Zhang Xuan, whose date of birth and death is unknown, probably came from the prosperous Tang Dynasty and was at the same time or later than Wang Wei. He painted the mountains and rivers turquoise with ink. He once held two pipes in his hand, one was a branch, and the other was a dead branch, which made people feel "moist in spring and bitter in autumn". There is an idiom "two-pronged approach", which may be derived from it.
A statement similar to "nature is made by foreign teachers, and the heart comes from China" is easily confused. There were Yao Zui in the Six Dynasties and Fan Kuan in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Yao Zui (A.D. 535-602) was a painting theorist from the Southern Liang Dynasty to the Chen Dynasty. In his work Catalogue of Continuing Paintings, he said: "Learning from poverty shows that the mind is good." Sex "refers to" essence "and" appearance "refers to" phenomenon ". It means to have a clear understanding of the external phenomena and internal essence of things and to understand the laws of nature with your own heart. The "nature" here, in addition to the natural scenery, more or less contains the meaning of "natural operation law" on the spiritual level.
Fan Kuan (? -1026), one of the four masters of landscape painting in the Northern Song Dynasty, Hao Jing, who studied the Five Dynasties in his early years, was a predecessor of the Northern Song Dynasty. Although I benefited from it, I always thought it was "inferior", so I decided to "create momentum for the scenery" in Nature, emphasizing "writing mountains and writing bones" and finally getting married. He lives in the foothills of Zhongnan Mountain and Dahua Mountain, and often goes into the mountain alone for ten days without returning, making in-depth observation and sketching. Therefore, he got the true appearance, true feelings and true bones of mountains and rivers, and he was also cheerful and bold, and drew The Journey to the West, the most famous landscape painting of China, which showed a masculine beauty of mountains and rivers. Fan Kuan summed up his understanding in one sentence: "The methods of predecessors have always been close to taking things. I have never learned from others, nor have I learned from others, and I have never learned from others. (Xuan He Hua Pu) The "thing" here also refers to nature. It means that instead of learning directly from nature, it is better to copy the painting methods of the ancients, but only to learn the appearance and reproduction of nature, and it is better to draw creative nutrients from one's own life experience and spiritual feelings.
But this is Fan Kuan's conclusion in the process of "learning from the ancients > learning from nature > learning from heart". If beginners only know how to take their own mind as a teacher and are arrogant, but ignore the observation and sketching of nature, then I am afraid they will go the wrong way.