The first is the lifestyle of "art and Taoism in one"
Since the Song Dynasty, there have been two schools in the school that treat art with emphasis on Taoism and neglect of art and the unity of art and Taoism. From Shijie and Cheng Yi in the Song Dynasty to Yan Xizhai in the Qing Dynasty and Liang Suiyi in the contemporary era, they all paid attention to the bad habit of ignoring art and thought that they had reservations in their studies, so they disdained to participate in insect carving skills. As a result, their fame was not broadcast. Yan Yuan even regarded "poetry, calligraphy and painting" as "four evils of Gankun", and they were all extreme. Song Confucianism, headed by Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi, is worthy of Zhu and Wei Liaoweng. After the rise of Neo-Confucianism, its round thinking, internal observation and external observation combined life with art, and "body-Tao" kung fu was everywhere, which embodied the rational spirit advocated by Confucianism in Song Dynasty. Professor Liu Shi believes that "general knowledge" is the most remarkable feature of Mr. Xu's artistic practice. He is an artist who knows both art and technology. The mutual promotion of Mr. Xu's academic accomplishment and artistic skills is often accomplished in his inner conscious accomplishment. "Tao" is the expression of value, and it is also reflected in the interpersonal relationship in daily life. The focus of China literati's introversion and transcendence is obviously on everyone's inner consciousness, so personal cultivation or practice becomes the key. Mr Xu's father, Xu Shou, is a famous scholar in Sichuan. Besides Confucianism, Buddhism and history, he is proficient in epigraphy, calligraphy and seal cutting, and is good at engineering archaeology, poetry, calligraphy and seal cutting. At first, Mr Xu was engaged in literature teaching and research. He joined the Chinese Writers' Association very early, and published a large number of influential papers, such as "Wrong Tendency in the Study of Lu Xun's Novels" and "My Preliminary Understanding of Bianwen", which was later included in important collections. After learning from Mr. Wang in Shanghai, I went to see Mr. Shen and Mr. Shen and asked for literature and art. I was deeply impressed. Then I visited Mr. Fang Jiekan and asked about seal cutting. Most of Mr. Xu's friends are scholars and artists, such as Xie, Sha Menghai, Miao Yue, Shi Zhecun, Qi, Dai Mingxian and so on. They are very successful both academically and artistically. During the "Cultural Revolution" period, because of its influence, it was branded as "reactionary academic authority", and many ancient books, paintings, manuscripts and rubbings were lost, forced to burn, and their heartache was like a saw. During the Cultural Revolution, when others were busy struggling, he copied 200,000 words of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Shuowen textbooks in Zhongxian seven times, which made him enlightened and happily forgot his troubles.
Second, the thinking mode of "crossing" and "getting through"
Rusong thinks that the East China Sea and the West Sea have the same psychology. Learning from the south and learning from the north, Taoism is a crack. Ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, there are often wonderful opportunities. Mr. Qian Mu believes that the greatest contribution of China culture in the past lies in the study of the relationship between "heaven" and "man". The theory of "harmony between man and nature" is the greatest contribution of China culture to human beings. China people's thinking needs a thorough understanding of the "three talents"-heaven and earth. The so-called "Yi Shuo Gua" is "the way to establish heaven and say Yin and Yang; The way to stand on one's feet, softness with rigidity; The way to establish a person lies in benevolence and righteousness. " Man is the essence of everything in the world. He is spiritual, can feel the taste of music and sound, and is the soul of heaven and earth. In Yuan Dynasty, Hao Jing emphasized "complacency" and said, "We should master the world, exercise the things in the world and stir up the changes in the world. . . . . I forget my heart and hands, and I don't know what books are to me. I am a book, leisurely and natural, from technology to Tao. " In fact, this also talked about the problem of infiltration. The charm of China culture lies in exchanging needed goods and breaking down barriers. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhang Zai famously said, "Make a heart for heaven and earth, make a life for the people, never forget the past, be a teacher for the future, and make the sense of mission of China scholars even heavier.". Art and culture, calligraphy and other arts have similarities, and mutual understanding and sublimation are inseparable. Mr. Xu, Mr. Xun Yunchang and Mr. Qin Xiaokan are the only tutors in China who accept both classical literature, calligraphy and seal cutting. Some people sum up the characteristics of master's calligraphy education in Southwest Normal University as "the trinity of culture, artistry and educational methodology". That is to say, advocating cultural taste in calligraphy art education with China traditional culture as the background constitutes the main style of postgraduate training. This is also the training goal set by Xu and others for the "Western Normal School". Xu teacher believes that to be a good calligrapher or calligraphy teacher, one must first be proficient in knowledge. Life inspires, and naturally inspires talent. His famous association "Archaeological Multi-view Business Yi Zhou Ding; I have traveled to famous mountains and rivers and written many times to others. However, his poems are interesting, such as "A Visit to Shandong", which says, "Qiongtai Sea is boundless, and Penglai has come twice in five years. Don't ask God to go to Shanghai before, and future generations should only be Dongpo. "Ren Xu travels to Lanting, Shaoxing" says: "Wild mountains and rivers are few and long, and Yonghe Day flows here. Secrets will forget your heart, so why not say it later! "This kind of Wei and Jin demeanor is free and easy, which is enough to glimpse its frankness and childlike innocence. Without the "machine mind" opposed by Zhuangzi, there would be no material fatigue and obstacles, and the artistic mind would be more vivid here!
On the basis of practice, Mr. Xu has compiled calligraphy teaching materials and their reference materials, and the method of learning bibliography advocated by him is different from the general materials. The preface says: Calligraphy is an art and knowledge about writing Chinese characters ... The knowledge about calligraphy art is extremely profound, and they are also the essence of China culture. As a student of an institution of higher learning and a teacher of future people, this knowledge should be very necessary and indispensable.
Ying Ying is full of energy. Well-made, famous in ancient times. Users should cherish it, but this is what I want. "No matter where he is, Mr. Xu is full of poetic thoughts, not only in his poor understanding of things, but also in his writing with things. For example, in his study of Zhongshan and Wang Zhuan, he lost no time in introducing the Warring States script discovered by 1979 into the field of calligraphy and seal cutting creation, and made sentences into couplets, such as "Ji Jin saw Zhongshan Ding for the first time, Sima Gong for the second time in ancient history" and "staying up all night studying old things and finding new things from time to time". His inscriptions on bronze, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Xiao Zhuan and even Wang Ding's seal script in Zhongshan have profound attainments, which have great influence in the whole country.
Mr. Xu's theory of "general meeting" is mainly reflected in the following eight words: "When you were naughty in the past, there are different disadvantages today." Mr. Liu Shi believes that literati's calligraphy is not the pursuit of celebrity style or crazy style, but the pursuit of a "mellow and elegant" realm of communication, harmony with nature and meaningful interest. He recorded his personal feelings: "I remember that when I visited Mr. Xu and Mr. Xu's calligraphy, I felt an elegant charm different from fashion." Later, I was lucky enough to learn from Mr. Xu and Mr. Qi and listen to the teachings in person. Looking at their words now, the emotions aroused in my heart have gone beyond the pen and ink painting itself and incorporated the admiration for their knowledge, character and temperament. Feeling and understanding are different. "
The third is the unified training mode of "individuality" and "artistic style"
No matter learning or following art, it is only one way of life, and the ultimate goal is to improve people's connotation. It is very important to accumulate personality, and the setting of artistic style is the sublimation of personality. Confucius emphasized that a gentleman takes benevolence as his own duty, and the so-called "benevolence depends on himself" (The Analects of Yan Yuan). The cultivation of a gentleman should be "based on Tao, virtue, benevolence and art" (The Analects of Confucius) before he becomes an "adult". Taoism hopes to complete the cultivation of human nature in the natural environment and realize the transcendence of "real people", "divine people" and "human beings", then it has completed itself. The coupling of Confucianism and Taoism makes the China literati's means of self-cultivation, and makes the freedom of "helping both" and "being good alone" advance and retreat to some extent. Confucianism in Song Dynasty pursues "Confucius and Yan Le", cultivates "sage spirit" and "noble spirit", and achieves the realm of "harmony between man and nature". The ultimate effect of these goals is the casting of perfect personality. The combination of the practical function of pursuing WTO entry and the detached and elegant mood will achieve great personality. In the practice of art, we also strive to achieve this goal. The outstanding feature of Mr. Xu's educational thought is to set a good example first. Mr. Wang said in Xu Wen's Collected Works: "Ten years later, those who have the friendship of teachers and friends are as close as flesh and blood, far from being taught by Mr. Zheng." Xu teacher has many disciples, who regard life as a son and life as a friend. He has deep feelings and tells many good stories. Professor Zhou said in his epitaph to Mr. Xu: "Always carry forward the filial family style, stand on your own feet and be as straight as a string." His academic teaching left a deep impression on students, focused on the interest in acme and enjoyed its success. Overwork, duty to look back, dying people. It is said that there is a Tan Yu in words and a watch in action, not for stupidity, nor for no reason, but for fame. There is a proverb in Yang Xiong: "Learning is not as good as asking for a teacher", and words must be kept. "Professor Zhou, as the instructor of xu teacher, knows that xu teacher's spiritual pursuit of" integrity "is well deserved, so he praised his good personality.
The "Calligraphy School for Western Teachers" initiated by xu teacher is different from the teaching mode that the Art College pays attention to technical assault and pursues visual impact. Instead, it starts from self-cultivation and self-improvement, perfects itself in all-round conscious self-certification, perfectly blends temperament, artistic style and realm, and has the function of "preaching". Learn to cultivate art, pay attention to personality cultivation and self-improvement, and advocate the exploration of individual spirit and the publicity of China traditional cultural spirit. In his article, Mr. Xu said: "It is a fine tradition of China for thousands of years to require poets, literati and painters to have noble moral character. The creator's personality directly affects the evaluation of his works by his contemporaries and later generations. There are many discussions on this issue in China's ancient literary criticism, and it seems that contemporary researchers pay little attention to it. Probably because this question is not profound enough ... Du Fu can become a great poet, first of all, because he is a man of noble character. " While affirming Du Fu's personality, he actually put forward the urgent requirement of carrying forward China's excellent cultural tradition.
Mr. Xu's achievements in writing, poetry, calligraphy, seal cutting and painting can all be regarded as the condensation of his personality spirit. Seeing things and thinking about people, his personality charm of diligence, integrity, independence and elegance is obvious. There is a saying in the ancients: "In a word, we can see people's hearts" is not empty talk. Mr. Zhou commented on Mr. Xu's Zhu: Therefore, his book has high artistic conception, strong skill, no body and no work, and sometimes there are inscriptions. At the beginning of seal cutting, people respected by him gave directions, widely copied Han and India, learned from others, punched and kicked, between Anhui and Zhejiang. His calligraphy and seal cutting works are very precious and have been introduced to Japan and Southeast Asia. Poetry can last forever, and he is good at seven-character short songs; I like painting ink and bamboo, and there is a literati brushwork. Yongnian's achievements are expanding day by day, and the builders of socialist spiritual civilization are also huge. "These comments are not praised at all, but seek truth from facts.
Mr. Tang Junyi said: "We know that the formation of China literati's personality mainly lies in the edification of nature and humanity, and lies in inner cultivation, so we can know that the greatness of China's literati's personality lies in its pure and profound knowledge, its sincere temperament, or its lofty mind and unrestrained interest." Teacher Tang's evaluation is really suitable for explaining the aesthetic pursuit and spiritual prayer of literati and artists. In addition to internal self-cultivation, self-satisfaction and self-improvement, we need to explore and innovate in the academic realm, study history, clarify the right path, guide the stamina, correct our interests, and don't mislead others. Mr. Xu wrote a poem entitled "Imitation and Ode to the Han Dynasty": "Ding 'an talks about private printing and wants its historical name. Ancient genealogies vary widely, and the rates are different. People who are close to profit are ignorant of virtue. Who can be so heavy, the history of history shines. Three years of chicken and millet meeting, a thousand years of love. When I sent a message, people came, and my life was sincere. " Many of Mr. Xu's inscriptions and postscript can be combined with historical allusions to clarify the truth of being a man and praising fame, and to educate students or younger generations to pay attention to character and personality in order to be immortal, and art is expensive because of people. 199 1 when I graduated from graduate school, he wrote eight big characters on my album page: "Go to Germany to study and strive for self-improvement", and wrote the inscription: "Hong Shi Xueyou studied calligraphy diligently for three years, and now he works for the people, and the book is silent." Now included in this volume, not only the word potential is exquisite, but also the content is concise, which is instructive for future study. Many of his ancient couplets quoted famous sentences, such as "Appreciating bamboo can be compatible, and viewing mountains can be profound and broad", "If juvenile mechanics is used to riding horses, diligent training can save sheep in his later years", "Studying old and staying up all night, discovering new knowledge and gaining some knowledge" and so on. It inspired the scholars to cultivate their self-cultivation and improve their skills and skills.
Xu teacher thinks that there are four points to appreciate calligraphy: stippling, structure, composition and spiritual temperament. He said: "Spiritual temperament cannot be copied. Temperament is high and low, vulgar and elegant, which depends on character and knowledge, not just words. Personality is very important and will be reflected in words. Master Hongyi is like this. As far as calligraphy is concerned, there are many people who are deeper than him, but his character is high, which is reflected between the lines and forms his own unique style. " Mr. Xu believes that the ultimate state of art lies in the height of personality cultivation, which transcends the metaphysical level such as skills and rules and rises to the metaphysical level of Tao. For example, a calligrapher's mastery of brushwork is simple and hard-working, while the elegance of brushwork requires many factors such as knowledge, knowledge, accomplishment and talent, which is exactly where literati calligraphy is superior to ordinary people. Mr. Wang commented on Mr. Xu and said, "Sir, take the law, don't go to the grotesque, trace back to the source, and change with the same." Mr. Mu was trained by himself, so it is hard to say that he is educated. Mr. Yang's art, I know it is gold inlaid with silver, not dazzling. "
Fourth, conclusion: the difficulty of achieving a scholar-type calligrapher.
Scholars read widely, learn about literature, history and philosophy, study in Germany, and set an example when they are old; Calligraphers are required to be skilled, well-trained, outstanding in meritorious service, copy classics, and be well versed in law and meaning. Most ordinary literati can't specialize in calligraphy, and their skills are not exquisite, and their writing style is slightly better. Calligraphers, on the other hand, are specialized in a certain body, which leads to the professionalization of behavior and the lack of knowledge and learning, and it is difficult to be called everyone. A real master should unify the two, read a subset of classics and history, and study Zhong Wang Yan Liu. If you don't learn extensively, you will get in the way, and if you don't master it, it will be difficult to become a skill. Whether you study or follow art, you can't tell elegance from grandeur. But to learn from and cultivate art, so as to have a broad school and a splendid atmosphere. If you are paranoid or self-contradictory, you will eventually be as difficult to be elegant as a musician. In Ming Dynasty, Lv Kun's "Groans Asking about Learning" said: "Learning virtue is in youth, virtue is in middle age, and righteousness is in old age", which explained the order from art learning. Ming Hong Yingming's "Preface to Caigen Tan" said: "Sawing wood with a rope, falling stones with water, scholars need it; When water comes to nature, the melon is ripe, and the Tao is the secret. The relationship between "learning Tao" and "gaining Tao" is a process of realizing Tao from artistic accomplishment, so it can be divided into two stages, and there is no need to divide it categorically. If you are open-minded, please talk about it and you will naturally get a wonderful contract.
Mr. Xu used Zhongshan's couplet to say, "Don't worry about this life. Since ancient times, sages and fools have lived on the same hill. " He is detached, but as a post-scholar, we can't let go. Scholar calligrapher is not only a master of art who knows both art and art, but also represents the soul in the long river of China culture. Like an old wine, it lasts forever in Mika and tastes more mellow. Hezekiah Croce said: "The spirit itself is history", and he believes that history exists in our hearts. As a cultural phenomenon, Mr. Xu embodies the auspicious characteristics of the times, which allows us to see the height and difficulties of scholar-type calligraphers, and also provides useful reference for the development of contemporary cultural undertakings and practical and effective guiding ideology for cultivating noble calligraphers' personality.