Psychological tactics
Persuasive tactics that take advantage of people’s psychology of believing in classic quotes.
Allusions, famous quotes, and famous sentences are the essence of traditional culture, containing rich ideological connotations and possessing the power of one against ten. If the arguer can quote the scriptures appropriately, it will naturally increase the weight of the argument and gain the advantage of reasoning.
Classic case
▲Wen people of Zhou
A Wen people went to the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou people did not allow him to enter and asked him: "You are an outsider." Right?" Wen Ren replied: "I am the owner here." But when asked about the street where he lived, he couldn't tell. The officials of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty imprisoned him.
The king of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty sent someone to ask him: "You are a foreigner, but you claim to be a Zhou person. What's the truth?" He replied: "When I was a child, I read the Book of Songs. The Book of Songs said: "There is no land in the whole world that is not the emperor's land; there is no land in the four seas that is not the emperor's subject." Now the emperor of Zhou rules the world, and I am a subject of the emperor. How can I be said to be an outsider in the capital of Zhou? Master." After hearing this, Lord Dongzhou ordered the officials to release him.
▲Zichan accused Fan Xuanzi of frivolous wealth
When Jin dominated the Central Plains, Jin was governed by Zhengqing Fan Xuanzi. He required the princes to pay a large amount of tribute when they met with the king of Jin. , Zheng Guoren felt embarrassed about this. In February, Zheng Bo went to the Jin Dynasty to meet the Jin king. Zheng Xiangzi sent a letter to Zixi and told Fan Xuanzi: "You govern the Jin country, and the neighboring princes have not heard of your virtues, but they have heard that you have increased the tributes of the princes. , I am confused about this. I heard that a gentleman is the head of a country or a family. He is not worried about not having wealth, but he is afraid of not having a good reputation. If you continue to amass wealth for your own benefit, the princes will be alienated and your country will be ruined. If you are alienated from others, your family will be ruined. What are you doing with lots of wealth?
“A good reputation is like a car carrying moral character; moral character is the foundation for the existence of a country and a family. With such a foundation, the country and the family will not be ruined. Shouldn't you be working on this? If you are moral, you will be happy, and if you are happy, you will be happy for a long time. "Poetry" says: "Harmony, gentleman, is the cornerstone of a country and a family." ’ This is to hope that gentlemen will have good moral character! "Poetry" also says: "God is watching you, don't be half-hearted." ’ This is to hope that a gentleman will have a good reputation! Think about yourself and others to form virtues, and then the car of good reputation can be loaded with virtues and spread everywhere. Only in this way will the distant princes come to see Jin, and the neighboring princes will feel at ease. Would you rather have people say to you, ‘You feed me’, or would you rather have people say to you, ‘You live by exploiting me’? Elephants have tusks but they destroy themselves because ivory is a valuable asset. ”
Xuanzi was very happy after reading the letter, so he reduced the tribute paid by the princes to Jin.
▲Fu Xuan defended Ma Jun
The end of Wei and Jin In the early days, China had a great inventor who innovated textile looms and made compasses and repeating crossbow machines. However, the ignorant people in power despised science and technology and did not recognize Ma Jun as a talent. Pei Xiu, a scholar and writer, also took the lead in mocking Ma Jun. He asked Ma Jun to argue, and Ma Jun, who was mentally clumsy, was dumbfounded by Pei Xiu several times.
Seeing this scene, Fu Xuan was speechless. Indignant, he went to Pei Xiu and said: "What you are good at is speaking, but what you are lacking is skills. Ma Jun's strength is skill and his weakness is eloquence. If you use your strength to attack Ma Jun's weakness, of course Ma Jun will lose to you, but conversely, if you use your weakness to attack Ma Jun's In a competition between directors, you will also lose to Ma Jun. Skills are very sophisticated and subtle things. Ma Jun invented the instrument, but he couldn't fully explain the truth. In addition, he was not good at eloquence, but you continued to question him. Of course, Ma Jun would be embarrassed. "Pei Xiu was so refuted that he lowered his head in shame.
Then, Fu Xuan met Anxiang Marquis Cao Xi again. Unexpectedly, Cao Xi also followed Pei Xiu in denying that Ma Jun was a talent. Fu Xuan had to follow Pei Xiu. He reasoned and said to Cao Xi: "Sages are not limited to one criterion when selecting talents. Some are based on spirit, some are based on language, and some are based on work. For example, Confucius's students each had their own strengths, such as Yan Yuan and others who were good in virtue; Zaiwo and Zigong were good in eloquence; Ran You and Ji Lu were outstanding in political ability; Ziyou and Zixia were outstanding in literary ability. Although saints are proficient in affairs, they are not omnipotent. If you want to ask about literature, you can only go to Ziyou and Zixia. If Confucius is a saint, how much more so for ordinary people? Nowadays, the machinery created by Ma Jun is very useful. But Pei Xiu ridiculed Ma Jun for his clumsiness in speaking, and took advantage of some of the loopholes in Ma Jun's words to deny him. Without him, how could an outstanding person get ahead? "
At this point, Fu Xuan said angrily: "Pei Xiu was the first to deny Ma Jun. Beautiful jade was falsely accused of being a stone. This is why Bian He of Chu State cried bitterly while holding the jade in his arms! ”
Cao Xi realized this and admitted that it was unreasonable to deny Ma Jun, and used what Fu Xuan had said before to persuade Wu Anhou and others.
▲Tuogu Reform
At the end of the 19th century, the imperialist powers launched a frenzy to carve up China, and the Chinese nation faced an unprecedentedly serious national crisis.
China's benevolent people, the reformists represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, launched the Reform Movement of 1898 with the purpose of saving the nation from extinction.
At that time, the feudal die-hard forces within the Qing government, with the Empress Dowager Cixi as their backing and the traditional philosophical view that "Heaven remains unchanged and Tao remains unchanged" as their theoretical basis, moved out of Confucianism's "respect for heaven and the ancestors" The obsolete dogma insists that "the laws of the ancestors are immutable", otherwise, the world will be in chaos. Some die-hard ministers even said: "I would rather subjugate the country than change the law." The reforms and reforms carried out by Kang Youwei and others faced extremely strong social resistance and political pressure.
In order to reduce this resistance and pressure, Kang Youwei adopted the strategy of restructuring in ancient times. Kang Youwei wrote a book before the reform called "Confucius' Examination of Reform". This book says that there were no books or reliable written records in ancient China. Therefore, people do not understand the actual situation of ancient society. However, people generally have a blindly superstitious mentality of "honoring the past and insulting the present, despising the near and valuing the distant". During the Spring and Autumn Period, etiquette collapsed and society was in turmoil. Various schools of thought, including Confucius, took advantage of people's mentality of favoring the past over the present and regarded their ideal social and political system as the best that had ever been implemented in ancient times. A beautiful social system to win people's belief and recognition of their own political doctrines. There are not necessarily sage kings such as Yao, Shun, King Wen, and King Wu in Chinese history. These ancient sage kings were all created by Confucius to transform the system at that time.
As far as academic research is concerned, there are many things in "Confucius' Reform Examination" that are far-fetched and wrong. However, Kang Youwei's main intention was not academic but political. He once said: "As an ordinary civilian, If you openly advocate reform and reform, you will be cursed by others. Therefore, it is better to rely on ancient sage kings. This way, you will not frighten others and avoid unexpected disasters." Therefore, judging from historical facts, it is not Confucius. It was Kang Youwei who asked Yao, Shun, King Wen and King Wu to reform the system in ancient times, but Kang Youwei dressed up Confucius, the most revered figure of the ruling class for thousands of years, as the founder of reform and reform. The political strategy of changing the Qing dynasty.
Kang Youwei not only relied on the ancients of Confucius, but also on the ancients of the Qing emperors to reform the system. He said: "My ancestor, Emperor Zhang (Emperor Fulin Shunzhi), did not change Emperor Taizong Wen (Emperor Huang Taiji). If the emperor still uses the old law of Babeile, how can our Holy Qing Dynasty be able to maintain long-term stability?" Kang Youwei and others also said that after the Qing Dynasty took over the Central Plains, it "changed its style" and "words". Facts such as "changing the calendar", "changing the service law", "changing the tax law", and "changing the criminal law" prove that the ancestors of the Qing Dynasty also constantly changed laws and reforms. If Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Yongzheng lived in today's social conditions , their determination and effectiveness of reform must not be inferior to Peter the Great of Russia, William I of Germany, or Emperor Mutsuhito of Japan.
Under Kang Youwei’s propaganda and instigation, a reform movement of the 1898 Reform was finally launched in China.
▲Based on "Zhongshan Collected Works"
In the spring of 1938, after the Nationalist Government's Military Commission was reorganized, the Political Department of the Military Commission was established, with Chen Cheng as Minister, Zhou Enlai as Vice Minister, and Guo Moruo. As the director of the third department. After the victory in the Battle of Taierzhuang commanded by General Li Zongren, Santing immediately compiled a pamphlet "General Li Zongren of the Anti-Japanese War" in order to further stimulate the enthusiasm of the people across the country for the Anti-Japanese War.
However, due to the factional struggle within the Kuomintang, Chen Chengjing ordered not to distribute it, and used the topic to issue a special instruction, claiming: "In recent inspections of various propaganda documents printed by the Third Office, every The words 'people', 'motherland', 'post', etc. are not appropriate. 'People' should be replaced with 'national', 'motherland' should be replaced with 'country', and 'post' should be replaced with 'position'. In the future, all external documents must be approved by the Ministry of Public Security before being published."
In order to make this pamphlet to promote the Anti-Japanese War and boost morale successfully meet the readers, Guo Moruo raised questions to Chen Cheng and others. : "The words 'people' and 'motherland' have been frequently used in Mr. Sun Yat-sen's articles during his lifetime. Should we also use 'nationals' and 'country' instead?" Chen Cheng and others, who always claimed to be Mr. Sun Yat-sen's "disciples", were questioned He was left speechless, and the groundless accusation in that "instruction" was self-defeating.