Han Yu

There are Bole and then Maxima. Maxima is common, but Bole is not. Therefore, although there is a famous horse, it is only humiliated by a slave, and it is not called a thousand miles to die in a trough.

A horse can travel thousands of miles, and a stone can eat it all. People who eat horses don't know that they can eat thousands of miles; This is a horse. Although it has the ability to travel thousands of miles, it only becomes beautiful because of lack of food and strength. And if you want to compete with a regular horse, you can't get it. Let it travel a thousand miles!

If you don't follow its path, you can't make full use of your food, but you can't understand it When you carry out the policy, you say, "There are no horses in the world." Oh! Is it really innocent? I really don't understand horses!

Precautions:

(1) Bole: During the Spring and Autumn Period, people, surnamed Sun and Yang, were good at raising horses.

② Only: Same as "only", only. Humiliation: humiliation, burial.

3, parallel: in pairs. Trough: originally refers to the food container for raising animals, here refers to the place for raising horses.

4. Not called Trinidad: not called Trinidad Zan. Use, according to, preposition. Say, like, like.

5. One horse can go to Wan Li Road: One horse (among them) can go to Wan Li Road. , auxiliary words. The words "horse" and "thousands of miles away" are part of the double referential relationship.

6, a food: eat once. Or: sometimes. Eat a stone: eat a stone. All, all, used as a verb here, means "eat up" the stone and exchange ten barrels for stones.

7, food: the same as "food", food.

8: refers to a swift horse, a pronoun. Able to take Wan Li Road: able to take Wan Li Road.

Pet-name ruby, is: this, demonstrative pronoun.

Indication, ability: ability.

⑾, natural beauty: talents and strengths cannot be displayed. Look, use "now" to show it.

(13) and: will be. Desire: want, want. Attendant: Very good. Unavailable: impossible. Get, can, means that objective conditions permit.

Ann: Why, where, interrogative pronoun.

[14], strategy: control. It refers to a swift horse, a pronoun. Deal with a man as he deals with you.

⒂. Make the best use of everything: give full play to their talents. Material, like "talent", refers to the ability to walk Wan Li Road.

[14] Zhi Ming: It is called. Convey its meaning: connect with its heart.

⒄, policy: take a whip. Policy, whip, noun. Professor: Look at this horse. Look down from a height.

⒅, its: mood auxiliary words, strengthen rhetorical tone.

, its: mood auxiliary words, strengthen the positive tone.

Reference translation:

Only when there is Bole in the world can there be a swift horse. There are often swift horses, but Bole is not often. Therefore, even valuable horses can only be humiliated by servants and die in the stable with ordinary horses, and they can't get the title of swift horse.

A horse that travels thousands of miles a day may eat a stone of grain at a meal, and the person who feeds the horse doesn't know how to feed it according to its ability to travel thousands of miles a day. Although such a horse has the ability to travel thousands of miles a day, its food intake and physical strength are insufficient, and its talent and good quality will not be shown. If it is impossible to be on an equal footing with an ordinary horse, how can it be required to travel thousands of miles every day?

Pushing it in the wrong way and feeding it are not enough for it to give full play to its talents. Listen to its cry and don't understand its meaning. On the contrary, standing in front of it with a whip, it said, "There is no swift horse in the world!" " Alas! Is there really no maxima? In fact, they really don't know maxima!

The full text is divided into three paragraphs:

The first paragraph, starting from Maxima's dependence on Bole, shows that Maxima's talent is inevitable to be buried.

At the beginning of the article, the Qifeng suddenly rises, pointing out the premise of the argument with the phrase "there is Bole, and then there is a maxima", which also contains a duality, that is, "without Bole, there is no maxima", which actually shows the dependence of maxima on Bole. But "Bole" here is a general concept, which refers to people who are particularly good at riding horses. Therefore, the conclusion that "there are many maxima, but not many boles" is put forward below, which highlights the sharp contradiction between "often" and "not often", indicating that it is absolutely inevitable to bury maxima. Then, taking advantage of the trend, when talking about the fate of Maxima, it is thought-provoking to describe the specific situation of Maxima being buried with "humiliated by domestic slaves and dying between valleys". This paragraph, from the whole article, aims to raise questions; The reason why people who know horses are just happy is to expose "horse eaters" who don't know horses.

The second paragraph reveals that the fundamental reason why Maxima was buried is the "ignorance of horses" of horse eaters.

Maxima was buried, in the eyes of ordinary people, probably because of its talent and beauty. So at the beginning of this paragraph, the key point of the problem is that "a horse can travel thousands of miles, eat a stone at a time, and people who eat horses don't know that they can travel thousands of miles, but they can still eat." It is an exaggeration to say that "eat all the millet and one stone at a time", emphasizing that the food intake of maxima greatly exceeds that of ordinary horses; "I don't know if it can eat thousands of miles" means that "horse eaters" feed horses only according to their food intake, which shows that such people are ignorant. Then, first, "although it is a horse, it can walk Wan Li Road" is the waist trend; Then, a set of parallelism sentences reveals that this "extraordinary talent" is the evil result of "not eating enough"; Finally, he strongly condemned the ignorance of "horse eaters" by using the rhetorical sentence of "if you want to be like a horse, you can't get it, you can find it a thousand miles away". This is a negative proof of the truth that there is bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse.

The third paragraph summarizes the center of the full text and satirizes the ignorance of "horse eaters".

First of all, the image of "horse eater" is portrayed by exposing contradictions: "strategy is not in the way, food can't be used to the best of its ability, and words can't mean it." These three sentences closely follow the above and comprehensively summarize the performance of this "ignorant horse" person; "Follow the policy and face it", and write their proud expression of "knowing horses". "Chi" refers to a swift horse. They even declared that "there is no horse in the world" in front of a swift horse. This is complete nonsense. The contrast between the two vividly reveals the stupidity and absurdity of such people. Then use "alas" to draw out the author's feelings: "There is no horse evil" inherits the above "there are no horses in the world", which is the author's refutation of "horse eaters" and a question for readers to prepare for the next sentence; Then answer with "I really don't understand horses" and complete the full text.

Although the length of this article is short, the center is very prominent. The phrase "I don't know the horse" runs through the whole article. The word 1 1 is used in this paper. At first, it was said that "Bole is good" and "a thousand miles is not called", which implied the meaning of "I don't know horses". In the middle, it is clearly pointed out that "people who eat horses don't know how to eat thousands of miles", and then "I don't have enough to eat, I don't have enough strength, and I don't want to be with regular horses" to explain the evil consequences caused by "I don't know"; Finally, the ignorance of "horse eater" is denounced by "not taking" and "not being able to take", from which the conclusion sentence "he really doesn't understand horses" is derived, which makes the point clear.

(1) The central argument of this paper is: there is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse.

(2) The tragic experience of Maxima was that she was humiliated by slaves and died in a ditch.

(3) The fundamental reason why Maxima was buried was that the horse eater didn't know it could walk Wan Li Road and eat.

(4) The direct reason why Maxima was buried was that the lack of food and strength made her beautiful, and she could not get it with Changma.

(5) The "ignorance of horses" of horse eaters is manifested in the following aspects: the strategy is not based on its own way, the food cannot be used to the best of its ability, and the words are unreasonable.

(6) The statement that strongly condemns the ignorance of "horse eaters" is: What if you want to stay a thousand miles away from horses?

(7) The saying that "people who eat horses" sigh as "people who know horses" is: stick to policies, face policies directly, and say "there are no horses in the world!"

(8) The main sentence of the full text is: Is there really no evil horse? I really don't know anything about horses.

(9) A famous person once said: "There is no beauty in the world, but there is a lack of eyes to find beauty." From this, we can think of a sentence by Ma Shuo: There are always swift horses, but there is no bole.

(10) The saying that explains the relationship between Maxima and Bole is that there is Bole in the world, and then there is Maxima.

(1 1) The statement that can best show the mediocrity and ignorance of the rulers is: stick to the policy, face the policy directly, and say, "There is no horse in the world!"

(12) The sentence that leads to the full text is: There is Bole in the world, and then there is Maxima.

(13) The sentence that shows an ignorant, mediocre and shallow ruler's unfair treatment of Maxima is: if the policy does not follow its path, the food can't be used to the best of its ability, and the words can't be justified.

(14) The sentence that expresses the author's lament about the burial of Maxima is: Is it really innocent? I really don't know anything about horses.

(15) A sentence that can best express the external characteristics of a maxima is: A horse is thousands of miles away, and a stone stirs up a thousand waves.

(16) Maxima is different from ordinary horses.

(17) The sentence that expresses the author's inner feelings with rhetorical questions is: Is it really innocent? I really don't know anything about horses.

(18) Beauty often exists in ordinary things. Sometimes in order to pursue perfection, we often ignore the beauty around us, which makes us feel sorry and sad. This kind of experience is similar to Ma Shuo's swift horse, and the corresponding sentence is: We were just humiliated by slaves and died in a low valley.

(19) The sentence that Bole played a decisive role in the fate of Maxima is: there is Bole in the world, and then there is Maxima.

Writing background:

Ma Shuo was written in the 11th and 16th years of Zhenyuan (795-800). At that time, Han Yu entered the official career, which was very disappointing. He wrote to the Prime Minister for help three times, "but his ambition is not clear"; "How to talk to people (gatekeepers) with three feet and a door". Nevertheless, he declared that he was "concerned about the country and the people" and would not hide in the mountains. Later, I attached myself to the curtain of Dong Jin, the ambassador of Xuanwu, and Zhang Jianfeng, the ambassador of Wuning, and I was unhappy, so I sighed that "Bole is not always there".

At the same time as Ma Shuo, there are also works of "Dragon Theory" (Miscellaneous Theory 1). The legend that dragons are used to describe sages and clouds are used to describe sages, and that "dragons hiss into clouds" and then "qi rides in the universe and the ocean is poor in the universe" shows that sages can't do without the appointment of sages, and sages can't do without their assistance, which can be regarded as a companion piece of Ma Shuo.

Related stories:

The Story of Bole and Maxima

Han Ming will go to see Chun Shen Jun and wait until March to see him again. Speaking of pawning, Chun Shen Jun is very happy. ..... Khan said, "Did you hear about the horse? A person's teeth are too good (can drive for several years) to go to Taihang by salt car. Toe sinking (same as "stretching"), knee breaking, tail chin (same as "sinking") (same as "skin") collapsing, juice splashing on the ground, white sweat exchange, middle squat delay (slow movement), and negative pole can not be installed. Bole got off the bus and cried. He took off his clothes (ramie woven clothes) and covered them. The horse will spray it (with "prone"), lift it up and make a sound, and make a sound to the sky. If it pays gold, why do it? He regards Bole as a bosom friend. ..... "From" The Warring States Policy, Chu Ce IV "

Appreciate Ma Shuo (Wu Xiaoru)

Han Yu was a master of prose in Tang Dynasty and a poet who had a great influence on writers in Song Dynasty. People talk a lot about his "poetry as poetry" (writing poetry in prose), but seldom pay attention to his more prominent feature "poetry as text" The so-called "writing with poetry" refers to writing prose with poetic and lasting appeal characteristics, that is to say, poetizing prose (but this does not mean the new style of "prose poetry" introduced from the west). We say that prose is poetic, or that prose is poetic, and it is not limited to writing natural scenery, lyric sketches, typical characterization of characters and artistic description of events; On the contrary, you can also use the mood and charm of poetry to write reasoning or comments. One of the characteristics of Han Yu's prose is here.

It is said that Bole was a native of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is good at watching horses and distinguishing what a swift horse is. This was originally a character in a story told by a man named Han Ming to Chun Huang Xie in The Warring States Policy and Chu Ce. This story may be an ancient legend, or it may be a fable made up by Han Ming with art. The allusions of Bole have been quoted by Han Yu many times (see his Preface to the Letter of Recommendation, Sending the Text to the River and Yang), which shows that Han Yu has great feelings for Bole's story of identifying a swift horse due to the ups and downs of his own fate. But to be fair, his Ma Shuo is the best one, and readers like to read it because it is written like a poem.

One of the main characteristics of poetry is to resort to thinking in images, and its creative techniques are often based on metaphor. Of course, a good poem is always more subtle and tortuous than prose, with endless aftertaste. From the perspective of common sense, a reasoning essay is basically based on logical thinking. Ma Shuo by Han Yu is definitely a reasoned essay, but it is like a fable, but it is not a fable. Using metaphor to reason can not directly expose the arguments held, let alone impose personal views on readers. The whole article almost describes the experience of a swift horse through image thinking, presenting only living facts but omitting the pen and ink to tell the truth, which can be said to be the writing of poetry. More skillfully, the author uses the indispensable function words (auxiliary words, exclamations and conjunctions) in ancient Chinese, which embodies the interest and artistic conception of lyric poetry. Although we read it as an essay, it is like a lyric poem that is fully developed. This technique of "writing with poetry" began with Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (no one ever admitted that Sima Qian was a poet) and was further developed by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi (especially Ouyang Xiu) reached a new height in the Song Dynasty. This is a new topic that we should pay attention to when we study the history of China literature and classical prose.

The first sentence of the article is the major premise: "There is Bole and then there is a swift horse." But this proposition itself is illogical. Because of his sense of determination, Bole's knowledge and experience in treating horses well must be obtained from a large number of swift horses in society (or nature) and then gradually summarized. So in the past, some people thought that Han Yu's sentence was putting the cart before the horse and idealism. We don't deny that according to the principle of materialism, his judgment is wrong. But taking it as the language of poetry, it is a thought-provoking epigram and a famous saying full of emotion. Because there are too few people in the world who have the knowledge and skills of Bole. So the author immediately points out the main idea from the front below, and there is no room to pour out the infinite grievances of Maxima. It is precisely because "Bole is rare" that many swift horses not only can't find an average herdsman, but are "humiliated only by slaves" and suffer a lot from ignorant villains. What is even more distressing is that these BMWs actually died in pairs. The unfortunate and painful ending they suffered is indescribable. Of course, the result is even less satisfactory. No one calls these valuable gods swift horses, and their deaths are naturally meaningless. The phrase "not a thousand miles" means that no one sympathizes with them, let alone expresses regret, regret and regret for their death. From the surface of the article, the author has done quite thoroughly; In fact, I don't know how much bitterness and pain there are, but it seems unrestrained, but its connotation is very rich. In fact, it is implicit (saying that his writing is graceful and restrained may be unacceptable to readers, but the author really didn't finish it). This is really a lyric poem.

The author focuses on the contradiction between "horse eater" and swift horse, and compares it, which not only writes the anguish of swift horse, but also writes the ignorance and domineering of those who don't know the real talent and practical learning. Maxima is useless when no one creates favorable objective conditions for it; Or although I want to show my strengths, I have nowhere to make it, even to the point where I can't make it. In this way, it can't even compare with an ordinary horse. How does it realize its special function of traveling thousands of miles every day? Therefore, its treatment is naturally not as good as that of a "regular horse", and it is not surprising that it was humiliated to death and will not attract people's attention. Not only that, even such a swift horse can't compare with "Changma", because it can't do its duty faithfully, it will be greatly blamed and punished, and it is often beaten innocently ("the policy doesn't go its own way", so it is unreasonable to beat it), and of course the treatment is even worse ("food can't make the best use of everything"). On the surface, the "horse eater" is not Bole and does not understand horse language; But there is a meaning in the bones that it is useless for people without talent to complain to those ignorant and overbearing rulers.

At this point, the author still seems to feel that he is not thirsty enough, so he continues to make a further description from the aspect of "people", with the meaning of "singing without understanding its meaning" This not only makes the article more vivid and profound, but also shows the author's more angry feelings. The author did not immediately condemn this "man" as blind as a bat and ignorant of horses. Instead, let him pretend that he doesn't understand this swift horse, and sighed with compassion: "There is no horse in the world!" " In other words, such "people" are still self-righteous in their subjective motives. It's not that he doesn't want to select talents. It's not that he doesn't have the heart to seek and use talents. Unfortunately, there are too few talents to find. "Where will there be real talents in the world?" Obviously, there is something wrong with "people" subjectively, but it pushes the formation of this situation to the unsatisfactory and unsatisfactory objective conditions. At present, a swift horse is humiliated to pieces, but laments that there is no horse in the world, thinking that people are not as good as "regular horses". This is not only a wonderful irony, but also an extremely severe and intense theory. At this point, the article has been written naturally, and the author just stood up and pointed out the topic, ending with the following three sentences of "alas", sharply proposing the contradiction between "no horse" and "no horse" ("no horse" is a congenital natural defect, and "no horse" is a man-made crime the day after tomorrow), forming a climax, which is extremely depressing and frustrating. The ancients said that the Yangtze River is majestic, and this concise and concentrated method is the result of Han Yu's writing. Of course, we can't help but be overwhelmed by the author's ups and downs and sad feelings, but we can't help but admire his concise pen and ink.