Bauhaus's teaching time is three and a half years. Students have to go through basic course training for half a year after entering school, and then enter the workshop to learn various practical skills. The difference between Bauhaus and the arts and crafts movement is that it is not hostile to machines, but tries to establish extensive relations with industry, which is both the requirement of the times and the need of survival. At the beginning of the establishment of Bauhaus, with the support of Gropius, some of the most radical artists in Europe came to teach in Bauhaus, which made the prevailing ideological trend at that time, especially expressionism, have an important influence on Bauhaus's early theory. In the early days of Bauhaus, a group of basic course teachers included Kandinsky of Russia, Faninger of the United States, Klee of Switzerland and Eton. Among them, Kandinsky worked as a painting teacher in the metal and woodwork workshop of Morris Institute of Education. These artists are closely related to expressionism. Expressionism is an art school that appeared in Germany and Austria in the early 20th century. It advocates that the task of art is to express people's subjective feelings and experiences, to transform the world with art, and to express the spirit of the times in strange and exaggerated forms. This idealism is consistent with Bauhaus's goal of "discovering the form symbolizing the world" and creating a new society.
Bauhaus's greatest contribution to design education is the basic course, which was initiated by Eaton and is a compulsory course for all students. Eaton advocates "learning by doing", that is, on the basis of theoretical research, the form, color, material and texture are discussed through practical work, and the above elements are combined. However, because Eaton is a mystic, he attaches great importance to intuitive methods and personality development, advocates completely spontaneous and free expression, pursues "unknown" and "inner harmony", and even once started his course with deep breathing and vibration exercises to get inspiration. These are far from the cooperative spirit and rational analysis of industrial design, and have been criticized by many people. Eaton 1923 resigned, and the Hungarian artist Naji took over the basic course. Najib is a follower of constructivism. He brought the elements of constructivism into basic training, emphasized the objective analysis of form and color, and paid attention to the relationship between point, line and surface. Through practice, let students know how to objectively analyze the composition of two-dimensional space, and then extend it to the composition of three-dimensional space. All these laid the foundation for industrial design education, and also meant that Bauhaus began to turn from expressionism to rationalism. On the other hand, the abstract geometric form advocated by constructivism leads Bauhaus to another formalism road in design. Bauhaus held the first exhibition in 1923, showing design models, students' homework, paintings and sculptures. , has achieved great success, and has been valued and praised by the design circles and industries in many European countries. In this exhibition, Gropius gave a speech on "New Unity of Art and Technology", which emphasized the role of technology. 1923- 1925 strengthened the course of Bauhaus technology and consciously developed close ties with some industrial enterprises. 1925, 1 In April, Bauhaus closed his campus in Weimar and moved to Dessau, a small town with quite developed industry at that time, to continue his career.
After moving to Dessau, Bauhaus developed further. Gropius promoted some excellent Bauhaus teachers as professors, formulated a new teaching plan, improved the education system and curriculum, and established a practice workshop accordingly. It is particularly worth mentioning that Bauhaus's new school building was designed by Gropius. 1925 starts in autumn and will be completed by the end of the following year. It includes classrooms, workshops, offices, auditoriums, canteens and dormitories for senior students. The school building covers an area of nearly 10,000 square meters and is a group of multifunctional buildings.
Bauhaus school itself has an important position in the history of architecture and is a masterpiece of modern architecture. There are differences and combinations in functional processing, and the relationship is clear, convenient and practical; The composition adopts flexible and irregular layout, and the architectural modeling is scattered and changeable. Facade modeling fully embodies the characteristics of new materials and new structures. The industrial architectural style of Fagus Factory has been applied to civil buildings, which completely broke the tradition of classical architectural design and achieved concise and fresh results. If the results of Gropius's teaching policy are evaluated by the design prototype actually put into production by Bauhaus, then these results are not as remarkable as its curriculum and theoretical research. Bauhaus's most influential designs come from the metalworking workshop run by Najib and the furniture workshop run by brower. Bauhaus Gold Workshop is committed to educating students to engage in practice through the combination of metal and glass, which has opened up a new road for lamp design. The design of metal products in Weimar period also has obvious handicraft characteristics. For example, the teapot designed by brand 1924 adopts geometric form, but it is forged manually with silver, which is similar to the arts and crafts movement. The desk lamp she designed in 1926- 1927 is not only simple and beautiful in shape, but also good in function, and it is mass-produced in a factory in Leipzig. This shows that Bauhaus has matured in industrial design.
In Bauhaus's furniture workshop, brower created a series of influential steel tube chairs, which opened a new chapter in modern furniture design. Although it is still controversial who first thought of making furniture with steel pipes, there is no doubt that Bauhaus first realized the idea and industrial production of steel pipe furniture. These steel tube chairs make full use of the characteristics of materials, with light and elegant shapes and simple structures, and become typical representatives of modern design.
1928, Gropius resigned as the principal of Bauhaus under various pressures, especially the unprovoked attack of the right-wing forces on the progressive ideological trend of Bauhaus. Gropius continued to design industrial products after leaving his post. Adler designed by 1930 is a typical example of functional modeling principle in the 1920s. Although the design of automobile emphasizes practical function and geometric principle, it can't be mass-produced, which shows that if the design only considers function and production and ignores other factors, such as consumers' demand for symbolism and interest, the design will be difficult to succeed.
After Gropius left Bauhaus, the architect Hannaz? Meyer is the principal. After Meyer took office, he emphasized the close relationship between products and consumers, design and society, and strengthened the relationship between design and industry. Under his leadership, all the workshops of Bauhaus accepted a large number of design commissions from enterprises. 1930, Meyer was forced to resign for the same reason as Gropius, and Miss became the third principal. Smith is a famous architect. He put forward the famous saying that "less is more" in 1928. 1929 Design of the German Pavilion of the Barcelona World Expo. The building itself and the Barcelona chair he designed for it have become milestones in modern architecture and design. Like brower, Miss is good at designing steel pipe chairs. 1927, he designed the famous Wesengoff chair.
After Miss arrived in Bauhaus, on the one hand, students were forbidden to engage in political life, on the other hand, academic research focusing on architectural design was strengthened, which revived the school. But in June 1932, the Nazis took control of Dessau and closed Bauhaus. Miss, teachers and students had to move the school to Berlin to start over. Later, with Hitler's National Socialist Party coming to power, the Gestapo occupied the school, and Bauhaus finally announced its official dissolution in July of 1933, thus ending the school-running course of 14. During this period, there were 1250 students and 35 full-time teachers studying and working in Bauhaus. After the school was dissolved, members of Bauhaus brought Bauhaus's thoughts to other countries, especially the United States. In a sense, Bauhaus's thought has been fully realized in America. 1937, Gropius went to Harvard University as the head of the Department of Architecture, and established Concord Design Office. Brower also arrived in the United States at the same time, working with Gropius on architectural creation. Miss arrived in the United States on 1938 and became a professor of architecture at Illinois Institute of Technology. Najib founded the new Bauhaus in Chicago on 1937. This school was established as a continuation of Bauhaus, which introduced a new method to creative education in the United States, but most of its graduates were employed as artists, craftsmen and teachers, rather than industrial designers. The new Bauhaus later merged with Illinois Institute of Technology.