Grigorevich belinsky (181-1848): Russian revolutionary democrat, philosopher and literary critic. Belinsky's contribution is manifold. He not only publicized the political program of revolutionary democracy through his works, but also systematically summarized the history of Russian literature development, scientifically expounded the laws of artistic creation, and put forward a series of important literary and aesthetic viewpoints, becoming the founder of Russian literary criticism and literary theory. His literary criticism and aesthetic thoughts occupy an important position in the history of Russian literature, which promotes the further development of Russian realistic literature and has a direct impact on the formation of Chernyshevski and Dobro Lyubov's aesthetic views. 1June, 848, belinsky died at the age of 37.
Chinese name: Vesaliua Ann Grigorevich belinsky.
Nationality: Russia
Place of birth: Sveaborg.
Date of birth: 18 1 1 June 1.
Date of death:1June 7, 848
Occupation: literary critic
Graduate School: Moscow University
Masterpiece: the fantasy of literature
biography
early stage
Belinsky was born in a poor family of doctors and fell in love with literature in middle school. 1829 entered the Chinese Department of Moscow University. 1832 was expelled from the school for organizing the progressive group "1 1 Literature Society" and creating the anti-slavery drama "De Mitri Karinen".
From 65438 to 0833, belinsky began to write for Telescope magazine and embarked on the road of literary criticism. 1834 published the first long paper "The Fantasy of Literature". Since then, he has written many literary criticism articles. 1838 to 1839, presided over the work of Moscow Observer magazine. After the magazine stopped publishing, he moved to Petersburg and presided over the literary criticism column of the chronicle of the motherland for six years.
Ideological transformation
From 65438 to 0846, he transferred to Modern People magazine edited by NeiKlassov. Belinsky's thought has experienced the transformation from enlightenment to revolutionary democracy and from idealism to materialism. The period of Petersburg was the peak of belinsky's thought and literary criticism. Due to his influence, Modern Man and Chronicle of the Motherland became the public opinion positions of progressive intellectuals at that time. Belinsky wrote more than 1000 review articles. The main papers are: On Russian novellas and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's novellas (1835), The Concept of Art (184 1 year), On Pushkin (1845) and For Nikolai Nikolai Gogol.
Various contributions
Belinsky's contribution is manifold. He not only publicized the political program of revolutionary democracy through his works, but also systematically summarized the history of Russian literature development, scientifically expounded the laws of artistic creation, and put forward a series of important literary and aesthetic viewpoints, becoming the founder of Russian literary criticism and literary theory.
1June, 848, belinsky died at the age of 37.
Literary achievements
Influenced by philosophy
Vesaliua Ann Grigorevich belinsky 18 1 1 was born in a poor family of military doctors. 1829, studying in Chinese Department of Moscow University. 183 1 year, Dmitry Karinen, who wrote an anti-serfdom script, was expelled from the school on the pretext of "physical weakness and mental retardation". From 65438 to 0833, he was invited to write for Telescope magazine and began his literary criticism career. He has been the editor-in-chief of Moscow Observer and Chronicle of the Motherland. Because of his excellent review articles, the magazine won wide acclaim. In the early forties, influenced by idealistic philosophy, belinsky wrote Literary Fantasy (1834), On Russian Novelette and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol Novelette (1835), The Pain of Wisdom (1840) and Goethe's Critic Zell. In particular, the article "On Russian novellas and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's novellas" refutes the attack of imperial literati who maintained serfdom on Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's so-called "vilifying government officials", highly praises Nikolai Nikolai Gogol as a writer who is "above the spirit of the times" and gives great support to Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's creation. After the forties, with the development of the Russian liberation movement and the deepening of the understanding of the autocratic system, belinsky has completely abandoned the Slavs' idea of idealizing the Russian patriarchal system and the blind worship of Western European capitalist civilization, and stood on the standpoint of revolutionary democracy, becoming a "pioneer of civilian intellectuals who completely replaced the nobility" and a "pioneer of Russian social democracy".
representative works
Alexander Pushkin (1843— 1846) is belinsky's masterpiece. The book includes 1 1 papers. This paper systematically discusses the development and changes of Russian literature from lomonosov to Pushkin, and affirms that Pushkin is the first national poet in Russia and the first poet who reflects real life. In the later Kukov or the experience of the dead (184 1), the interpretation caused by Nikolai Nikolai Gogol (1842), 1842 Russian literature (1843), and. Starting from the creation of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, belinsky affirmed the epoch-making significance of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's creation in the history of Russian literature, analyzed the formation process of "naturalism" represented by Nikolai Nikolai Gogol in the history of Russian literature, and put forward the aesthetic principle of realistic literature, that is, art should not be a "decorative" life and a "recreated" life, but a "creative representation of reality". Belinsky believes that the works of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, herzen, Goncharov, Turgenev, Necrasov and Dostoevsky all follow this principle. After 1840, he published an article on the current situation of literature almost every year, summing up his own experience and achievements, which played an important guiding role in the development of Russian literature.
Literary criticism column
Starting from 1846, he presided over the literary criticism column of Modern People magazine. 1in July, 847, he wrote a famous letter to Nikolai Nikolai Gogol in a German sanatorium, angrily condemning the compromise tendency of authoritarian serfdom in Selected Letters from Nikolai Nikolai Gogol and Friends. On May 26th of the following year, belinsky died in Petersburg.
"Art is thinking in images"
When expounding the general law of literary creation and criticism, belinsky first put forward the famous conclusion that "art is thinking in images" and pointed out the positive leading role of imagination in literary creation activities; His exposition of typicality is also a precedent in the history of European literature. He believes that typicality is one of the basic laws of creation. Without typicality, there is no creation. He put forward that typicality is "one character has many characters at the same time", that is to say, describing an individual in this way makes him include many people who express the same idea and people of the whole class, but he must be "one character and complete". In belinsky's aesthetic theory, it also discusses the relationship between human nature and realism, between ideology and artistry, and between content and form. He advocates the organic unity of content and form, ideology and artistry, and the unity of historical analysis and aesthetic analysis of works, that is, "historical criticism that does not involve aesthetics, on the contrary, aesthetic criticism that does not involve history will be one-sided and therefore wrong." There should be only one criticism, and its various viewpoints should come from the same source, the same system and the same artistic view. "This criticism criterion is also a realistic criticism principle.
"familiar strangers"
Originated from belinsky, it is believed that every model is a familiar stranger to readers. "Familiarity" comes from life, which summarizes some phenomena and laws in the real relationship that readers once felt and realized, and makes readers associate some similar characters from this typical image. For example, when many readers read The True Story of Ah Q, they felt that Lu Xun was scolding himself. "Unfamiliar" is because people with such personality characteristics seem to have never met. They are new objects and new life, and they are entrusted with the writer's thought-provoking and desirable aesthetic ideals, thus giving people new aesthetic satisfaction. This kind of strangeness refers to distinctive, unique and rich personality, unique psychological activities, behavior patterns, language features and so on. For example, the image of Ah Q is impossible for readers to see in life, because it was created by Lu Xun in a typical way. Fresh and unique, it is the only original "this" in ancient and modern times. The artistic charm of typical literature lies in that it comes from life and is higher than life. It has both individuality and commonness, and is a "stranger familiar to readers". Therefore, on the basis of general social functions, literary models have more obvious and important aesthetic promotion functions.
Belinsky emphasizes the importance of typicality in artistic creation, and thinks that science extracts its essence from reality, while art borrows materials from reality, raising them to a universal, general and typical sense, making them a close whole. In a truly talented artist, every role is a model, and every model is a "familiar stranger" to the reader.
Promote literature
Belinsky's literary criticism and aesthetic thought occupy an important position in the history of Russian literature, which promotes the further development of Russian realistic literature and has a direct influence on the formation of Chernyshevski and Dobro Lyubov's aesthetic view.
A famous motto
As a poet, what he needs is not a trivial desire to express his heart, a dreamland of idle imagination, a rigid feeling, or a groaning sorrow. What he needs is a strong interest in practical problems.
Love needs reasonable content, just like a raging fire needs oil to maintain it; In an infinite sense, love is a harmonious fusion of two similar natures.
True friends don't talk about friendship in words. They don't ask each other for anything for friendship, but do everything possible for each other.
All kinds of painful experiences have proved that profound knowledge is not equal to fairness and justice in the process of understanding truth.
Of all the criticisms, the greatest, most correct and most talented is time.
Only labor can make people happy and make people's hearts happy, harmonious and satisfied.
Land is valuable because of its fertility and bumper harvest; Talent is also land, but it produces truth instead of food. If you can only breed imagination and fantasy, no matter how great a genius is, it is just sand or salt pond, on which even grass can't grow.
Bad books tell you wrong concepts and make ignorant people more ignorant.
It is better not to read a book that is not suitable for you. We must learn the skills of choosing the most valuable and appropriate reading materials.
If students regard Mr. Wang as an example, not an opponent, then he will never shine on you.
I've studied all my life, and I'm still studying. In the future, as long as I have energy, I will continue to study.
As a new force, the younger generation should become the youth of the times. Every youth has new ideas and is ready to replace the old ones. This is also the condition for human progress and human progress.
It is nature that creates people, but it is society that inspires and educates people.
Generally in part; Who does not belong to his own country, then he does not belong to mankind.
Man is soil, which contains the life juice needed for the development of all things; And individuals are the flowers and fruits of this soil.
If the whole purpose of our life is only your personal happiness, and our personal happiness is only a love, then life will become a really dark wasteland, full of barren and broken hearts, and a terrible hell.
Books are the life of our times.
Good books are the most precious wealth.
Youth is only once in a person's life, and it is the most powerful and beautiful than any other period. Therefore, don't let your spirit become rigid, and stay young forever.
Happiness, if it only belongs to me, the property of one of thousands of people, then get out!
You can't help loving your motherland, but this kind of love should not be passively satisfied with the status quo, but should be a dynamic hope to improve the status quo, and try your best to promote this hope.
There are many beautiful things in the living reality, or all beautiful things can only be contained in the living reality. The neatness and elegance of the appearance should be a manifestation of the purity and beauty of the heart.
No poet can be great because of himself and relying on himself. He can neither rely on his own pain nor on his own happiness. Any great poet is great because his pain and happiness are deeply rooted in the soil of society and history, so he becomes the representative and spokesman of society, times and mankind.