The development of Liangzhu culture can be divided into Stone Age, Jade Age and Pottery Age. Jade is the essence of material culture and spiritual culture created by ancestors of Liangzhu, and it is also the biggest feature of Liangzhu cultural site. The "original writing" carved on the unearthed cultural relics is considered as the prelude to the mature writing in China. It can be said that the dawn of Chinese civilization rises from Liangzhu!
There are striking black pottery in the pottery of Liangzhu site in Liangzhu and Pingyao town, which are similar to those in Shandong. However, the black pottery of Liangzhu site is easy to fade after drying, and there is no standard eggshell black pottery in Longshan culture, which has its own characteristics in the modeling of pottery and stone tools
Besides Liangzhu, Pingyao and Anxi, there are Caoxie Mountain in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, Zhangling Mountain and Wujinsi Wharf in Zhangpu, Quemu Bridge in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, Paddy Field Fan in Hangzhou, Maqiao in Shanghai County, Fuquan Mountain in Qingpu District and Jiao Mo in Yuhang, Zhejiang Province.
Liangzhu culture can be roughly divided into early and late stages. In the early stage, it was represented by Yang and Zhang Lingshan sites in Qian Shan. Later, Liangzhu, Quemuqiao and other sites were represented.
The pottery of Liangzhu culture is mainly gray-black pottery mixed with fine sand and mud-gray tire black pottery. Rotation system is more common. Generally, the wall of the device is thin, and the surface of the device is mostly polished, and a few of them have finely carved patterns and carved holes. Kitty and tripod are very popular. Representative vessel shapes include tripod with fins or T-shaped cross section, bean with bamboo handle, ear-piercing pot, large round-footed shallow belly plate, wide-handled flowing cup, etc.
The stone tools are beautifully polished, including triangular plow, inclined handle knife, "cultivator", half moon knife, sickle, stepped shovel and other new shapes.
There are a large number of funerary objects in Liangzhu tombs, of which jade articles account for more than 90%. Jade articles symbolizing wealth, Jade Cong and Yuyue symbolizing divine power and strength provide valuable information for studying the origin of the class, and push forward the history that some jade articles in Liangzhu were originally mistaken for "Hanyu" for more than 2,000 years.
Silk in Liangzhu cultural site is pressed first and then woven. This is the earliest silk fabric discovered in China, a piece of silk dating from 4700 to 5200 years ago, which is called "the first silk in the world".
Qian Shan Yang site is the Liangzhu cultural site with the richest organic cultural relics, and the silk fabrics discovered are the earliest silk fabrics in China. The plain weave structure and density of silk fabrics reflect that the textile technology has reached a high level in Liangzhu culture period, which is of great value to the study of Liangzhu culture, society and economic life.
Taihu Lake, where Liangzhu culture is located, is one of the earliest origins of rice cultivation in China. Many stone farm tools have been found in many Liangzhu cultural sites, which shows that agriculture in Liangzhu cultural period has developed from cultivated agriculture to cultivated agriculture, which is a great progress in the development of ancient agriculture in China.
The development of agriculture in Liangzhu culture period promoted the high development of productivity and handicraft industry at that time. Therefore, handicraft departments such as pottery making, jade processing and textile were separated from agriculture, especially the exquisite jade processing technology, which showed the high development level of handicraft industry at that time.
Others, such as lacquerware, silk and linen fabrics, ivory products, etc. It also shows the advanced nature of productive forces and its cultural connotation at that time.
The ancient jade manufacturing industry in China was quite developed during the Longshan culture period, and exquisite jade articles were everywhere. When the Central Plains entered the Xia Dynasty, the jade articles of Liangzhu culture became the first-class handicrafts in Chinese mainland and the source of ritual vessels in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Jade wares of Liangzhu culture are scattered in many places, especially in Hangjiahu area. Jade jade and jade cong were found in more than 20 sites in 8 counties and cities including Xing Wu and Yuhang in Zhejiang. Seven tombs excavated in Fuquan Mountain in Qingpu contain more than 600 funerary objects, including more than 500 jade articles.
The anti-mountain clan cemetery in Yuhang County is the remains of Liangzhu culture in the middle period. It can be traced back to 3000 BC, and all kinds of jade articles in tombs account for more than 90% of all funerary objects. 1 1 A total of more than 3,200 tombs were unearthed, of which more than 500 were buried with one tomb.
The jade manufacturing industry of Liangzhu culture inherited the craft tradition of Majiabang culture, and absorbed the experience of Dawenkou culture in the north of China and Xuejiagang culture in the east, which made the jade manufacturing technology reach the most advanced level at that time.
Jade articles unearthed in the anti-mountain cemetery include jade, rings, cymbals, cymbals, bracelets, hooks, columns, conical ornaments, inlaid ornaments, round ornaments, various crown ornaments, rod end ornaments and so on. , as well as piercing ornaments composed of birds, fish, turtles, cicadas and various petal ornaments, including tubes, beads and petals.
It is worth noting that the jades in the same tomb are often of the same quality and color, especially in complete sets. Sometimes the same piece of jade is used to select materials.
Nearly 100 pieces of jade unearthed in the anti-mountain cemetery are engraved with patterns, with various techniques, such as negative line engraving, relief relief, semi-circular carving and even through carving. The carving of the patterns is very fine, and some patterns are engraved with four or five thin lines in a groove one millimeter wide. It can be seen that the carving knives used at that time were quite sharp and the craftsmen's skills were quite skilled.
Liangzhu culture, as big as a stone and as small as a bead, has been carefully carved, polished and polished, showing the high level of jade manufacturing of ancestors of Liangzhu culture.
The patterns of jade articles are often based on cirrus clouds, and the main decorative pattern is the animal face pattern of God and Man, which is rigorous, harmonious and full of mystery.
A large number of exquisite jade articles have also been found in Yaoshan cemetery not far from the anti-mountain cemetery. Most of the jade articles in this cemetery are similar to those in the mountains, but more than a dozen tombs have not been unearthed, which shows the differences between the customs of the two neighboring clans. Jade jade and jade spoon were unearthed in a tomb in Yaoshan, which is the first precious tableware seen in Liangzhu culture.
The quantity and quality of jade articles in Liangzhu culture are higher than those in other areas in the same period, which fully shows that jade production has become a highly specialized handicraft industry, reflecting from one side that the material production level in the Yangtze River Delta was relatively developed four or five thousand years ago, which prepared the conditions for the emergence of early countries in wuyue Economic Zone.
According to the unearthed jade articles, it can be seen that the stone-making technology at that time was equally superb. Craftsmen who make stone tools have completely mastered a set of techniques such as stone selection, stone cutting, blank cutting, drilling and polishing.
In the late Liangzhu culture, it has entered the reign of Xia Dynasty in the Central Plains. Influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, clans and tribes in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River have also undergone tremendous changes in the political, economic and military fields, and some relatively independent "kingdoms" may already exist.
For example, the large-scale architectural site of Jiao Mo in Yuhang is obviously related to the national etiquette system. It shows that there is a certain basis for Yu Xia to convene tribal leaders from all over the world to gather in Huiji.
Especially in the core area of Liangzhu site, there is an ancient city of more than 2.9 million square meters 5000 years ago. This is the first time that the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China have discovered the largest Liangzhu cultural city site in China, which is called "the first city in China".
The discovery of the ancient city of Liangzhu changed the original understanding of the dawn of Liangzhu cultural civilization, marking that the Liangzhu cultural period 5000 years ago entered the mature stage of prehistoric civilization development.
Liangzhu site, as the political, economic, cultural and religious center of prehistoric Liangzhu culture in China, can be regarded as a sacred place to show the history of Chinese civilization for 5 thousand years.
Liangzhu Site was found in Liangzhu and Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 1934. 1936, a representative Liangzhu site was excavated. There are striking black pottery in Liangzhu pottery, which is considered to be similar to the black pottery in Shandong at that time, so it is also called Longshan culture.
From 65438 to 0939, some people divided Longshan culture into three regions: Shandong coast, northern Henan and Hangzhou Bay, and pointed out that the cultural stage in Hangzhou Bay was obviously different from that in Shandong and Henan. 1957 Some people think that Zhejiang's black pottery is easy to fade after drying, and there is no standard eggshell black pottery, which has its own characteristics in the modeling of pottery and stone tools. 1959 put forward the name of Liangzhu culture.
1986, 1987 A large number of funerary objects were unearthed in Liangzhu tombs, of which jade accounted for more than 90%. As a result, many large museums in the world have re-identified and renamed old jade articles.
1996, Liangzhu Cultural Site was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council. 1994, twice in 2006, and the third time in 20 12.