Tibetan serfdom: A dark and barbaric social system based on feudal land ownership and serfs' attachment to serf owners in the history of China and Tibet. It began in 10 century, generally established in 13 century, and continued until the early days of the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC). It was abolished during the democratic reform movement in Tibet from 65438 to 0959. Social productivity of serfdom in Tibet is low, and agricultural production tools are simple. The main agricultural areas still use wooden plows and hoes, and occasionally use iron plows. The harvest is only 4 ~ 5 times that of seeds. The survival rate of cattle and sheep in animal husbandry is about 50% and 30% respectively. Handicraft industry is generally a household sideline, such as twisting wool, weaving, and processing of livestock products. And its tools and technology are also very backward. City craftsmen were subordinate to feudal lords. Business is not important. Traditional agricultural products exchange, barter exchange. The serf-owner class accounts for 5% of Tibet's population, including three lords (local feudal government, nobles and monasteries) and their agents. They occupy all the land, forests and most of the means of production such as livestock, farm tools and houses in Tibet. The serf class accounts for 90% of Tibet's population and is attached to serf owners. It can be divided into rich serfs, middle serfs and poor serfs. Among them, "Chaba" and "heap poverty" are the main components of the serf class. Busboy means restaurant worker, who leads the poor land of local government to work for local government and its slave owners, and has a higher status than the poor. Heaping poverty means small households, which mainly refers to cultivating a small amount of land allocated by serf owners and their agents and feeding their serfs. In class differentiation, the poor can be reduced to the poor and the poor can also be promoted to the poor. After bankruptcy, the poor and the poor will become slaves. Slaves account for 5% of Tibet's population, mostly from bankrupt poor serfs. They have neither means of production nor personal rights, and are completely occupied by serf owners for housework. Under the condition of serfdom, local governments accounted for 3 1% of cultivated land, nobles accounted for 30%, and monasteries accounted for 39%. The local feudal government in Tibet, which combines politics and religion, has the power to grant land to nobles and temple lords, confiscate and adjust land, approve the reclamation of non-cultivated land, adjudicate land disputes, and apportion or increase or decrease the number of officials on all cultivated land. Supplement: Tibetans are one of the outstanding members of the multi-ethnic family in China with a long history and splendid culture, and have made their own brilliant contributions in the process of the creation and development of the great motherland. For more than 1,300 years, the records of Tibetan culture in past dynasties have continued countless Tibetan documents since the early Tang Dynasty and Tibet. Even in the official history of Chinese, there are countless books about Tibetan history and culture. Since the tenth century, feudal serfdom has appeared in Tibet. However, before the liberation of China, it was impossible for academic circles to study the history and present situation of Tibet with Marxist standpoint, viewpoint and method. From 65438 to 0956, eight investigation teams (including the social and historical investigation team of Tibet) were sent to ethnic minority areas to conduct social and historical investigations according to the spirit of the central instructions. From 65438 to 0958, the Institute of Ethnic Studies of China Academy of Sciences organized a large number of members inside and outside the institute, and set up 16 investigation teams to conduct investigations in ethnic minority areas throughout the country. At the same time, we began to compile a series of ethnic minority chronicles. Among them, "Notes on Tibet" with serfdom in Tibet as the main content was written in 1963 on the basis of this investigation for internal distribution. Ten years of unrest soon occurred, and the study of serfdom in Tibet came to a standstill. Coupled with other reasons, in the field of Tibetan studies, the research on serfdom in Tibet has made slow progress. During the period of 1959, before and after the democratic reform in Tibet, due to the needs of work and situation, many papers were published publicly. From 65438 to 0978, people in Xizang Publishing House published The Leap of Tibetan Society edited by Wang Furen and Suo, in which the second, third and fourth parts introduced the serfdom in Tibet. 1984, the fifth and sixth chapters of General Situation of Xizang Autonomous Region published by people in Xizang Publishing House focused on serfdom in Tibet. But generally speaking, there are not many works about serfdom in Tibet. As far as the forty or fifty works I have read are concerned, they can be summarized from the following aspects. First, the occurrence, development and decline of poverty slavery in western countries. The papers on the occurrence and development of serfdom in Tibet are Liu Zhong, Li Fengzhen and Ya. There are more than ten articles by Shen Xintai, Ren Qing and Wang Yuping. These papers respectively expounded that after hundreds of years of evolution from the end of the ninth century to the thirteenth century, Tibet formed a serfdom society with manor system. The feudal society in this period was developing and progressive, and it was a new production relationship that promoted the development of social production compared with slavery in the Tubo period. The feudal lords possession system in Tibet refers to the possession of territory and the incomplete possession of serfs. This is undoubtedly an intergenerational progress compared with the Tubo era when the land was owned by the Tibetan king and the slaves were completely owned by the slave owners. It has promoted the production enthusiasm of workers.