The advantages and disadvantages of the BOT method in international economic cooperation, the advantages and disadvantages of international economic cooperation

BOT is a way for private capital to participate in infrastructure construction and provide public services to the society. A special investment method, including three processes: Build, Operate, and Transfer: Build-Operate-Transfer.

The characteristics of the BT model are: (1) There are no qualification requirements for investors, as long as they have strong financing capabilities, (2) Financing is based on project financing, investors can establish project companies during the construction process In this project, the owner's participation in the project is relatively small. During the project construction period, the project company performs its functions and is responsible for the construction management of the project and does not directly participate in the project construction. The project construction unit, design unit and establishment unit shall be determined by the project company through bidding. The owner's main responsibility is to determine the project construction standards, acceptance standards and pay the repurchase payment.

The characteristics of the BT model are: (1) Risk transfer: infrastructure projects have long construction and operation cycles, large scales, and high risks. In the BOT model, *** transfers the risk to the investors of the project. The project loan and its risks are borne by the investor, and *** no longer needs to guarantee or sign the project debt, which reduces ***'s debt burden. (2) In terms of operational efficiency of the project: In order to reduce the risks caused by the project construction and operation process and obtain more profit returns, the project company must adopt advanced design and management methods and introduce mature operating mechanisms, which will help Improve the construction and operation efficiency of infrastructure projects, ensure the construction quality of the project, accelerate the construction progress of the project, and ensure that the project is completed on time and with quality.

BT\BOT*** has the same points as the utilization of funds: *** Using BT\BOT method can attract a large amount of private capital and foreign funds to solve the problem of construction fund gap; in addition, this The two methods will also help *** adjust the use structure of foreign capital and private capital, and guide foreign capital to the construction of infrastructure, so that *** can concentrate limited resources on major projects that are not favored by investors but are related to the national economy and people's livelihood. Project International Economic Cooperation

Answer: Yes. At present, world economic integration and regional economic and regional cooperation are increasing day by day. Along with the take-off of China's economy, the economic development of East Asia, especially China, Japan and South Korea, has become a force that cannot be ignored in the world. China, Japan and South Korea are the three largest economies in East Asia. Any changes in the relations between the three countries will immediately attract the attention of all parties, not only from Asia, but also from the entire world. Driven by the accelerating pace of globalization and spreading regionalism, the three countries have become increasingly closely connected. Whether from a geopolitical or geoeconomic perspective, China, Japan and South Korea all have the conditions to move towards regional economic integration. However, China, Japan and South Korea have not yet formed an institutional economic integration organization.

East Asian countries, especially Northeast Asia, have always been in a relatively loose economic organization, and have not formed a unified regional trade cooperation organization for a long time. This situation of being outside of regional trade arrangements has undoubtedly given rise to Northeast Asian countries have adversely affected the accelerated development of the economic globalization process, leading to further intensification of international competition. For their own survival and development, East Asian countries have to work together and use collective strength to jointly meet the severe challenges brought about by economic globalization. . A concrete example of the challenges posed by financial globalization. This lesson has made East Asian countries deeply realize that in order to resist and reduce the negative effects of economic globalization, they must strengthen regional cooperation, and the key to East Asian regional cooperation is the cooperation between China, Japan and South Korea. Therefore, the economic integration of China, Japan and South Korea is an inevitable choice for China, Japan and South Korea under the background of economic globalization. Although the "Greater East Asia Prosperity Sphere" promoted by Japan in its early years caused pain in the history of China and South Korea, any form of integration will not succeed unless this shadow is removed.

Overemphasis on national interests and underestimation of regional interests, and only wanting to gain but not lose. This narrow "national interest supremacy" also affects the development of economic integration between China, Japan and South Korea. Judging from the current progress of the dialogue between Japan and South Korea on the free trade agreement, the conclusion of a free trade agreement between Japan and South Korea alone is going through a very difficult process of mutual reluctance. If China is added to the mix, the difficulty can be imagined. Know. In addition to historical issues among China, Japan and South Korea, another important issue is that the power structure is not yet clear. There is obviously a power imbalance among China, Japan and South Korea. Japan is a member of the "Geven Western Countries" and an ally of the United States; while China is rising and has an increasing influence on the entire East Asian region and even the world. No matter which country strives in this process, it is likely to be seen by the other party as a struggle for leadership, and mutual distrust will grow. However, in the long run, the economies of China, Japan and South Korea in East Asia need to deepen the mutual integration of trade and direct investment, which is an important foundation for peace and prosperity in East Asia. The integration of trade and investment is conducive to seizing the business opportunities created by traditional commodity production activities, and is also conducive to realizing the value contained in finance, circulation, communications, and other fields. Moreover, the globalization of the world economy increasingly requires the close integration of trade liberalization and product standardization. The connotation of realistic product competitiveness not only refers to price, efficiency and quality, but also includes products that must comply with various standards. Enterprises participating in the cooperation of the global production chain must unify production standards and product standards; standardization not only provides convenience for the management of the production process, but also saves transaction costs by reducing the level of supervision of the production process. Therefore, East Asian countries should carry out corresponding cooperation in formulating and implementing the standardization of relevant products, and the integration and development of the economies of China, Japan and South Korea are no exception. China, Japan and South Korea have problems such as convergence of heavy and chemical industry product structures, excess production capacity and fierce competition with each other. In order to avoid excessive competition that would hurt both sides, it is necessary to establish some kind of strategic alliance among large enterprises in China, Japan and South Korea, integrate the product structure within the region, and expand intra-industry trade based on comparative advantages or economies of scale. In this way, we can not only strengthen cooperation in industrial sectors that are prone to trade frictions to promote technical cooperation, but also prevent trade frictions. To realize the economic integration of China, Japan and South Korea, the realistic choice should be to establish a China-South Korea Free Trade Area, then consider a Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area, and finally form an institutionalized China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area. The actual situation of intra-East Asian trade in world trade indicates that through the regional agglomeration of direct investment, the East Asian economy will gradually become the third pole of the world economy, equivalent to the EU single market and the North American Free Trade Area. In recent years, exchanges and cooperation among East Asian countries and regions have become increasingly close, taking cooperation mechanisms such as the ASEAN Meeting and APEC as the stage. This is in line with the trend of world economic development and in line with the interests of East Asian countries and regions. With the continuous improvement of the level of economic development, East Asian countries and regions are increasingly showing signs of mutual promotion and common prosperity economically. Experts and scholars agree that East Asian economic integration is necessary and beneficial to China, Japan and South Korea. The coexistence of globalization and regional protection, changes in the world economic system, and the strengthening of the economic status of East Asia all remind us that the inevitability of East Asian economic cooperation is gradually increasing. Experts and scholars agree that East Asian economic integration is necessary and beneficial to China, Japan and South Korea. Economic and trade cooperation between China, Japan and South Korea has been carried out. Therefore, the economic integration of China, Japan and South Korea is imperative.

What are the methods of international economic cooperation

What are the methods of international economic cooperation

1. International direct investment cooperation

2. International indirect investment cooperation

3. International scientific and technological cooperation

4. International labor cooperation

5. International land cooperation

6. International economic information and economic management cooperation

7. International economic assistance

8. Coordination and cooperation of international economic policies What kind of international economic cooperation is Sino-Russian oil cooperation?

Example: Cooperation between Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning, Many people in the history of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics won the Nobel Prize for their cooperation. *** Cooperated with Zhou Enlai and gave birth to New China 1. Guan Zhong and Bao Shuya. Guan Zhong came from a poor family. He studied hard on his own since he was a child. He was proficient in "poetry" and "calligraphy", understood etiquette, had rich knowledge, and was highly skilled in martial arts. He and his close friend Bao Shuya were the masters of Master Jiu and Master Xiaobai respectively. In the twelfth year of Duke Xiang of Qi (686 BC), the state of Qi was in turmoil. Gongsun Wuwu killed King Xiang of Qi and established himself as king. A year later, Gongsun Wuwu was killed again, leaving Qi without a king for a while. Prince Jiu and Xiaobai, who were both on the run, tried to return home as soon as possible to seize the throne. In order to make Jiu the king, Guan Zhong wanted to kill Xiaobai in the middle of an ambush, but his arrow hit Xiaobai's copper belt hook. Xiaobai pretended to be dead, and with the help of Bao Shuya, he returned home first and ascended to the throne. He is the famous Duke Huan of Qi in history. When Duke Huan ascended the throne, he managed to kill Prince Jiu and his enemy Guan Zhong, who had shot him with an arrow. Bao Shuya tried his best to dissuade him, pointing out that Guan Zhong was a genius in the world, and asked Duke Huan to think about the prosperity of Qi, forget the old grudges, and use Guan Zhong in a more important position. Duke Huan accepted the suggestion and took Zhong back to his country. Soon he became the prime minister and presided over political affairs. Guan Zhong was able to display all his talents. 2. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhang Liao, under Cao Cao, was guarding Hefei in Lejin. Once Sun Quan sent 100,000 pings to attack. The two were two of the five good generals with equal merit. They had always had conflicts in the past, but they still faced strong enemies. They can complement each other, advance and retreat, and finally defeat the enemy. 3. The old fishermen of ancient Japan discovered that if a few remaining lively sardines were put into a group of lazy catfish that were salvaged, they would be able to survive. The active sardines scurry among the catfish, giving the catfish a sense of crisis. They swim hard to avoid death due to suffocation. This is the famous catfish effect. 1. In our country’s economic life, there is a “tortoise and hare win-win theory”. The tortoise and the hare raced many times, with each winning and losing. Later, the tortoise and the hare cooperated. The hare carried the tortoise on its back and ran to the river. Then the tortoise carried the hare on its back and swam across the river. This is a "win-win" situation, where competitors can also be partners. As the saying goes: "A fence has three stakes, and a hero has three gangs." If you want to achieve something great, you must rely on everyone's joint efforts. Throughout ancient and modern times, at home and abroad, aren’t all those who have succeeded in their careers a model of good cooperation? 2. There is a famous saying in Taiwan’s advertising industry: It is better to de-internationalize than to be internationalized. 1. One year, world crude oil prices rose sharply. Hammer's opponents all increased their oil output to Eastern European countries slightly, but Hammer's oil output decreased significantly, which puzzled many people. The black reporter Jesse Kuth went to great lengths to find Hammer and asked him for advice on this issue. Hammer said something that he will never forget: "Taking care of others means taking care of yourself. Those who always want to stand out in the competition can win unexpected gains if they know that taking care of others only requires a little understanding and generosity. , then he will regret it endlessly. Care is the most powerful way and the best way." 2. Marx said well that collaboration can not only improve individual productivity, but also "create a kind of productivity." Produces the magical effect of one plus one being greater than two. Smart people should not only actively cooperate with partners, but also have the courage to cooperate with competitors and benefit from it. 3. There is a famous saying in the American business community: "If you can't defeat your opponents, join them." Modern competition is no longer "life or death", but a higher level of competition and cooperation. What modern enterprises pursue is no longer "Single win", but "double win" and "multiple win".

1. A successful American person said: "There are no permanent friends and no permanent enemies." This sentence is true. Every very good friend is likely to become an enemy under certain factors. After all, money, fame and fortune The temptation is great. We cannot guarantee that everyone will be loyal to their friends. It is more likely that they are just friends in appearance. The same is true for enemies. We do not have eternal enemies. Just like the high school entrance examination and the examination room, we are all competitors. , no one will give up their studies because of any relationship. However, in daily study, we study together and help each other. We are friends and cooperate. We have no choice. Living in this society, we are born with Competition, only the strong can survive, this also tells us a truth, suddenly made us fully prepared, competition gives us the opportunity to perform. We must cooperate and compete, and become a win-win group. Only in this way, we Only by making progress can you be qualified to compete. 2. Competition and cooperation often coexist. International economic cooperation issues

There are more than three types.

Types of Loans

First, project loans. This is the World Bank’s traditional lending business and its most important business. About 90% of World Bank loans are of this type. This loan is a general loan of the World Bank and is mainly used for infrastructure construction in member countries. Second, non-project loans. This is a kind of special loan that is not linked to specific projects or projects, but is related to member countries’ import of materials, equipment, coping with emergencies, and adjustment of economic structure. Third, technical assistance loans. It includes two categories: one is technical assistance loans combined with the project, such as loans provided for feasibility study, planning, implementation of the project, organizational management and personnel training of the project agency; the other is loans that are not connected with a specific project Technical assistance loans, also known as "stand-alone" technical assistance loans, are primarily used to finance expert services for economic restructuring and human resource development. Fourth, co-financing. This is a type of project financing led by the World Bank and jointly provided with other lending institutions to borrowing countries. This loan was established in the mid-1970s and mainly takes two forms: First, after the World Bank and the relevant countries determine the loan project, they sign a joint loan agreement with other lenders, and then each of them signs a joint loan agreement with the other lenders according to the usual loan conditions. The borrowing country signs an agreement; each provides financing; second, the World Bank and other borrowers contribute capital in an agreed proportion, and the former signs an agreement with the borrowing country to provide financing in accordance with the loan program and the principles of procurement of goods and services. Fifth, the "third window" loan (the third window facility), also known as an intermediate financing facility, refers to two loans provided by the World Bank and the International Development Association (the World Bank's general loan and the development A loan other than an association's preferential loan). The loan conditions are between the above two types of loans, that is, they are looser than the World Bank loan conditions, but not as favorable as the IDA loan conditions. The term can be up to 25 years, and it is mainly lent to low-income developing countries. Sixth, adjustment facility. Including structural adjustment loans and sector adjustment loans. The purpose of structural adjustment loans is to promote policy changes and institutional reforms within the macroeconomic or sectoral economic scope of the borrowing country within 1 to 3 years, effectively utilize resources, and achieve a lasting balance of international payments within 5 to 10 years. maintain economic growth. Structural adjustment issues are mainly macro-economic issues and important sectoral issues affecting several sectors, including trade policy (such as tariff reform, export regulation, import liberalization), capital circulation (such as national budget, interest rates, debt management, etc.) , efficient use of resources (such as public investment plans, pricing, government measures, etc.) and institutional reforms of the economy as a whole and specific sectors, etc. Sector adjustment loans are designed to support comprehensive policy changes and institutional reforms in specific sectors.

In 1984, the World Bank made a new classification of loan methods, which are: ① specific investment loans, ② sector loans, ③ structural adjustment loans, ④ technical assistance loans, ⑤ emergency reconstruction loans, and ⑥ joint loans. Among them, all of the "specific investment loans" and part of the "sector loans" are project loans, and the rest are basically non-project loans.

What is international economic cooperation?

"International Economic Cooperation" is a product that adapts to the trend of economic globalization, coordinates countries and regions with different development levels, and pursues a good order in international trade. It itself is the carrier and stage of economic globalization. Member states, regardless of size, implement the principle of non-discriminatory trade treatment, grant national treatment to foreign goods, protect intellectual property rights, gradually open the service trade market, and advocate fair trade and fair competition. The principles and practices of fairness and openness play a huge role in the development of world economy and trade. In international economic cooperation, what problems does our country still have? How to improve my country’s dominant position in international economic cooperation

International trade exists in an extremely open market. Our country faces many problems, mainly the added value of products, the core competitiveness of enterprises, and the company’s efficiency function. It is not easy to improve the dominant position of the economy. It is not a good thing unless you have a surplus. Having a status as an international economic entity does not depend on how much money you have, but how much you are worth. China lacks its own brands and advantageous industries, and its exports have always been labor-intensive industries. It is necessary to improve the product brand image, the technological content of the company's products, the management model and many other aspects. What are the main ways of international economic cooperation?

1. International Economics and Trade Major: By studying the theory and practice of international economics, trade and investment. To train students to have a solid foundation in economics, master international trade theory and business knowledge, and have the ability to carry out foreign-related business activities. After graduation, students can work in foreign economic and trade departments or various foreign-related enterprises. Main professional courses: international trade practice, international economics (European, American, Asia-Pacific economies), international technology transfer, international marketing, international investment analysis, international enterprise (multinational company) microeconomics, management, accounting, international business law, macro perspective Economics, Marketing, Econometrics, Business Statistics, Linear Algebra, College English, Advanced Mathematics, Probability and Statistics, etc. 2. Law Major Law is a discipline that studies law and its development laws. It is important for the development of socialist democracy, Establishing and improving a socialist country under the rule of law plays an important role. After graduation, students can enter the legislative, judicial, administrative and lawyer notarization departments, enterprises, institutions and social groups to engage in legal affairs or administrative work. They can also be directly recommended to study without examination or apply for master's degree programs at our school and other schools. Excellent master's degrees Students can directly apply for joint master's and doctoral studies while they are studying. Main courses: Jurisprudence, Constitutional Law, History of Chinese Legal System, Administrative Law and Administrative Procedure Law, Criminal Law, Civil Law, Criminal Procedure Law, Commercial Law, Civil Procedure Law, Economic Law, Intellectual Property Law, International Law, Private International Law, International Law Economic law, etc. In addition, we also offer company (corporate law), financial law, water law, maritime law, international financial law, international trade law, real estate law, contract law, Hong Kong law, labor law, foreign economic law, bill law, legal English, More than 40 courses are available for students to take, including evidence law, civil and commercial economic case studies, criminal psychology, logic, international tax law, foreign legal history, environmental law, and marriage and family law. 3. Journalism and Communication Major This major is based on rich humanistic traditions, with solid basic knowledge and broad humanistic vision. The teaching is based on reality. The curriculum not only emphasizes practical content and establishes a close relationship with various media, but also highlights the academic background, broadens the international perspective, and highly integrates theory and practice to form a unique journalism and communication education system. In order to cultivate journalism and communication talents with profound humanistic knowledge and adaptability to the needs of the industry. After graduation, students can widely adapt to the different needs of various media and take on news, editing and management work in newspapers, magazines, radio and television, Internet and other departments. At the same time, they can also adapt to party and government agencies at all levels and governments at all levels. ** The news publicity and public relations work of the department.

The core courses of this major include: Introduction to Journalism, Introduction to Communication, Introduction to Internet Communication, Introduction to Visual Communication, News Interviewing and Writing, In-depth Reporting, Research on TV Program Forms, Audiovisual Language, News Photography, Picture Editing and Layout Design, Media Social history, humanities reading, literary appreciation, mass communication, etc. During the study period, domestic and foreign experts and scholars will be hired to give lectures and students will be organized to conduct internships in various media units to improve students' comprehensive quality and practical ability. 4. The marketing major is committed to cultivating professionals with broad basic knowledge of economics and management, solid modern marketing theory and its application capabilities, global vision, pragmatic spirit, competitiveness and communication skills. During professional study, students are also trained to have a better grasp of Marxist theory, systematically master the basic theories and methods of modern marketing management, have broad professional basic knowledge, skills and practical application abilities, be able to master a foreign language proficiently, and master electronics. Basic computer application technology in marketing management work. After graduation, students are suitable to engage in business management work such as business decision-making, market research, market development, business negotiation, sales, advertising, and public relations in various industrial, commercial, financial and trade enterprises and government economic management departments. The main courses include: management principles, probability statistics, business statistics, economics, e-commerce, marketing principles, consumer behavior, brand management, marketing research methods, logistics management, sales management, retail management, advertising, distribution channels Management, pricing management, global marketing management, marketing frontier, social marketing, service marketing, industrial product marketing, direct selling, city brand management, strategic marketing, marketing project management, chain operation management, database management, Internet marketing, society Psychology, customer relationship management, circulation management, cross-cultural marketing, promotion management, new product development, corporate relations, etc. 5. Accounting Major This major adheres to the combination of internationalization and localization, and cultivates those who adapt to the needs of market economic development, have both good character and academic skills, solid theoretical foundation, an international perspective, and strong accounting practical operation and management capabilities. , high-quality professionals who are qualified for accounting, auditing and financial management work in various enterprises, institutions, intermediary organizations and government management departments. This major is divided into five directions: (1) International accounting direction. This direction focuses on cultivating accounting professionals needed by international accounting companies and management consulting companies, multinational enterprises, international financial institutions, foreign economic management departments and other organizations. (2) Certified Public Accountant (CPA) direction This direction focuses on cultivating professional talents in accounting firms and other intermediary organizations engaged in auditing and consulting services. (3) CGA direction This direction is a cooperative training project between our school and the Canadian Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The 9 professional courses use world-class all-English teaching materials and adopt English or bilingual teaching. It focuses on cultivating international accounting companies, multinational enterprises and other foreign-related institutions. The accounting professionals needed, especially the accounting and management talents of enterprises and institutions with overseas branches and using English as the working language. (4) Corporate Financial Planning and Control Direction This direction focuses on cultivating students who are competent in financial management, investment analysis and management of various industrial and commercial enterprises, banks, securities companies, investment companies, asset management companies and other financial institutions, as well as banks and administrative institutions. Professionals in decision-making and other tasks. (5) Auditing direction. This direction focuses on cultivating professional talents needed by national audit agencies, government departments and internal audit institutions of various enterprises and institutions. Main courses: College English, advanced mathematics, probability and statistics, economics, database management system, e-commerce technology foundation, management, business statistics, business communication, finance and finance, international finance and international trade, economic law, tax law; basics Accounting, Intermediate Financial Accounting, Cost Accounting, Auditing, Management Accounting, Financial Management, Advanced Financial Accounting, Financial Statement Analysis, Certified Public Accountant Practice, Accounting Information Systems, International Accounting and Auditing, International Financial Management, International Taxation and Tax Planning , special topics on accounting and auditing theory, special lectures on accounting frontiers, etc.

The English courses of CGA are: Financial Aounting 1 (FA1), Financial Aounting 2 (FA2), Financial Aounting 3 (FA3), Financial Aounting 4 (FA4), Management Aounting 1 (MA1), Management Aounting 2 (MA2), Financial Management 1 (FN1), Auditing 1 (AU1), Amounting Theory 1 (AT1). 6. Tourism Management Major: The outstanding feature of undergraduate education in tourism management is that it pays equal attention to management theory and tourism management practice. In terms of theory, it relies on the School of Management and is rooted in the fertile ground for theoretical research on tourism management in the past two decades. While focusing on the study of basic management knowledge such as management, economics, and accounting, it also emphasizes students’ understanding of the tourism, exhibition industry, and service Master the latest theoretical knowledge of business management in the industry. In terms of practice, we attach great importance to students’ mobile classrooms. By inviting industry veterans to give special lectures, we arrange for students to visit and intern at well-known tourism companies such as White Swan, Garden Hotel, China Hotel, Oriental Hotel, Mingquanju, Guangzhou Travel, and Provincial China Travel Service. Cultivate and improve students' practical ability, interpersonal communication and comprehensive ability to analyze and solve problems. The graduates trained by this major have solid management knowledge and theory, specialize in the management and operation of tourism enterprises and service enterprises, and are tourism professionals with comprehensive development of morality, intelligence, body and aesthetics, strong adaptability and innovative spirit. Management professionals and compound applied talents have been favored by employers such as tourism administrative departments, tourism enterprises and institutions, educational and scientific research institutions, and large and medium-sized enterprises over the years. This major does not recruit HbsAg-positive students. It requires good facial features and a height of 1.68 meters for men and 1.58 meters for women. Convention and exhibition economy and management direction: As the convention and exhibition economy has become a new economic form that has attracted the world's attention, the convention and exhibition industry is regarded as a sunrise industry in the new century. In particular, the Guangdong Pearl River Delta region is one of the most active regions in the development of China's convention and exhibition industry. It has become a new economic growth point and has very broad development prospects. In 2007, the Department of Tourism and Hotel Management relied on the strong economics and management background of the School of Management, and on the basis of nearly 20 years of accumulation in the tourism management major, actively broadened its professional direction and added a new direction of exhibition economics and management. By providing professional We provide comprehensive and systematic education to cultivate high-quality exhibition economic and management talents with innovative thinking and practical abilities to adapt to the development of the exhibition economy and the needs of the market. Main core courses: Introduction to Tourism, Tourism Economics, Tourist Attractions and Resort Management, Tourism Service Marketing, Service Quality Management, Travel Agency Management, Hotel Operation Management, Housekeeping Management, Catering Management, Hotel Management Accounting, Hotel Management Information System, Destinations Marketing, e-commerce, business communication, tourism English, tourism psychology, eco-tourism, tourism planning, tourism legal knowledge, exhibition investment decision analysis, exhibitor management, professional conference organization, exhibition business negotiation strategies and skills, etc. 7. Business training goals of architecture major: This major cultivates general-purpose and composite high-level projects with knowledge in architectural design, urban design, interior design, etc., who can engage in design work in the design department, and have the ability to adapt to a variety of professions. Technical talent. Business training requirements: Students in this major mainly learn basic theories and basic knowledge of architectural design, urban planning principles, construction engineering technology, etc., receive basic training in architectural design, etc., and are capable of project planning, architectural design plans, and construction construction drawings, etc. basic abilities.

Graduates should acquire the following knowledge and abilities: l. Have a solid foundation in natural sciences, a good foundation in humanities and social sciences, and comprehensive foreign language skills; 2. Master the basic principles and methods of architectural design, have the ability to independently carry out architectural design and express design intentions in multiple ways, and have preliminary computer text, graphics, and data processing capabilities; 3. Understand the development laws of Chinese and foreign architectural history, master the relationship between human physiology, psychology, behavior and the built environment, basic knowledge of economic knowledge, social and cultural customs, laws and regulations related to architecture, as well as relevant knowledge of edge and interdisciplinary disciplines of architecture ;4. Preliminarily master the basic knowledge of the relationship between building structure and building installation system and the safety, economy, applicability and beauty of buildings, the principles and methods of building construction, and the performance of commonly used building materials and new materials. Have reasonable selection and certain comprehensive application capabilities, and have certain organizational and coordination capabilities among multiple types of work; 5. Have the ability to pre-project planning, architectural design plans and construction drawings, and have the accomplishment of architectural aesthetics. Main courses: Main subjects: Architecture Main courses: Fundamentals of architectural design, architectural design and principles, Chinese and foreign architectural history, architectural structure and mechanics, and architectural structure. Main practical teaching links: including art internship, construction site internship, architectural surveying and mapping internship, architectural understanding internship, and design institute production internship, generally arranged for 40 weeks. The case of international economic cooperation. Looking for answers

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