In ancient times, it generally referred to the ethnic minorities outside the Central Plains of China.

Descendants of modern barbarians:

About the Northern and Southern Dynasties, some "Mo Yeyi" moved south to Binchuan County, Yunnan Province, and set up "Yue Yan Zhao". barbaric

"The more you analyze, the more letters you write. This is also called grinding some letters. The clan lives in Binju (now Binchuan, Yunnan), and the old state is also analyzed. " In 737 (the 25th year of Tang Kaiyuan), Nanzhao and Yueyanzhao merged, and some people who moved south were forced to move back to Yanyuan and Yanbian. "Run over some barbarians" lives in a place where there are many cattle and sheep. One family has sheep, and both men and women are dressed in sheepskin. It shows that their animal husbandry production is relatively developed, otherwise it is impossible to have sheep in every family. Its "vulgar like drinking" and making wine for food also show that their agriculture has developed on a considerable scale. Due to the different natural environment, the economic and cultural development of "Moyman" living in various places is obviously different. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, some people "risked by the river, and the chiefs were connected with each other, and they were not in harmony with each other", with the forest village as the unit and the chiefs as the leader, and the tribal boundaries were still not broken; Some grinding people are "good at riding crossbows, diligent in business life, and have a light diet" and live a hunting life; Some people gnash their teeth and say, "Men shave their heads and braid their hair, while women wear felt hats and wear the same clothes as bloggers." Deeply influenced by Bai nationality; Some grind people. "Close to the city, its simplicity. Both men and women know that cotton cloth and linen are clothes, barnyard grass is capital, and selling boards is a career. " Everyone who goes to school knows the clothes of their peers. "Influenced by the advanced economy and culture of the Han nationality, their development level has reached a higher level. Especially after "returning home", the direct contact between the Mo people in Lijiang and the Han people is more frequent, and their economic and cultural life tends to be consistent with that of the Han people. In addition, some people are also very good at hand-making, "you can make strong armor and sharp blades." "The iron sword they made is extremely sharp," referring to no hole "; The yak tail hat is "beyond the reach of an arrow". The above situation continued until modern times.

2. Stylistic common sense of classical Chinese

Summary of knowledge points

1. Theory is a genre of ancient prose. From the content point of view, style can describe things, explain things and make comments; Most of them are about one thing and a discussion, which requires the author's profound views on a certain problem. This kind of "theory", its narration and discussion are all to show the author's views on a certain problem or phenomenon in social life. Essentially, it belongs to a style of argumentative writing, which is similar to modern essays or essays. In junior high school, I learned Ma Shuo, speaking and borrowing books.

Table is a special style in ancient China. In ancient times, courtiers wrote letters to the monarch with various names. The Warring States period was collectively referred to as "book", and "book" was the general name of letters and opinions. In the Han dynasty, this writing method was divided into four subcategories: chapter, performance, speech and discussion. Liu Xie wrote in Wen Xin Diao Long. The chapter table reads: "Zhang Xie-en, with scattered play, expression, discussion of differences." It can be seen that the main function of table is to express the loyalty and hope of courtiers to the monarch, and "moving with emotion" is a basic feature of this style. In addition, this style also has its own special format, such as saying "what did I say" at the beginning, and often saying "I'm afraid, I nod my head and die" at the end. Our junior high school textbooks choose examples from Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's Watch", that is, "Table".

3. Preface, also called "preface", "preface" and "introduction", is an article placed before a book or text. In ancient times, another kind of preface was farewell speech, which was called "the preface of giving words", and its content was mostly words of praise, emphasis or encouragement to the relatives and friends given. For example, Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang is a gift preface written by the author to his hometown. There is also a preface written in front of a poem, called "preface to a poem", which tells more about the content of the story or the source of the poem, such as Su Shi's Mink Head. "When is the bright moon?" was ordered: "Chen Bing Mid-Autumn Festival, drunk, drunk, writing this article, pregnant." This preface explains the origin and process of lyrics.

4. It became a style to engrave ancient words on articles to warn yourself or state achievements. Generally, rhyme is used, the form is short, the text is concise, and the content contains praise and warning. What we have learned is Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription.

5. Documentary is an ancient prose genre. "Remember" in classical Chinese is equivalent to the form of "remember" in modern Chinese. For example, "Little Stone Pond" means "Little Stone Pond", which describes the whereabouts and scenery of visiting Little Stone Pond. Most of these articles are travel notes, which are prose genres used to describe travel experiences, political life, social features, customs, mountains and rivers, and places of interest. Followed by some ordinary narrative prose or "miscellaneous notes" (including such as "Peach"

Preface to Hua Yuan Ji). In addition to the above two articles, we also studied Yueyang Tower, Zuiweng Pavilion, Man Jing's Travels and Nuclear Ship.

6. Pass an article about your life. Generally speaking, most of them describe the life stories of people who are more influential and outstanding in history. Narration, description and other methods are often used to express the life style of characters. This style is used in history books. Generally written by others, such as Zhang Hengchuan. , but also write their own biographies, such as Tao Yuanming's biography of Mr.

7. Books are letters, and letters of the ancients were also called "books" or "letters". They are an applied style. They record many things and express their feelings. The literary functions of Yi Yu are varied: it can express feelings, such as Sima Qian's Letter from Renan and Lin Juemin's Letter from His Wife; You can also write landscapes, such as Wu Jun's "With Zhu Yishu"; You can write personal events and feelings, such as Ji Kang's Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan. You can also pay homage to dignitaries, encourage later learning, and form a unique tradition of calligraphy and prose. These letters are beautifully laid out and of high quality.

3. Classical Chinese, literary common sense

believe

Letters and gifts

The first book: Chinese book, the official title of the Southern Dynasties.

The second book, Letters, is a style.

So we know that "Thank you for writing a book" is a letter written by Tao Hongjing to Xie Zhongshu.

Books are letters, and ancient books are also called "letters" or "letters", which is an applied style. However, China's applied style has never rejected the aesthetic literary attribute, especially the integration of letters, and China's ancient lyric prose began with letters. The combination of practicality and aesthetics of letters is perfect. Letters of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties focus on practicality, and most scholars have no intention of writing them as aesthetic works. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, in the works of some literati, the practical function of letters was obviously weakened and the aesthetic expression was strengthened day by day. Some letters are intentionally written as pure literary works (see the preface to China's Letters Literature History by Zhan). Yi Yu has various literary functions and can be lyrical, such as Sima Qian's Letter from Renan and Lin Juemin's Letter from His Wife. You can also write landscapes, such as Wu Jun's "A Book with Song and Yuan Dynasties"; You can write personal events and feelings, such as Ji Kang's Breaking Up with the Mountain Gathering Source, you can also talk about literature, such as Cao Pi's With the Quality of Martial Arts, you can also talk about politics, such as Ouyang Xiu's Book of Raising Officials through Going to the Sea, and you can also visit dignitaries to encourage them to study in the future, which has formed a unique tradition of writing. Like other styles, Ju Chi also pays attention to the layout and quality of articles. In addition, letters are not always marked with the word "book", such as Su Shi's Yuzidi and Answering Qin Taixu.

4. Common sense of China classical literature in high school.

1. The literature from ancient China to Qin Shihuang's unification of China (22 BC1year) is called pre-Qin literature.

Myth existed before the invention of writing. Myth is full of rich imagination and is the source of China's romantic literature.

3. The most popular myths in China are "Goddess of mending the sky", "Houyi shooting at the sun", "Jingwei filling the sea" and "Goddess of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon".

4. Shangshu is the earliest collection of historical documents in China, and it is said that it was edited by Confucius.

5. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, including 305 pieces of music from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period.

6. The Songs of Chu was compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty, which included the poems of Qu Yuan and Song Yu. Because of its Chu voice, it is called Chu Ci, which has a far-reaching influence on later literary creation.

7. Qu Yuan is a great patriotic poet in China, and Li Sao is his masterpiece.

8. "Xiu Yuan is a long way to go, and I will go up and down" is a famous sentence in Qu Yuan's Lisao.

9. Pre-Qin prose refers to the prose in the pre-Qin period, which is divided into historical prose and various schools of thought prose. Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy are the representatives of historical prose in the pre-Qin period. The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mozi and Zhuangzi are the representatives of pre-Qin hundred schools of thought.

10, Zuo Zhuan is China's first narrative historical work, which has made great achievements in history, literature and language.

1 1. The Analects of Confucius is a documentary collection of essays, which recorded the words and deeds of Confucius and his students and was written by Confucius' students. This Confucian classic has a great influence on China culture.

12, "Isn't it a pleasure to have friends from afar?" (It's a great pleasure to have friends from afar) "Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you" (don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you), which is a famous saying in The Analects of Confucius.

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