History midterm review outline for the first semester of the second year of junior high school

Unit 1 The Origin of Chinese Civilization

Lesson 1 Ancient Humans of the Motherland

1. Humans evolved from ancient apes.

2. The earliest ancient human discovered so far in my country: Yuanmou Man discovered in Yunnan Province about 1.7 million years ago.

3. Beijing Man lived about 700,000 years ago to 200,000 years ago, its frontal bones were low and flat, its brow bones were thick, and its mouth was extended forward.

It retained some of the characteristics of apes. Rough stone tools are used, and natural fire is used.

Lesson 2 Primitive Farming Life

1. Two representatives of my country’s primitive farming life:

Primitive humans

Since the present Time

Discovery location

Production activities

Production tools

Housing

Original residents of Hemudu

About seven thousand years ago

Yangtze River Basin

Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province

Planting rice

Raising livestock

Ground stone tools

Dry stilt houses

Banpo original inhabitants

About five to six thousand years ago

Yellow River Basin

Shaanxi

Xi'an Banpo

Planting millet and vegetables, raising pigs and dogs; fishing and hunting

Grinding stone tools

Semi-underground house

2. Our country was the first to grow rice and millet in the world

Lesson 3 The Ancestors of the Chinese Nation

1. Why do the Chinese nation often proudly call themselves “descendants of Yan and Huang”?

1. Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang are the first humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation: the tribe of Huangdi united with the tribe of Emperor Yan to defeat Chiyou in Zhuolu, and then formed an alliance. After long-term development, the Huaxia tribe was formed in the future. The Huaxia ethnic group is the predecessor of the Han ethnic group and the main body of the Chinese nation.

2. The culture of the Chinese nation is a cultural unity centered on the Huaxia ethnic group

Unit 2: The emergence of the state and social changes

Chapter Lesson 3: From the public world to the family world

1. The practice of democratically electing leaders of tribal alliances is called the abdication system (the leaders elected by the "abdication system" include Yao, Shun, and Yu.)

2. Dayu used the method of dredging to control the water. He passed through the house three times without entering, and he was successful in controlling the water.

3. The first country in Chinese history was Xia, and its founder was Qi. He replaced the abdication system with a hereditary system and turned the "public world" into a "family world".

Lesson 4: Society in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Era

1. The replacement of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

Dynasty

Establishment Time

Time of destruction

Capital city

Founding monarch

King of ruined country

Xia

< p> About 21st century BC

About 16th century BC

Jie

Shang

About 16th century BC

1046 BC

Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin

Zhou

Western Zhou

1046 BC

Destroyed by the Dog Rong in 771 BC

Haojing

King Wu of Zhou

Zhou King You

Eastern Zhou Dynasty

770 BC

Luoyi

King Ping of Zhou

2. The Shang Dynasty was The first dynasty in the history of our country that has been confirmed by unearthed texts. (Oracle Bone Inscriptions)

3. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty (purpose: to consolidate rule)

Content: ①The emperor distributed land and subjects to the nobles and made them princes. Historically, it was called "granting territory to the people"

②The obligations of the princes; guarding the territory, sending troops to serve the king, paying tribute and reporting duties at court

(3) Significance: To expand the Zhou Dynasty The rule of the Zhou Dynasty played an important role in strengthening the power of the Zhou royal family

Lesson 6 Shang Yang’s Reform and Social Reform

1. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

2. The five hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period are: Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xiang of Song, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, and King Zhuang of Chu

3. Duke Huan of Qi is appointed, with the slogan "respect the king and resist the barbarians". Be the first to dominate.

4. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, King Gou Jian of Yue and King Fu Cha of Wu also went north to compete for hegemony

5. Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County in the State of Qin, built the famous water conservancy project Dujiangyan on the Minjiang River in the Chengdu Plain

Significance: Dujiangyan eliminated floods, irrigated large areas of farmland, and turned the Chengdu Plain into fertile farmland

6 .The first country to implement reforms during the Warring States Period was Wei.

7． Shang Yang's Reform

In 356 BC, Shang Yang launched a reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.

Content: (1) Encourage farmers to reclaim wasteland to produce food and cloth. Those who have more cloth can be exempted from corvee service; (2) Abolish the hereditary privileges of the nobility and reward those who have meritorious service in war; (3) Establish a county system: The monarch directly sent officials to govern; (4) Shang Yang also established household registration to strengthen control over the people.

Influence: The Qin State became the most prosperous and powerful country in the late Warring States Period, laying the foundation for the Qin State to unify the whole country. The first country to implement reforms during the Warring States Period was Wei, and the one with the greatest results was Qin.

Unit 3 The Establishment of a Unified Country

Lesson 8 The Unification of Qin:

1. Qin Shihuang Yingzheng destroyed the six kingdoms in 221 BC and established The first feudal dynasty in Chinese history. Capital: Xianyang

Significance: It ended the long-term situation of division and melee since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created a new situation of unity, which is in line with the historical trend and is conducive to the people's living and working in peace and contentment. Since then, unification has always been the mainstream of China's historical development.

2. Measures to consolidate unification:

1. Politically: Create an authoritarian centralized system. Qin Shihuang established a prime minister, a Taiwei, and a Yushi doctor in the central government to take charge of political affairs respectively. Military and supervisory officials must obey the emperor's orders absolutely. A system of prefectures and counties was established in the local area, and the chiefs of prefectures and counties were directly appointed and removed by the emperor. Impact: It has been used in our country for more than two thousand years and has had a profound impact on Chinese history.

2. Economically: unified currency (using round money with square holes), weights and measures and rails. Impact: It has an extremely important impact on promoting economic and cultural exchanges in various places and maintaining national unity

3. Culturally: unifying the written language, burning books and humiliating Confucians. (The impact of burning books and entrapping Confucianism: destroyed culture and restricted people's thinking.)

4 Military: Build the Great Wall in the north to defend against the Huns.

5. Overall: The Qin Dynasty had a vast territory and became the first unified multi-ethnic centralized state in the history of our country.

★ Qin Shihuang commented: A very accomplished monarch in the history of our country. He ended the long-term situation of division and melee since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created a new situation of unity, which is in line with the historical trend and is beneficial to the people. Live and work in peace and contentment. But there was also a cruel side; he burned books and harassed Confucians, used clans to punish people, and even waited for severe punishments to torture the people, making the people bear heavy corvee labor. The overall merit outweighs the fault.

Lesson 9 The First Peasant Uprising

1. The manifestations of Qin’s tyranny are:

1. Burning books and humiliating Confucians; 2. Heavy corvee work and taxes (two-thirds were handed over, and the mausoleum and Afang Palace were built) 3. Cruel laws (the clans were punished and even sitting together) 4. The second generation was even more cruel (Zhao Gao "referred to a deer as a horse")

Influence : The tyranny of the Qin Dynasty seriously damaged the social economy, increased the people's burden and suffering, and aroused people's resistance.

2. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Uprising (rising)

1. The fundamental cause of Qin’s demise was Qin’s tyranny

2. The first peasant uprising in Chinese history The outbreak occurred in 209 BC; the location of the uprising: Daze Township; the leader was Chen Hesheng and Wu Guang

3. The demise of the Qin Dynasty

1. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu died in Julu The main force of the Qin army was defeated in the battle. (Burning the cauldron and sinking the boat)

2. In 206 BC, Liu Bang captured Xianyang, marking the demise of the Qin Dynasty.

Lesson 10 Recuperation and the Governance of Wenjing

1. After the death of Qin, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought a four-year Chu-Han War (206 BC - ---202 BC). As a result, Liu Bang won.

2. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty with its capital in Chang'an, which was known as the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu Bang was the emperor of the Han Dynasty. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the situation of civilian generals and prime ministers was formed.

3. Liu Bang learned the lesson from the death of Qin II, accepted the suggestion of Lu Jia (Lu Jia wrote the book "New Accounts"), and implemented the policy of recuperation and recuperation.

4. The content of Liu Bang’s policy of recuperation: it was announced that all military officers and soldiers who retired and returned to farming would be allocated land and houses according to their military merits or exempted from corvee service for a certain number of years; people who fled the mountains and rivers due to the war were released as civilians; Land rent will be reduced and the tax rate will be set at one tax per fifteen.

5. The content of Wenjing’s rule; (1). The corvee was light and the tax was light, and the tax of fifteen was changed to tax of thirty. Use civilian power with caution and change service from once a year to once every three years. (2) Reduce the criminal law. Emperor Wen abolished the method of continuous sitting and corporal punishment of mutilation of limbs. During the reign of Emperor Jing, the punishment of flogging was reduced.

6. During the reign of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing, a situation was formed in which officials were at ease with their officials and the people were happy with their jobs. This was known in history as the "Government of Wen and Jing"

★ Related idioms: Xiangzhuang Sword Dance , intended to be about Pei Gong, Chu River and Han Dynasty, embarrassment on all sides, Farewell My Concubine and other stories: Hongmen Banquet

Lesson 11 Consolidation of a Unified Country

1.. The Western Han Dynasty was the most powerful country during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty .

2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty’s measures to consolidate the country:. Military: 1. Attack the Xiongnu in the north (from 127 BC to 119 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Xiongnu in the north) 2. Establish a county in Hexi 3. Develop the southwestern barbarians 4. Set up administrative agencies to manage the Northeast. Economically: 1. Waste half a tael of money and cast it into five baht coins (this is the beginning of central coinage). 2. To construct water conservancy projects, dig Liufu Canal and Bai Canal on the Zhengguo Canal. Manage the Yellow River. Culturally: 1. "Supreme respect for Confucianism" (proposed by Dong Zhongshu, from then on Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal culture) 2. Rewriting the classics 3. Establishing Taixue (the highest institution of learning in ancient China).

3. In Chinese history, the chronology of era names began with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty achieved great unification and entered its heyday. This was also the first heyday of China's feudal era.

Lesson 12 The Rise and Fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty

1. The Eastern Han Dynasty was founded in 25 AD, and its capital was Luoyang. Founding Emperor: Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu.

2. The ruling measures of Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu are: (1) Rule the world with Jiujitsu (book page 60) (2). Pay attention to the rule of law, build a royal library, expand the scale of Taixue, and County-level Chinese studies were established locally.

3. During the reign of Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu, the society showed stability and prosperity, which is called "Guangwu Zhongxing" in history.

Lesson 13 Han’s Sino-foreign exchanges

1. Zhang Qian’s passage to the Western Regions

1. In the Western Han Dynasty, the Western Regions included Gansu Province to the west of Yumenguan and Yangguan and to the east of Congling , today the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are collectively called the Western Regions.

2. Zhang Qian’s first mission to the Western Regions: 138 BC (Purpose: to contact the Dayue clan and attack the Xiongnu)

3. The Western Regions Protectorate was established during the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty ( This marks the beginning of the present-day Xinjiang region being subordinated to the central government and becoming an integral part of China)

4. The historical significance of Zhang Qian’s passage to the Western Regions is: (1) The Western Han Dynasty has closer ties with the Western Regions, which has promoted the development of the Han nationality and the Western Regions. economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups. (2), laying the foundation for the opening of the Silk Road. (3) Strengthened the centralization of power in the Western Han Dynasty.

5. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Ming sent Dou Gu to attack the Xiongnu in the north in 73 years. In the same year, he sent Ban Chao to envoy to the Western Regions; in 74 years, he resettled the Western Regions Protector.

2. The Silk Road (named after mainly transporting silk to the West)

1. China’s silk and silk fabrics travel from Chang’an to the west, through the Hexi Corridor, and across Xinjiang , transported to Parthia (ancient Persia), and then transported to West Asia and the European Qin Dynasty (ancient Rome). This is the "Silk Road". At the same time, rare treasures from various countries in the Western Regions were imported into mainland China.

2. The birthplace of Buddhism is ancient India. It was introduced into China during the Han Dynasty. The first temple in China is the White Horse Temple.

Review outline for the first semester of seventh grade

Unit 4: Separation of political power and national integration

Lesson 15: Three Kingdoms

1. Cao Cao Reasons for unifying the north: Politically, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was moved to Xu, meritocracy was promoted, and talents were reused. Militaryly, the Battle of Guandu laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north

2. The Battle of Guandu

Situation: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords separated the country and production was severely damaged.

Time: 200 AD Battle parties: Yuan Shao VS Cao Cao

Result: Cao Cao defeated Yuan's army with a small number and defeated Yuan's army, laying the foundation for Cao Cao's unification of the north.

3. Battle of Chibi

Situation: Cao Cao basically unified the north and wanted to unify the country; Liu Bei and Sun Quan's forces in the south have developed.

Time: 208 AD Battle parties: Cao Cao VS Sun and Liu coalition forces

Result: Sun and Liu coalition forces defeated many with less, laying the foundation for the Three Kingdoms.

3. The formation of the Three Kingdoms

Country name

Time

Capital city

Founding monarch

Wei

Proclaimed emperor in 220 years

Luoyang

Cao Pi

Han

Proclaimed emperor in 221 years Emperor

Chengdu

Liu Bei

Proclaimed emperor in 229

Jianye

< p>Sun Quan

Four. Reasons for the economic development of the three countries;

Cao Wei practiced farming;

Shu: Zhuge Liang practiced farming; built the capital Jiangyan, promoted wooden cows and horses, and implemented In the official camp of Yantie, he captured and manipulated Meng Huo seven times politically, and convinced the ethnic minorities in southwest China.

Wu State: The shipbuilding industry was developed. In 230, Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to Yizhou (now Taiwan), which strengthened the connection between the mainland and Taiwan.

Lesson 16 The Development of the Southern Economy

The Six Dynasties of Jiangnan refers to Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen. Capital: Jianjian (today's Nanjing)

Two routes of population migration southward; the western route entered the Bashu region, the eastern route entered the Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions, and the middle route entered the two lakes and Jiangxi regions.

The reasons for the economic development of Jiangnan in the Third and Sixth Dynasties:

① The Jiangnan area has superior conditions for the development of agriculture.

②The population migrating south brought labor force and advanced production technology. (Main reason)

③There are fewer wars in Jiangnan and the society is relatively stable.

The economic development performance of Jiangnan in the Fourth and Sixth Dynasties: 1. Agriculture; ① A large amount of wasteland was reclaimed into farmland. ②Many water conservancy projects were built. ③Progress in agricultural technology: Green manure began to be used, and cattle farming and manure were promoted.

2. Handicraft industry: During the Six Dynasties, the focus of the silk weaving industry shifted from north to south.

3. Commercial aspects: Commercial cities emerged, including Jingkou, Wujun, Yuhang, Guangzhou and Mao County.

4. Maritime trade: The origin of the Maritime Silk Road in the Song and Yuan Dynasties can be traced back to the Six Dynasties period

The impact of the economic development of Jiangnan in the Fifth and Six Dynasties: laid the foundation for the gradual shift of the economic center of gravity southward foundation.

Lesson 17: The Great Integration of Northern Ethnic Groups

1. The Unification of the North

1. During the 270 years from the Western Jin Dynasty to the unification of the Sui Dynasty, the period before the establishment of the Di people The Northern Wei Dynasty established by the Qin and Xianbei people once unified the Yellow River Basin. 2. National exchanges and national struggles are intertwined, but national integration is the mainstream of historical development.

2. Reforms for great national integration——Reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty

Measures: Empress Dowager Feng: Politically: Centralize power, implement the "three-chief system", and implement economically "Equal land system".

Emperor Xiaowen: 1. Move the capital to Luoyang; (The fundamental purpose and reason is to strengthen the rule of the Central Plains.)

Sinicization policy: change the official system; learn Chinese; ban Hu clothing; allow marriage ;Change surname.

3. The historical significance of these measures taken by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty: they followed the historical trend and promoted the "fusion of Hu and Han".

4. The manifestations (characteristics) of the great integration of ethnic groups: 1. The Hu people wear Han clothes, the Han people eat different food, and the Han people change the custom of sitting on the floor. 2. "North-South exchanges" and "North-South exchanges."

5. The historical significance of the great ethnic integration: 1. The idea of ??great unification is not only deeply rooted in the hearts of the Han people, but also the ethnic minorities who have entered the Central Plains accept this view; 2. The great ethnic integration has contributed to the development of the Chinese nation Injecting fresh blood, it finally created a new atmosphere of openness and prosperity in the Tang Dynasty.

Unit 5 Ancient Science and Technology and Culture

Lesson 19 The Evolution of Writing

1. The germination of Chinese writing was half a millennium and a half century ago. The symbols engraved on the pottery unearthed in Wenkou are also the prototype of primitive writing.

2. The earliest writing in Chinese history is the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty.

3. Xu Shen, a litterateur in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote "Shuowen Jiezi", which summarized four methods for the construction of Chinese characters: pictograms, referring to things, knowing meanings and pictophonetic sounds.

4. The evolution process of Chinese characters is: oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, small seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script and running script.

Lesson 20 Bronze Casting Tripod

1. The prosperous period of bronze casting was the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

2. The raw materials for casting bronze are: copper, tin and lead.

3. The types and uses of bronze vessels are: wine vessels, food vessels, weapons, musical instruments, and production tools

Lesson 21: Hundreds of Scholars

School

Period

Representative figures

Writings

Ideological content

Confucianism

Spring and Autumn Period

Confucius

"The Analects of Confucius"

Political thought - advocating that "the Tao is based on virtue, and the harmony is based on etiquette", that is, "benevolence" and etiquette.

Education quotes: Learn and practice from time to time, review the old and learn the new, know what you know and don’t know what you don’t know, learn without thinking, you will be in vain, think without learning, you will be in danger.

Warring States Period

Mencius

Political thought - advocating "benevolent government" and advocating that the people should be valued above the emperor.

Famous aphorism: The weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the people. Wealth and honor cannot be lascivious, poverty and lowliness cannot be moved, and power cannot bend.

Taoism

Spring and Autumn Period

Laozi

"Tao Te Ching"

Thoughts: 1. Laozi has dialectical thinking : Everything has its opposites, and the two opposite sides can transform into each other (the story of a blessing in disguise, extreme joy begets tragedy, success and failure). 2. Advocating governance by inaction

Famous aphorisms: When misfortunes come, blessings depend on them; when blessings come, misfortunes fall upon them.

Legalism

Han Feizi

Advocates that history develops forward, and this life is better than the past; advocates the rule of law and Establish a feudal state with an autocratic monarchy and centralized power.

Famous aphorisms: Don’t avoid ministers when punishing people for wrongdoing, and don’t avoid ordinary people when rewarding good deeds.

Summary: 1. Confucianism began when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "exclusively respected Confucianism", and the entire feudal society regarded Confucianism as orthodox thought. 2. Laozi’s idea of ??governing by doing nothing was adopted by Liu Bang, the founder of the Han Dynasty. 3. Han Feizi’s ideas were adopted by Qin Shihuang.

Lesson 22 Culture and Art

1. Today we eat rice dumplings and race dragon boats to commemorate the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan of Chu who lived in the Warring States Period. His "Chu Ci", Praise for the ages.

2. Sima Qian was a famous historian in the Western Han Dynasty. The book "Historical Records" compiled by him is the first biographical general history of our country, recording more than 3,000 years of history from the legendary Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Evaluation: Historical Records "do not conceal beauty, nor hide evil". Lu Xun called it "the swan song of historians, a rhymeless Li Sao".

3. Wang Xizhi, the calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was called the "Sage of Calligraphy" by later generations, praising his calligraphy as "floating like floating clouds, as powerful as a frightening dragon" and ranked first in the world in running script.

4. Gu Kaizhi, a painter of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, advocated "using form to describe spirit, and having both form and spirit". He created a kind of dense and smooth lines, like spring silkworms spinning silk and flowing water.

5. my country's sculpture art originated from primitive society, represented by the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang and the Dunhuang, Yungang and Longmen Grottoes in the Northern Dynasties.

Lesson 23 Science and Technology (Part 1)