Everyone in China should remember this day.
The history written with blood and resistance warns China people that backwardness will be beaten and development will be strong. Don't forget the national mourning, we are self-reliant!
The September 18th Incident (also known as the Fengtian Incident) was a war of aggression against China deliberately created and launched by Japan in the northeast of China, and it was the beginning of Japanese imperialist aggression against China. /KOOC-0/93/KOOC-0/September/8, 2008/KOOC-0/8, under the arrangement of the Japanese Kwantung Army, the railway "guard" blew up the Nanman railway track near Shenyang Liutiao Lake (built by China and later occupied by Japan) and planted the Japanese army. The Japanese army used this as an excuse to shell Shenyang Beidaying on the grounds of "September 18th Incident". The next day, the Japanese army invaded Shenyang and successively invaded the three northeastern provinces. 1February 932, the whole northeast fell. From then on, the Japanese established the puppet regime of Manchukuo in the northeast of China, and began to enslave and colonize the northeast people for 14 years.
At 9 18, there were more than 10,000 Japanese troops, mainly equipped with light weapons; The Northeast Army has more than 300,000 people and is equipped with planes, tanks and cannons. Even Japan did not support the Kwantung Army's military adventure and sent a general to tell them to stop. After 9 18, the Northeast Army was ordered to retreat to Jinzhou and was bombed. There are no planes in the Japanese army's establishment, and the bombing uses the Northeast Army's own plane.
Then why did Zhang Xueliang give the order not to resist? What is the truth of the 9 18 incident?
First, who is responsible for 9 18?
In an interview with Tang Degang, Zhang Xueliang said, "I want to solemnly declare that there was no resistance in the September 18th Incident. Not only does the book say so, but now many people are saying that it was ordered by the Central Committee (Chiang Kai-shek) to punish me. That's not true. I ordered not to resist. Saying no resistance is the order of the central authorities. No, absolutely not. " "I gave the order not to resist." Zhang Xueliang then explained why he ordered not to resist at that time: "I didn't expect Japan to dare to do that ... I didn't expect it beforehand, and the information was not enough. As a government official, I have to bear this responsibility. " "If you don't resist, you can't blame the Central Committee (Chiang Kai-shek)." When Tang Degang said that for more than 50 years, Chiang Kai-shek had given orders not to resist, and Zhang Xueliang took the telegram with him at any time, Zhang Xueliang replied, "Nonsense, nonsense, there is no such thing. ..... This kind of thing, I can't blame others. This is a fact, and I want to declare it. That's all that matters. This matter is not someone else's business, it is my own business and my responsibility. "
Second, giving up Jinzhou is Zhang Xueliang's flagrant violation of the central command.
193 1 year 65438+February 2 1 day, Zhang Xueliang thought that the northeast could no longer be defended, and there was no need to fight with the Japanese in Jinzhou, thus losing capital (troops). He telegraphed the Second Army Command in Wang Shuchang: When the Japanese attacked Jinzhou, our troops stationed outside the customs should pay attention to prevention. However, if the current government policy is undecided, Jinzhou troops naturally do not need to defend, so they will retreat to Shanhaiguan. The troops are stationed in Qian 'an, Yongping, Luanhe and Changli. According to Zhang's orders, the 12th Brigade of Infantry, 20th Brigade of Cavalry and 3rd Brigade of Cavalry stationed in Jinzhou successively withdrew into the pass, leaving only three public security cavalry regiments led by Xiong Fei. 19311On February 25th, the new Nanjing government, which forced Chiang Kai-shek to resign, was furious when it learned of Zhang Xueliang's decision through the intelligence department. They immediately explicitly ordered Zhang Xueliang to "actively plan for a strong country." For the Japanese attack on Jinzhou, we should do our best to actively resist ... defend Jinzhou ",which was immediately reprinted by many newspapers at home and abroad. This is the first resistance order issued by the National Government since Japan occupied Northeast China, which greatly encouraged the morale of the military and civilians. Zhang Xueliang ignored it and continued to withdraw his main force from the northeast.
On February 29th, 65438, the Central Political Conference of the Kuomintang made it clear again that power was generated and ordered Zhang Xueliang to stop withdrawing troops: in case of invasion, resist. Zhang Xueliang has already made up his mind. He called back: It is because I am hanging in a corner of the northeast, the enemy is strong, and the whole country is strong. No matter how exciting I am, I won't have luck! On the 29th, the Kwantung Army captured Panshan and approached Jinzhou. Rong Zhen, chief of staff, returned from Peiping on the same day and ordered all troops to fully retreat on the grounds that "the troops were too tired, the losses were too heavy, the bullets were lacking, and the backup was not enough". On the 30th, after learning that the Northeast Army had issued a general evacuation order, the National Government once again telegraphed Zhang Xueliang to stick to Jinzhou: "The Japanese army is in a hurry to attack Jin, and will actively resist it in any case." Zhang Xueliang didn't even look at it and simply ignored it.
1932 1.2, the ministries of the Northeast Army have already retreated from Jinzhou. On the 3rd, hundreds of Japanese strikers entered Jinzhou City. They were surprised to find that there was no military resistance at all, and then the Japanese follow-up troops entered and Jinzhou fell. Jinzhou is the throat inside and outside the customs, and the fall of Jinzhou means the fall of all three northeastern provinces.
Third, why didn't Zhang Xueliang resist?
Zhang Xueliang is a warlord, and his every decision is based on a warlord's own interests and the maximization of his territory, army and power. However, in view of Zhang Xueliang's own ability, some of these considerations have succeeded and some have failed.
Zhang Xueliang can't say that he is incompetent, but he is indeed a big step behind his father. I think the biggest gap is that things are not stable and thorough, which is also the common reason for a series of problems in the later period. As a young rumble, Zhang Xueliang has the temperament of a young man, passionate and impulsive. Many times his choices are easy to go to extremes. At the beginning of his tenure, his first decision was to radically "change the flag". At that time, some elders took such a drastic turn when they advocated making another move. As a result, this decision was successful, and the Northeast Army gained complete interest preservation. The second big decision was to lead troops into the customs to support Chiang Kai-shek's Central Plains War. This time, despite the previous wait-and-see, Chiang Kai-shek, on the whole, had great support from the Northeast Army when he led his troops into the customs. This time it was successful again, and the Northeast Army reached its peak completely.
In these two successes, Zhang Xueliang's decision was very decisive and extreme. For an excitable young man, he came up with two great benefits by virtue of his decisiveness and extremes, which naturally aggravated his ability attribute. And this is also the root cause of his future tragedy, because his incomplete problem is completely uncorrectable.
The Middle East Road incident that followed was an impulsive punishment. Zhang Xueliang abandoned his father's long-term policy toward Japan and Russia, and even directly killed Yang Yuting and rashly started a war. The result was naturally beaten by the Soviet Union. Some people blame the National Government for saying no, but the question is, was Zhang Xueliang, as the No.2 strength faction in China at that time, betrayed at will? He himself did not analyze the domestic situation at that time to see if the national government had the ability to support it. Didn't you analyze the strength of the Soviet Union to see if the Northeast Army had the capital to wrestle? Without doing anything, he went to extremes on impulse. The result was heavy losses. In the final analysis, this loss is attributed to his own ability and way of doing things.
Then there was the September 18th Incident. As we all know, it was generally believed that the Japanese army was more elite than the Soviet army. With the lessons of the Middle East Road incident, Zhang Xueliang came to the conclusion that once the Japanese attack, if the Northeast Army confronts him head-on, Zhang Xueliang is a warlord, and the strength of the warlord depends on guns. Zhang Xueliang misjudged the form at the beginning of 9 18, thinking that Japan was only a small-scale provocation, so he dared not fight. However, the Japanese blitzkrieg captured many areas in the northeast, and Zhang Xueliang felt that the war situation was out of control. The fall of the northeast is inevitable, so it is better to keep your own army. You know, if Zhang Xueliang can keep 1 person, he is 1 commander; If 50,000 people can be saved, he is the commander of 1 group army; If we can save 200,000 to 300,000 yuan, he will still be the top figure among domestic warlords.
To put it bluntly, Zhang Xueliang just wants to safeguard his own interests.
Let's make a historical hypothesis-what would happen if the Northeast Army fought to the death in the 9 18 incident?
Let's look at the foundation of Northeast China:
After the 9 18 Incident, the Japanese army seized 0/50,000 rifles, 4,000 machine guns, 600 mortars, 250 mountain guns and 260 planes from China Arsenal, not including the part taken away by Zhang Xueliang's army.
These are all the legacies left by Zhang when he was alive. At that time, with his prestige, Zhang could control the Northeast Army with a dime a dozen hills. He set up an army reorganization office to reorganize the army. And also worked out the largest arsenal in the country at that time-Fengtian Arsenal, which later became the famous Shenyang Arsenal. A large number of advanced machines from Germany and Japan have been purchased and installed, and technicians from Germany and Japan have been hired for guidance. A scientific research society has been set up in the factory, focusing on ordnance technology, which can make guns, all kinds of ammunition and even imitate French Renault tanks and armored vehicles. Others, such as Liaoning mortar factory, also have the strength to develop large-caliber artillery, far exceeding the Jiangnan area.
In addition to the military, the northeast economy is also very good. In the late 1920s, the industrialization level in Northeast China also surpassed that in the Yangtze River basin.
Zhang Dashuai only attended private schools for half a year, but he still attached great importance to education. The newly-built Northeastern University, Fengtian Teachers College for Nationalities and other institutions of higher learning have attracted mainland talents. Three meals are free, and the salary is paid in silver, which is higher than that of Tsinghua Peking University.
9 18 incident strength comparison;
Before the "9 18" incident, there were165,000 regular troops and 40,000 irregular troops (police, security guards, etc.) in the northeast. ), and there are more than 90,000 people in the customs, with more than 300,000 troops. There are also dozens of French Renault FT 17 light tanks and nearly 300 aircraft.
On the Japanese side, the Kwantung Army has about 20,000 people. ......
(Chemical aerial bombs seized by Japanese troops in the warehouse of Northeast Army)
Possibility of winning or losing:
Japanese army-due to long-term hard training day and night, its individual combat capability is second to none in Asia. Soldiers have high nutrition and advanced equipment. However, its kwantung army is small in number and not fully authorized by the base camp, and it is in a fragmented stage.
Northeast Army-there are many soldiers, but the sources are complex, and there are many factions on the hills. A dude like Zhang Xueliang has no ability to command these arrogant soldiers. Firearms and ammunition reserves are sufficient and can be replenished at any time. Heavy firepower, armored force and air support are not inferior to the Japanese army.
We can speculate that after the Japanese invasion, if Zhang Xueliang fought to the death, the initial Japanese attack would be very unsuccessful. The Northeast Army made full use of its numerical superiority and defensive superiority, and gave full play to the firepower of machine guns and artillery, which could stall the Japanese army in some key areas.
However, after the Japanese army increased its troops, the external pressure of the Northeast Army increased, and internal disunity would be exposed. According to the various performances of the Northeast Army in history, at this time, some generals of the Northeast Army will take refuge in Japan, some will persist in resisting, and some will disobey. Because Zhang Xueliang is young and conceited, he lacks the ability to control and cannot effectively dispatch senior commanders. And there is no natural barrier in the northeast. Once the troops defected to the enemy or fled first, the whole defense line was in danger of collapse.
However, even if the Japanese army wins, it will pay a great price. Unable to capture a large amount of equipment of the Northeast Army, we have to constantly send more troops to transport materials from China, which increases the uncertainty of its domestic politics.
This kind of loyal opposition will make the Japanese army fully feel China's will to fight a decisive battle, and the all-round invasion of China will either come early, come urgently and come to an impasse. Or it may take longer to prepare and give the government of the Republic of China a longer buffer time.
Of course, in view of the poor performance of the government in the history of the Republic of China, the extension of the Sino-Japanese War was inevitable.
The history written with blood and resistance warns China people;
If you lag behind, you will be beaten, and development will be strong.
September 18,
Everyone in China should remember this day!