This paper discusses the essence and structure of human cognition, the relationship between cognition and objective reality, the premise and foundation of cognition, the process and law of the occurrence and development of cognition, and the philosophical theory of the truth standard of cognition.
Also known as epistemology. Idealism epistemology denies the objective existence of the material world and adheres to the line of understanding from consciousness to matter.
Agnosticism denies that the objective world is knowable. Materialist epistemology adheres to the line of understanding from matter to consciousness, holds that the material world is an objective reality, emphasizes that understanding is a reflection of objective reality, and affirms that the world can be recognized.
Dialectical materialism epistemology further regards practice as the basis of cognition and applies dialectics to epistemology. Today, a deep understanding of the basic connotation of Marxist philosophy is very important for accurately determining the path of Marxist philosophy under the current background.
In the contemporary west, Marxism is manifested as "post-modern Marxism" and "post-Marxist ideological trend". Is this related to the fact that they have not experienced socialist practice at the institutional level? Does Marxist philosophy necessarily appear as an alien cultural attitude? In Marx's view, his philosophy once appeared as the theoretical basis of scientific socialism. Can such a philosophical path continue in the contemporary context? The answers to all these questions are actually directly related to how we understand the basic connotation of Marxist philosophy. Although the ontological interpretation mode of Marx's philosophy is more common in the current interpretation context of China academic circles, from my personal research experience, the basic connotation of Marx's philosophy should be scientific epistemology.
Below, I will elaborate this view from two aspects. First, the metaphysical epistemology in modern western countries with a "scientific" attitude is not the same as Marx's scientific epistemology.
Western modern epistemology developed with the appearance of modern natural science, especially mathematics, and its purpose was to raise the "opinions" presented in the ancient intuitive and empirical world to the level of "knowledge". Influenced by mathematical thinking mode, this kind of epistemology regards not only nature but also society as a book written in mathematical language, thus establishing the foundation of epistemology on the general mathematical model.
Coupled with the revolutionary significance of Descartes' first two meditations, this epistemology is interpreted as a logical deduction process from the absolute origin. Objectively speaking, this epistemology is indeed flawed.
It interprets people and things in nature, especially in the field of social life, as something symbolized by mathematics. This process of transforming objective objects into cognitive objects has failed to explain the social and historical reasons for the symbolization of objects in social life and to establish epistemology on the basis of historical view, so it is bound to show the characteristics of being divorced from people's life world and intuitive world. At the same time, because it doesn't think that the interpreter himself is in the object of his explanation, it really can't face the problem of "deception" and "complete domination" of Heidegger's theory. However, it must be pointed out here that the development from ancient experience to modern understanding of the world should be an important leap in the development of human thought and culture. We can't fundamentally deny the theoretical significance of epistemology just because it has the defects of subjectivity and logical centralism in the result.
Once we understand the problem of overcoming the defects of modern epistemology from the perspective of thinking other than epistemology, it is easy to move towards modern western existentialism philosophy, because the simplest way to overcome it is to give up, that is, to transfer the theoretical field, but anyone who has traveled to Hegel's thought knows that giving up is not sublation after all. Heidegger's existential philosophy abandoned the theoretical achievements of modern epistemology and the theoretical reflection on real life through forced forgetting.
Because epistemology unconsciously threw itself into the embrace of capital and fetishism at a certain stage of development, it simply gave up the idea of pursuing knowledge, and some of them gave up eating because of choking. Where Heidegger hopes to abandon ordinary consciousness, move towards philosophical consciousness, abandon theoretical reflection and move towards existential understanding, Marx's scientific epistemology takes a completely different path.
In Marx's view, ordinary consciousness can be abandoned without thinking. As an ideological viewpoint, it is rooted in social and economic reality. What kind of social practice activities there will be what kind of ideology.
The concepts of subjectivity and logical centralism in modern epistemology are closely related to the practice of capitalist civil society. Therefore, this common consciousness will not leave voluntarily because the "philosopher" who is the spiritual guardian wants to put it aside. The key here is that we must scientifically understand the current real social life, and then criticize it, so that the "realistic individual" can get out of the social reality enough to produce the above-mentioned common consciousness, and then truly realize the state of human existence.
In a sense, Marx's scientific epistemology is the carrier of his ontology, epistemology is the foundation of his philosophy, and ontology is meaningful because of epistemology. Second, from the development history of Marxist philosophy, scientific epistemology should also be the basis of Marxist philosophy.
On the surface, this statement seems untenable, because Marx's philosophy seems to have completed the construction of its ontological form in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. Marx talked about self-consciousness in his doctoral thesis and national rationality in Rheinische Zeitung, which are inconsistent with the philosophical theme of human existence. In the manuscript, Marx clearly talked about human labor practice, that is, the labor process of the unity of man and nature. He also used this labor process to criticize the alienated labor in real life, which is quite Heidegger-like.
As for Marx's thought deduction after this, it is defined as the exploration of historical view and economics after clarifying the outline of philosophical ontology. In my opinion, this view may not be able to face the following problems: Marx clearly stated that what he and Engels did in German Ideology was to "study our opinions and German philosophers together."
Using the basic principles of dialectical materialism epistemology, this paper discusses how college students should achieve the unity of knowing and doing.
1, diligent in learning and mastering modern scientific and cultural knowledge.
This is an important prerequisite for success in life. 2, put it into practice, exercise ability in practice, and increase talents.
This is the only way to succeed in life. 3. We should not only learn book science knowledge, but also actively participate in social practice, and combine the two organically.
This is the key to success in life. 4. Constantly explore and summarize the lessons of success and failure in the process of life development in practice, and experience the happiness of success in the process of interaction and unity of practice and cognition.
This is an inevitable requirement for success in life. Extended data:
1, the unity of knowing and doing, the unity of knowing and doing, should conform to the subject, knowledge refers to conscience, action refers to human practice, and the unity of knowing and doing is neither swallowing action with knowledge nor swallowing action with knowledge.
This was put forward by Wang Shouren, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty, that is, knowing the truth of things and applying it to reality are inseparable. This is the proposition of epistemology and practice in China's ancient philosophy, which mainly focuses on moral cultivation and practice.
Ancient philosophers in China believed that we should not only know ("know"), but also practice ("do"). Only by unifying "knowledge" and "action" can it be called "goodness". The unity of conscience and knowing and doing is the core of Yangming culture.
2. Dialectical materialism epistemology is an important part of dialectical materialism, and it is a scientific cognitive theory about the source, ability, form, process and truth of human cognition. This song is agnosticism first.
The objective material world is knowable. People can not only understand the phenomenon of the material world, but also understand its essence through the phenomenon.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Unity of Knowledge and Practice Baidu Encyclopedia-Dialectical Materialism Epistemology.
What are the basic viewpoints and principles of Marxist epistemology?
The basic viewpoint of Marxist epistemology: practice is the basis of cognition, and practice plays a decisive role in cognition. Practice puts forward the need of cognitive generation. Practice is the driving force of cognitive development. Practice is the standard to test whether knowledge has truth.
Basic principles of Marxist epistemology;
The first is "the nature and law of cognition". This paper mainly expounds the position and function of practice in cognition.
The second is "truth and value". It mainly explains the objectivity and subjectivity of human cognition.
The third is "the unity of cognition and practice". This paper mainly expounds that the unity of knowledge and practice is the essential requirement of Marxist epistemology and the fundamental requirement of its application in practice, that is, to proceed from reality, test and develop truth in practice, and to adhere to the unity of understanding the world and transforming the world.
Extended data:
Dialectical materialism epistemology is an important part of dialectical materialism, and it is a scientific cognitive theory about the source, ability, form, process and truth of human cognition. This song is agnosticism first. The objective material world is knowable. People can not only understand the phenomenon of the material world, but also understand its essence through the phenomenon.
Marxist philosophy's theory on the source, essence and law of cognition. It insists on the viewpoint of reflection theory, and holds that the objective material world independent of human consciousness is the object and source of cognition, and cognition is the subject's reflection of the object and the subjective image of the objective world.
Different from metaphysical materialism, dialectical materialism holds that reflection is not a passive intuition of the objective world, but a process in which the subject actively reproduces the essence and laws of the object on the basis of the practice of transforming the object.
From the subject of cognition, people's understanding of objective things is always limited by subjective conditions. From the object of cognition, objective things are complex and changeable, and there is also a process of exposing and showing their essence. This determines that people's correct understanding of a thing often needs a repeated process from practice to understanding and then from understanding to practice.
Sogou Encyclopedia —— Dialectical Materialist Epistemology
What are the main points to write about how to practice dialectical materialism epistemology?
The decisive role of practice in epistemology. Practice is an objective material activity that people should actively transform and explore the real world.
Practice is an organic dynamic system composed of various elements. It has three elements: practice subject, practice means and practice object. These three elements are interrelated and together constitute the whole practice. The basic characteristics of practice are:
First, practice is objective.
Second, practice has initiative.
Third, practice has a social history.
Practice is very rich in content and varied in form. Production practice, social practice and scientific experiment are the three basic practical activities of human beings.
Practice is the source of knowledge. Dialectical materialism epistemology holds that human knowledge can only be produced on the basis of practice. Cognition is the reflection of the subject to the object, and the object is the object and content of cognition, and cognition cannot be formed by the object alone. The subjective ability is a necessary condition for the formation of cognition, but only the initiative of the subject will not produce cognition. Only in the practice of interaction between subject and object can knowledge be produced. Because only through practice can people's senses touch objects, so that objective things and phenomena can be reflected in people's minds; Only through practice and repeated interaction between subject and object can the essential characteristics of the object be gradually exposed and mastered by the subject. Therefore, practice is the source of knowledge. All scientific knowledge is a summary of people's practical experience and is obtained from practice.
Dialectical materialism epistemology emphasizes that knowledge comes from practice and does not rule out the importance of learning indirect experience. In fact, for a person, it is impossible to practice everything directly because of the limited scope of practice and the infinite diversity and eternal development of the objective world. The development of human cognition has inherent continuity and inheritance, and it is not necessary for a person to practice everything. Most of a person's experience is obtained indirectly through study. But it is an indirect experience for me, and it is a direct experience for others or predecessors. Generally speaking, all knowledge comes from practice. Practice is the source of knowledge, and indirect experience is the stream of knowledge. Therefore, we should not only study and study indirect experience hard, but also actively participate in practice.
How many principles does epistemology have in the philosophy of senior two?
Epistemology 1, practice is the basis of cognition, and practice is the source of cognition.
2. Practice is the foundation of cognition, and practice is the driving force of cognitive development. 3. Practice is the foundation of cognition, and practice is the only criterion to test the truth of cognition.
4. Practice is the foundation of cognition, and practice is the purpose and destination of cognition. 5. Understanding is counterproductive to practice. Correct understanding can promote practice, and wrong consciousness will hinder practice.
We are required to establish the viewpoint of putting practice first, form a correct understanding and guide practice with the correct understanding. 6. Understanding is repetitive, infinite and rising. The pursuit of truth is a process, which requires us to keep pace with the times, blaze new trails, know and discover truth in practice, and test and develop truth in practice.
What does the "naming theory" of traditional philosophy mean?
Nomenclature is a referential theory in philosophy of language. What does a word mean? Traditionally, the meaning of a word is the object it refers to. For example, the word book refers to the object of the book. Augustine holds this view. He believes that this process is like God telling Adam and Eve the names of everything he created in the Bible, so they know the meaning of things. But later it was discovered that some words had no real objects at all. For example, Jinshan and Pegasus, which do not actually exist, just have names. Therefore, the previous naming theory thinks that the meaning of a word is its referent, which is wrong. Or Frege's example, the morning star and the evening star are different names for Venus. Two words correspond to the same object, so the meaning should be the same, right? In fact, although the morning star and the evening star refer to the same thing, the meanings of the two words are still different. Therefore, people began to doubt and reflect on the naming theory in reference theory. Probably, it should be like this. Later, analytical philosophers in Europe and America discussed these issues more. If you are interested, you can look at the history of philosophy.
Who needs more than 2000 words to write a paper on "Philosophy of Life"? Just 15, thank you.
Philosophy and Life There is a saying in China that "life is alive".
How do people live in this world? What kind of attitude do you face the world? This is the biggest and most fundamental problem in life, and it is also the fundamental problem of philosophy. Philosophy is a knowledge aimed at improving the realm of life, and it is a knowledge to improve the realm of life.
Its ultimate goal is not to pursue the universal law of knowledge system or external things, but to talk about people's attitude towards the world and how people live in this world. Truth can bring us freedom, science can give us knowledge, and only philosophy can give us wisdom.
Philosophy has two fields. One is to think about the world and ask what it is. The other is to think about life and ask what is the meaning of life? Therefore, without life, philosophy will be empty, without philosophy, life will be blind. A person's life is a process full of contradictions and pains, and philosophy is a kind of knowledge that teaches people a life attitude that can stand the test of pain.
1. What is philosophy? Cognitive philosophy. For ordinary people, philosophy is an abstract and empty vocabulary.
What is philosophy? Because philosophy itself begins with asking questions. It can be said that this is a simple and complicated problem.
It is very simple, because philosophy has existed for thousands of years and has been defined for a long time. It is complicated because it has always been a question so far and there is no final answer. The word "philosophy" did not appear in China's ancient books. From the Western Zhou Dynasty,19th century Japanese scholar. He translated the western philosophy of ancient Greece into Philosophy.
Huang Zunxian, a scholar in China in the late Qing Dynasty, first introduced the word "philosophy" from Japan to China. "Philosophy" is a profound question. It can be said that there are different opinions, and there are as many philosophers as there are.
In the next interview, I will understand "philosophy" from many aspects. (1) "The original intention of philosophy is to love wisdom".
The English name of philosophy is philosophy, which comes from the synthesis of philia and sophia in Greek. The original meaning is "love wisdom", and love wisdom is philosophy. The word "love" has three meanings in Greek. First, it refers to love, representing an instinctive emotional impulse and romantic feelings; The second is friendship; The third is fraternity.
Philosophical love focuses on universal love. Friendship is gentle and rational, and it is our correct attitude towards wisdom.
"Wisdom" has two characteristics. One is "honesty". The so-called integrity is to regard life as a whole, and life is complete. We failed in one place, which is where we have the opportunity to reflect, so that we can improve. On the contrary, if a person grows up smoothly, he may not have a chance to reflect. Therefore, to judge the success or failure of anything, we should not only look at one point, but also consider the whole life.
In this way, you can quickly cheer up in the face of setbacks. The second is "fundamental". People live in the world, some problems are only superficial minor problems, while others are fundamental major problems.
Life and death are fundamental issues, so philosophers often think about death. Why are other people's fates different? Why do some people do bad things without getting what they deserve? Why are some people born with pain? These are fundamental questions, and these questions usually have no clear answers in life, so you need to be prepared to contact wisdom with an open mind.
Philosophy is called loving wisdom and emphasizing process. Constant questioning and constant questioning are always surprising. There is a famous saying in Greek times that "philosophy comes from surprise".
The love of wisdom begins with curiosity, and children's curiosity is the strongest. They ask everything about a whole new world, some of which are real philosophy. A few years ago, there was a bestseller called Sophie's World (the word Sophie comes from the Greek Sophia).
This statement is just an etymological explanation. (2) Philosophical interpretation of Ci Hai.
"Philosophy is a system of people's fundamental views on the whole world (nature, human society and thinking). Generalization and summary of natural knowledge and social knowledge. "
(3) "Philosophy is a systematic and theoretical world outlook". This definition of philosophy is defined from the relationship between philosophy and world outlook.
Philosophy is a systematic and theoretical world outlook, that is to say, it is knowledge and theory about the world outlook, and it is a theoretical form of the world outlook. The so-called world outlook refers to people's fundamental view or general view of the whole world.
Everyone has a world view, but not all world views are philosophy. The world outlook spontaneously formed by people in their life practice is unsystematic and unconscious. It lacks theoretical argumentation and strict logic, so it can't be regarded as philosophy.
Only by theorizing and systematizing this world outlook and making it a world outlook with a certain theoretical form can it be called philosophy. (4) "Philosophy is the generalization and summary of natural science, social science and thinking science".
Philosophy and specific scientific are both related and different. The object of philosophical research is the general law of world development, while the object of specific scientific's research is the special law of a certain aspect or process of the world.
Philosophy, based on specific scientific, needs a philosophical summary of specific scientific's achievements, from the understanding of particularity to the understanding of universality. Philosophy plays a guiding role in concrete science.
(5) "Philosophy is the unity of world outlook and methodology". Any philosophy is both a world outlook and a methodology.
The methodology mentioned here is the basic principle to guide people to observe, think and deal with problems, and it is the fundamental method to understand and transform the world. As a certain world outlook, philosophy is bound to run through certain methods of observing problems.
The world outlook and methodology are consistent. In the unification of world outlook and methodology, world outlook has more fundamental significance.
What kind of world outlook requires what kind of methodology. (6) Marxist philosophy.
It is dialectical materialism and historical materialism, a science about the general development law of nature, society and thinking, a correct summary of natural science, social science and thinking science, and a scientific world outlook and methodology of the proletariat. Its basic feature is the unity of science and revolution.
It is the theoretical basis for building a Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Practical viewpoint is the basic viewpoint of Marxist philosophy, and historical materialism is.