1. How to apply Hemingway's Iceberg Principle in Chinese writing

Basically all successful novels apply the "Iceberg Principle".

The so-called "iceberg principle" is actually an indispensable condition for creating authenticity in writing. In order to make a character three-dimensional, he must have a background. For example, when you write about a thief, you can't just write about him stealing things (short stories can do this). When it comes to character creation, you must explain a lot of background in it. You must think about a character into a living person. You must Think about this person's past and present life as if you were writing a biography of him. When it's time to write, pick out the things in this person's experience that are meaningful to your article. This is the so-called iceberg principle. Those discarded materials do not mean that they are not there. They should be things that remain in your heart and really exist in your fictional world.

If I have to give examples, it would be: "Catch-22" and Hemingway's own novels.

Actually, to be honest, this is really the case. Almost all accomplished writers in modernism and post-modernism have used the so-called "iceberg principle". On the contrary, if you take "Tomb Raiders Notes" as an example, there is no such thing. , the character creation in it is very empty, only the plot. Therefore, you should still read classics carefully and savor them patiently. 2. Bingshan’s self-narrative composition

Haha! Hello everyone! I am the famous "killer" iceberg among the Arctic icebergs, and I have a lot of blood on my hands. Let me tell my story!

My height is 134 meters, but this is not my actual height. There is also my shadow under the sea. Sometimes even I don’t know how tall I am.

I have "killed" countless ships. The most notable one is the Titanic disaster. Although it was a long time ago, I still can't forget the night when the ship sank: it was a foggy night on the silent Pacific Ocean, and a whine of sirens woke me up. I was furious and thought: Who woke me up from my sweet dream! But when I saw it, it was a large passenger ship, and I thought: There must be many people on such a large passenger ship. Isn't this a trap? I relied on the breath of heavy fog to cover my body. The boat didn't notice me and accelerated sharply. They found me too late and the boat slammed into me. The ship was about to sink, and more than 1,500 people screamed in fear. I was even more proud. I grabbed a handful of waves and gently pressed them. The ship sank. I killed more than 1,500 people!

Kids, please don’t bump into me! 3. How to use Satir’s iceberg theory

Satir’s iceberg theory is actually a metaphor. It means that a person’s “self” is like an iceberg, which can be seen by the outside world. Only a small part of the surface is visible, that is, behavior, while a larger part of the inner world is hidden at a deeper level and cannot be seen by others, including yourself, just like an iceberg underwater. The work that psychotherapists need to do is often to explore the client's inner iceberg through the client's surface behavior and find a solution - everyone has their own iceberg, recognize their own iceberg, and a person's iceberg. Life will change!

In Satir’s iceberg theory, the behaviors above the water surface represent behaviors, while the ones below the water surface, from top to bottom, represent coping modes, feelings, feelings of feelings, opinions, expectations, desires and oneself respectively. Uncover The secret of the iceberg, we will see the desires, expectations, opinions and feelings in life, and see the true self.

After all, the introduction is limited, and the iceberg theory cannot be learned by writing. If you want to study in depth, you still hope to participate in the Satya model course of Jingshi Boren, so that you can fully learn and learn. Understand and master.

4. Interpret the iceberg theory with real life examples

1. Real objects? currency!

I remember when I was in high school, my mother was given a toaster by the department during the Chinese New Year. She took it back and said, I might as well share the money! It’s interesting to think about it now, because most of us still live a Chinese-style diet and eat less toast, so a toaster is of little value and of little use to our home.

This also triggers our thinking about rational consumption. Rational consumption refers to the maximum utility obtained under certain conditions of expenditure. Rational consumption first requires that the consumed goods must satisfy the consumer's preferences. Consumer preference is a subjective and psychological activity, which is mainly affected by consumer values ??and lifestyles; in addition, rational consumption follows the law of diminishing marginal utility. For teachers who already have a toaster at home, they are also assigned a toast. Machine, although the value of the product remains unchanged, its effectiveness has been greatly reduced. Rational consumption lies in the diversity and personalization of consumption, which is the so-called hard to agree on. For gifts you like, you will get great utility, but for gifts you don’t like or gifts you already have, they will have little utility. The distribution of physical objects brings large or small, positive or negative utility to different people, and its allocation efficiency is low. When distributing cash, currency is the equivalent of general commodities that are widely circulated, and everyone is happy to accept it. Utility is maximized and total social welfare is improved. Obviously currency is more efficient than physical distribution.

2. Why do TV series need to be broadcast separately? !

I used to watch TV series at home, but when I saw the rise, I stopped watching them and had to wait until tomorrow! Depressed! If you think about it carefully, you will find that TV stations do not broadcast TV series in one day or several days, but only one or two episodes every night. Why don't TV stations put them together and broadcast them continuously from morning to night? ?

Because for consumers-viewers, watching programs continuously for a long time will gradually cause fatigue, and the viewing effect will decrease with time, which is the embodiment of the "law of diminishing marginal utility" in economics. , that is to say, the marginal utility of consumers consuming or enjoying the same item within a certain period of time decreases with the increase in consumption. The so-called "marginal utility" refers to the additional satisfaction that consumers get from consuming one more unit of a certain item. Assuming that a TV series is scheduled to be broadcast continuously on Sundays, when people enjoy the first few episodes, their marginal utility will increase, but it will not last for long. Even if the TV series is very attractive, people will feel that as time goes by When tired, marginal utility begins to diminish. Therefore, no one will watch a TV series continuously, and the ratings will decrease. From the TV station's perspective, the ratings have dropped, advertising sponsors have decreased, and the TV station's income has also been affected. Therefore, the TV series cannot be broadcast intensively.

3. Come on, come on! Trade in old for new!

We often see mobile phone trade-in activities in the mobile phone market. Everyone should have noticed it:)

In market sales, some merchants have introduced the "old-for-new" sales method, that is, every You can enjoy price discounts by exchanging the same type of goods for new ones. The parts and components of some of the old goods can also be used as raw materials for manufacturing new goods, while some of the old goods cannot be used for reproduction at all. Why would businesses recycle them at a discount (of course, recycling parts for repair and reuse cannot be ruled out; there are also Unscrupulous merchants defraud money through recycling: (It turns out that the main purpose of merchants launching the "old for new" program is to attract old users who have always used this type of goods, so that they are willing to buy new goods and expand product sales. Since old goods can still be used, It is the main substitute for new goods, so customers' desire to buy new goods is not strong. The trade-in method is used to give customers a little discount to maximize their desire to buy new products. The essence is to use the relationship between price and supply and demand to achieve price concessions. *** Demand increases. Old goods that are damaged and cannot be used anymore are not substitutes for new goods. Customers must buy new goods. Without giving them price discounts, it will not reduce their desire to buy. They will pay a higher price. price for purchasing new products.

4. I also want to buy a monthly bus pass!

When taking a bus in Xiamen, there are discounts for children and the elderly, and this should be the case across the country. So, why do all kinds of transportation companies implement different fares for adults, children and the elderly, and provide preferential treatment to children and the elderly? Is it because children are lighter and smaller than adults, so transporting children consumes less energy and costs less? So the elderly are almost the same as adults, so why are they also given price concessions? In fact, this approach of transportation companies adopts the price discrimination mechanism in economics. The purpose is to increase revenue and take advantage of the restrictive relationship between price and supply and demand. Generally speaking, adults have different needs for transportation than children and the elderly. Due to their work needs and high and stable income, adults have relatively stable demand for transportation services and have less elasticity of price demand, so transportation companies can charge adults Higher fares will not reduce adult demand for transportation services. In contrast, the demand for transportation services by children and the elderly is relatively elastic. If a transportation company charges the same adult fare to all passengers, it will greatly reduce the demand for transportation services by children and the elderly, thereby reducing its own revenue. . 5. Iceberg theory

Iceberg theory: It is an important theory in Satir family therapy. It is actually a metaphor. It means that a person's "self" is like an iceberg. What we can see It's just a small part of the surface - behavior, but a larger part of the inner world is hidden deeper and invisible to people, just like an iceberg.

Including seven levels: behavior, coping style, feelings, opinions, expectations, desires, and self. Satir's iceberg metaphor theory mainly includes seven levels, from top to bottom: behavior, coping style, feelings, opinions, expectations, desires and self.

1. Behavior—action, story content 2. Coping style—posture (including flattering, blaming, super-rational, interruption, and consistency) 3. Feeling (joy, excitement) , fascination, anger, hurt, fear, sadness, sadness, etc.) Feelings of feelings--why you feel this way (decisions about feelings) 4. Perspectives---beliefs, assumptions, subjective reality, thinking, ideas, Values ??(beliefs, assumptions, preset positions, subjective reality, cognition) 5. Expectations---for oneself, for others, and expectations from others (for oneself, for others, from others) 6. Desires-- --Love, acceptance, belonging, creativity, connection, freedom, etc. (The only things humans have: being loved, recognized, accepted, acknowledged, purposeful, meaningful, free) 7. Self: Who am I? ---------Spirituality, soul, life energy, essence, core, existence (vitality, spirit, spirituality, core, essence). 6. The significance of Hemingway's Iceberg Theory

In 1932, Hemingway proposed the famous "Iceberg Principle" in his documentary work "Death in the Afternoon". He used the "iceberg" as a metaphor and believed that the author should only describe the part of the "iceberg" above the water, and the underwater part should be supplemented by the reader's imagination through text prompts.

He said: "The majestic movement of the iceberg is because only one-eighth of it is on the water." In literary works, words and images are the so-called "eighths", while emotions and Thoughts are what is called "seven-eighths." The first two are concretely visible, and the latter two are embedded in the first two.

"Iceberg theory" has two levels of meaning:

One is the art of simplicity. That is to say, delete all the dispensable things in the novel, and use less to win more, just like the technique of Chinese ink painting, which is to use black and white instead of elaboration. It is not necessary to elaborate, not eight-eighths, but only one-eighth. British scholar Bates believes in the article "Hemingway's Short Stories" that this simplicity is manifested in language by deleting almost all explanations, discussions, and even discussions in the novel; cutting off all colorful metaphors; peeling off The gorgeous coat of the Henry James era with long sentences and too many adjectives: "With a courage that no one has ever had, he cut off the tangled hairs attached to literature in English." Hemingway cleaned up these tangled hairs in English literature. The most effective ones are adjectives.

Too many adjectives is a major disaster brought to English literature by novelists represented by Henry James at the end of the nineteenth century. For example, James's masterpiece "The Portrait of a Lady" is full of long sentences and multiple modifications. "You can't read a sentence without holding your breath for a long time. It's like a long train of freight cars. You can't see the end in front of it." (Dong Heng Sundanese). This is definitely a scholarly style of writing. Hemingway went to war at the age of 18 and had no chance to receive any professional training. After the war, he became a reporter for an American newspaper in Europe. When writing articles and reports, he had to send them back to his country by telegram. The language must be concise, thus forming a so-called " "Telegraphic style" rarely uses modifiers and rarely uses adjectives. It can be said that there is a category of writers in literary history who are hostile to adjectives. Voltaire, the great French writer, famously said: "Adjectives are the enemy of nouns." He seemed to be saying that only nouns go directly to the thing itself, confront and directly present the thing. Too many adjectives will obscure the thing and its essence, so it is a noun. of enemies.

Secondly, the novelist Ma Yuan believes that the more intrinsic quality of the "iceberg theory" can be summarized as "experience omission". He pointed out that at first many critics equated Hemingway's omission with the traditional theory of leaving blanks, thinking that it was an implicit technique that was full of words but infinite in meaning. This was a big mistake. The traditional method of omission is very similar to the function of the abridgement mark, which omits the sentiment and charm; while what Hemingway omits is something completely different—substantial experience. Ma Yuan took the ending of "A Farewell to Arms" which was rewritten thirty-nine times by Hemingway (in another place Hemingway said it was forty times) as an example:

I walked towards the door.

"You can't come in now." A nurse said.

"No, I can." I said.

"You can't come in yet."

"Get out." I said. "That one also goes out."

"The author did not tell us how many nurses were in the room before, and the text did not explain it, but we immediately knew that this room contained 'my' lover ( There are two nurses in the house where the corpse of "I" is found. There is nothing inappropriate in "I"'s dialogue, but we also know from this text that "I" is abnormal. "These changes in tone are actually. There are no hints in the above text, and the author does not tell us any emotional changes of the protagonist 'I' in a narrative way. However, we all know that the author uses all human perception methods and their laws. He knows. If you don't say something that everyone knows, everyone will know this truth. He won't say what everyone knows. In the end, everyone still knows it. In addition to shortening the length by omitting some things, this omission also reduces the length of the article. It has also produced a completely unexpected new aesthetic method, a method with the fundamental goal of affecting the psychology of the (reading) object." (Ma Yuan's "Novel")

What Hemingway omits is actually something we can fill in based on experience. Therefore, this omission technique maximizes the reader's experience participation, making the reader feel that the writer trusts his own understanding and experience ability. In this sense, Hemingway left seven-eighths of the iceberg empty and let readers fill it in based on experience. In the past, if the novelist was a realist, he would tell you everything, chatter endlessly, and leave no blank space; if he was a romantic, he would try his best to arouse the reader's emotions and sensationalize the story. Hemingway was also mobilizing, and what he mobilized was, as Ma Yuan said, experience. This is certainly a new novel aesthetic. How to deeply elucidate its aesthetic content requires continued thinking. But we can at least say that this "omission of experience" involves more than just a matter of "brevity". It also involves the issue of cognition and presentation of the world, and the novelist's conveyance of situations and circumstances in life. It is a matter of method, from which it is possible to generate a situational aesthetics of the novel. 7. How to implement the iceberg theory

The effective use of the iceberg model requires following certain steps.

First, different types of jobs have different quality requirements. It is necessary to determine which qualities are required to be competent for this type of job. There are two basic principles for determining competency: (1) Effectiveness.

The only criterion for judging a competency is whether it can significantly distinguish work performance, which means that the confirmed competency must have an obvious and measurable difference between excellent employees and ordinary employees. (2) Objectivity. To judge whether a competency can distinguish work performance must be based on objective data.

Secondly, after determining competency qualities, the organization must establish an evaluation system that can measure the level of individual competency qualities. This evaluation system must also be tested by objective data and must be able to distinguish work performance.

Finally, on the basis of accurate measurement, specific application methods of competency assessment results in various human resource management work are designed.

All in all, McClelland's iceberg model provides a new perspective and a more beneficial tool for the practice of human resource management. It can not only meet the requirements of modern human resource management, but also construct a certain The competency model of each position clearly explains the competency characteristics that should be possessed for a certain job, and becomes an important basis for personnel quality assessment, providing a scientific premise for the development of human resources management.

Quote: MBA Think Tank Encyclopedia 8. According to the iceberg principle, one-eighth of it is above the water, and seven-eighths is underwater

The iceberg principle refers to Human language is like an iceberg for expressing human thoughts. Only one-eighth of it is above the water and seven-eighths is under the water. This means that human language is not enough to express thoughts. For the author, There is no need to write too explicitly, because readers can understand it.

Concise words, vivid images, rich emotions and profound thoughts are the four elements that constitute the "Iceberg Principle", which has become Hemingway's basic creative style.

Insights: When writing a composition, try to make the sentences as concise as possible, and the language will produce an inherent sense of beauty. The key to making sentences concise is to highlight the main words in a sentence and try to delete unnecessary and unnecessary words. Here is a simple method that is easy to master: in a sentence, try to use as little as possible the words, 地, de, zhu, 了, guo, in, and, making, what, what, and without affecting the normal expression of the sentence. When and so on, as well as cliche phrases such as "after", "when", "when**" and so on.