a documentary work.

It is a timely, objective, accurate and concise report on newly discovered valuable information with the help of various media. It is widely used by newspapers, radio, television, the Internet and other media. kind of style. It has the characteristics of authenticity, timeliness and audienceability. The content generally includes 6 elements: time, place, characters, and the cause, process and result of the event. There are three types of materials used in news: news facts, background materials and the author's subjective evaluation.

2. Stylistic classification

1. News (narrow news): the most concise and shortest type of news reports. Its characteristics are true, short and fast. A message generally consists of five parts: title, introduction, main body, background and conclusion

The structure is generally an "inverted pyramid" type

Title: the eye of the message. Convey the key practical facts and other concerns of the message. There are often introductions (background), main topics (main facts) and subtitles (supplements)

Introduction: the first sentence (paragraph) of the message, which summarizes the main content in concise and clear words and reveals the theme of the message Thought.

Main body: Immediately after the introduction, give a comprehensive and specific explanation of the introduction and unfold the facts.

Background: To highlight and supplement, or to explain the cause, or to emphasize the value of the news, or to emphasize the importance of the event.

Conclusion: Lyrical discussion that closely follows the theme and plays the role of expressing or deepening the theme.

2. Communication:

News and communication both belong to the news genre and are news-like. They emphasize that the people and things reported must be newsworthy, must be true, and cannot be artistic fiction. .

The difference between them is:

(1) The details of the report are slightly different: the news summary generally only focuses on reporting the facts itself; the communication is specific and often comprehensively explored from different angles.

(2) The writing techniques are different: the message focuses on telling the facts clearly, the language is plain, and the literary nature is weak; the common narrative, description, lyrical, and discussion expressions of communication

Very literary.

(3) Different structural methods: messages are generally in the "inverted pyramid" style; communications can be in vertical, horizontal and other literary structural styles.

(4) Different timeliness: Message timeliness is strong, timeliness is relatively weak Timeliness Timeliness

Communications are divided by content, including person communication, event communication, work communication and Style Newsletter.

(2) Reading of biographical articles:

1. Clear concepts:

Biography and news are both documentary works. It is a narrative style that follows the principle of authenticity and uses a visual method to describe the characters' life experiences, spiritual outlook and historical background. Judging from the characters in the biographies, they can be divided into autobiographies and other biographies.

2. Stylistic features

Biography is an applied style and has both authenticity and literary characteristics: truth is the biggest feature of biography, fiction is not allowed; biography is different from ordinary

Historical records, in addition to being true records, must also have touching power. The language is simple and the characters are mostly described in line drawings.

3. Reading essentials: Pay attention to the following points when reading biographies:

1. Understand the relevant knowledge of biographies, and understand the differences between biographies, novels, essays and other genres;

2. Grasp the character's personality shown in the narrative and description in the article, and grasp the complex thoughts, emotions and spiritual qualities of the protagonist;

3. For biographies with strong temporality, they can be organized in lists Article ideas;

4. Pay attention to the author’s emotional tendencies and direct evaluations in the review.