Einstein's speech on "Mourning Marie Curie": "When a noble figure like Madame Curie ends her life, we should not just be satisfied with recalling the contribution made by her work to mankind. The significance of first-class figures to the times and historical process may be greater than simple intellectual achievements in terms of moral quality. Even the latter depends on the degree of personality, which may exceed what is usually thought. " "I am fortunate to have a lofty and sincere friendship with Madame Curie for 20 years. I admire her great personality more and more. Her strength, the purity of her will, the strictness of her self-discipline, her objectivity and her fair judgment-all these are rarely concentrated on one person. She always realizes that she is a public servant of society. She is very modest and never complacent. Because of the harshness and unfairness of society, her mood is always depressed. This makes her have that kind of serious appearance, and it is easy for people who are not close to her to misunderstand-this is a rare seriousness that no artistic temperament can escape. Once she realizes that a certain road is right, she will go on stubbornly without compromise. " She has achieved the greatest scientific achievement in her life-proving the existence of radioactive elements and separating them, not only by her bold intuition, but also by her enthusiasm and tenacity in working under unimaginable extreme difficulties, which is rare in the history of experimental science. Photos of her life before her death (8 photos) Even if a small part of Madame Curie's moral strength and enthusiasm exists among European intellectuals, Europe will face a brighter future.
Edit the introduction of this paragraph.
Original name:
Marie Sklodowska Curie (Polish: Maria Sklodowska Curie)
introduce
Marie Curie (1867.1.7—1934.7.4) was born in Poland. She is a French physicist and chemist. As a world-famous scientist, she studied radioactive phenomena and discovered two natural radioactive elements, radium and polonium. Known as the "mother of radium", she won the Nobel Prize twice in her life (first in physics and second in chemistry). In the process of studying radium, it took her and her husband three years and nine months to extract 0. 1g radium from several tons of slag. But in the middle of the year, her husband was crushed to death under the wheel of a horse. As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression. 1937 The Biography of Madame Curie published by my second daughter greatly influenced the world's understanding of Madame Curie. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life. She can also tell Madame Curie.
Every gram of radium in the world is her most outstanding place! 1934 died of leukemia! Until 40 years after her death, there were still rays in her used notebook!
Edit this character's life.
be born
Mary was born in Warsaw, Poland on 1867. Due to Russian aggression, Curie was always tired of oppressive education. After graduating from high school, I suffered from mental illness for a year. Because she is a woman, she can't continue her studies in any Russian or Polish university, so she has been a tutor for several years. Both Mary and her sister dream of studying in France. My sister has saved some money for studying abroad, but the money is only enough to study in France for one year. In order to realize her and her sister's dream, Mary proposed to her sister. I will be a tutor to provide her with funds for school, and then I will prepare funds for her to study abroad when her sister graduates and finds a job. For the dream of studying abroad, Mary worked as a tutor for 8 years. Eight years of indelible dreams have finally come true. With the support of her sister, she came to Paris to study mathematics and physics in Sor-bonne (the old name of Paris University). After four years of hard work, Mary obtained two master's degrees in physics and mathematics from the University of Paris. There, she became the first female lecturer in the school. First love At this time, Mary's parting thoughts may also contain the hidden pain of first love. She once worked with Kazimierz, the young master of her tutor's family. Orawski) fell in love. This handsome and clever man later became a famous mathematician and was related to Mary's family. However, Zoroski's family despises Mary, a poor relative, and strongly opposes this relationship. Mary lost a lot because of this. It was not until she finally received Zolasky's breakup letter that Mary packed up her broken heart and left the motherland. "Those days were very difficult, and it was the most sad moment in my life. The only thing I can remember is that I still hold my head high and quit gloriously. " Now should we be grateful for this unsuccessful relationship? If Mary hadn't left Poland and met her later soul mate pierre curie, our understanding of science might not be like this.
Teachers are also lovers.
Maria met another lecturer pierre curie, her later husband, at the University of Paris. 1895, she married pierre curie, who taught at the Paris Institute of Industrial Physical Chemistry. 1897, her eldest daughter Ilyina was born in the autumn. The two of them often study radioactive materials together, mainly pitchblende, because the total radioactivity of this ore is stronger than that of the uranium it contains. 1898, the curies put forward a logical inference to this phenomenon: pitchblende must contain some unknown radioactive component, which is much more radioactive than uranium. On February 26th, 65438, Madame Curie announced the idea of the existence of this new substance. 1898, French physicist AntoineHenriBecquerel discovered that uranium-containing substances can emit a mysterious ray, but failed to reveal the mystery of this ray. Mary and her husband Pierrecurie shared the task of studying this radiation. They separated and analyzed pitchblende under extremely difficult conditions, and finally found two new elements in July 1898 and February 12. To commemorate her native Poland, she named one element polonium and the other element radium, which means "radioactive substance". In order to prepare pure radium compounds, it took Madame Curie another four years to extract 100 mg of radium chloride from several tons of pitchblende residue, and the relative atomic mass of radium was preliminarily determined to be 225. This simple figure embodies the hard work and sweat of the Curie couple.
doctor's degree
Madame Curie
1In June, 903, Madame Curie took "Research on Radioactive Substances" as her doctoral thesis and obtained a doctorate in physics from the University of Paris. In June165438+1October of the same year, the Curies were awarded the David Gold Medal by the Royal Society. In February 65438, they and Bekkerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics with 1903. In the following years, the Curies continued to refine the radioactive components in pitchblende. After unremitting efforts, they finally succeeded in separating radium chloride and found two new chemical elements: polonium (po) and radium (lei). Because of the discovery and research of radioactivity, the Curies and henry beck Rael jointly won the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics, and Madame Curie became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in history. Eight years later, 19 1 1 year, Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for successfully separating radium. Unexpectedly, after winning the Nobel Prize, Madame Curie did not apply for a patent for the method of refining pure radium, but made it public, which effectively promoted the development of radiology. Madame Curie had an affair with her husband's former student paul langevin in her later years, which caused a lot of trouble in France. 19 1 1 In the headline "Love Story: Madame Curie and Professor Lang Zhiwan" of Paris News on June 5438+0 1 day, it was widely rumored that Pierre was alive and Lang Wan Zhi had close contacts with Madame Curie. Einstein's view on this matter is that if you love each other, no one can control it. He wrote a letter to Madame Curie on123 October to express his comfort.
The first person to win two Nobel Prizes.
Madame Curie
Chinese is the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in history, and one of only two people to win Nobel Prizes in different fields. During the First World War, Madame Curie advocated the use of radiology to rescue the wounded, which promoted the application of radiology in the medical field. After that, she went to the United States on 192 1 to raise money for radiology research. Madame Curie died in Haute-Savoie, France, on July 4, 1934 due to excessive exposure to radioactive substances. Later, her eldest daughter, Elaine Joliot-Curie, won the 1935 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Her youngest daughter, Eve Curie, wrote a biography of Madame Curie after her mother died. During the inflation in the 1990s, Madame Curie's head appeared on Polish and French currency and stamps. The chemical element curium (Cm, 96) was named in memory of the Curie couple. Madame Curie wrote down my beliefs.
diligent and eager to learn knowledge
First of all, I entered the University of Paris through my diligent study. Marie Curie is the youngest of five daughters in her family, but she is also the cleverest. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with very limited income, and her mother is a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother has a serious infectious disease and is taken care of by her sister. Later, her mother and elder sister died when she was less than 12 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character since she was a child. Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and special hobbies. She never misses any learning opportunities easily, and shows tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. 15 years old, graduated from high school with a gold medal. Her father studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and her father's thirst for scientific knowledge and strong enterprising spirit also deeply influenced little Mary. She likes all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which filled her with fantasies. She was eager to explore the scientific world, but her family environment at that time did not allow her to go to college. /kloc-I began to be a long-term tutor at the age of 0/9, and at the same time I taught myself a lot of homework to prepare for my future study. In this way, until the age of 24, she finally came to study at the Faculty of Science of Paris University. With a strong thirst for knowledge, she listened carefully to every class. Hard study has made her worse and worse, but her academic performance has always been among the best, which not only envies her classmates, but also surprises her professors. Two years after entering school, she confidently took the Bachelor of Physics exam, and among the 32 candidates, she won the first place. The next year, she won a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the second place. At the beginning of 1894, Mary accepted the magnetic research project of various steels proposed by the national industrial revitalization Committee of the French Republic. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she met pierre curie, a teacher of Physical Chemistry School, who is an accomplished young scientist. The common will of "using science to benefit mankind" combines them together. After Mary got married, people addressed her as Madame Curie. 1896, Madame Curie finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. In the second year, she completed the research on the magnetism of various steels. However, she is not satisfied with her achievements, and she is determined to take the PhD exam and determine her own research direction. Stand at a new starting line.
Discover radium
Second, the light of radium 1896, becquerel, a physicist of the French Republic, published a work report, detailing the uranium element he discovered through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability, which can automatically and continuously emit an invisible ray, which is different from ordinary light and can make photographic negatives become sensitive through black paper. It is also different from Roentgen rays discovered by Roentgen, and there is no high vacuum. Uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This aroused the great interest of Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. From 65438 to 0897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances. This research project has brought her into a new scientific world. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, and discovered the radioactive element radium, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind. Third, the Curie couple who discovered radium with a golden mind.
Due to their amazing discovery, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in February 1903. Their scientific achievements are unparalleled, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune and most tired of those boring social parties. They devoted everything they had to the cause of science, without any selfish interests. After the successful extraction of radium, they were suggested to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune. Madame Curie said, "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions. "Besides, radium is good for patients, so we should not use it for profit. The Curies also donated their Nobel Prizes to others. [1] 1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie was in great pain. She is determined to redouble her efforts to realize their common scientific ambition. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University. From 1889 to 1904, they published 32 academic reports and recorded their exploration footprints in the field of radiation science. 19 10, Madame Curie finished the book Radioactivity Monograph. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. 19 1 1 Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 10 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!
Radium research institute
19 14, the institute of radium science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the institute. After that, she continued to teach at the university and engaged in the research of radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 50 years since 16. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, in order to provide for her sister's schooling, she was willing to work as a servant in someone else's house. During her study in Paris, she studied in the library every night in order to save fuel and heating costs, until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very expensive at that time. They saved up bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie donated radium, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 654.38+100,000 gold francs, to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment. 1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from the motherland since her youth and went to study in the French Republic. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia, and she hated the invaders. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the roots of polonium are the same as those of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia. For decades, Madame Curie has been engaged in the research of radioactive substances for a long time. Coupled with the harsh experimental environment and lack of strict protection for her body, she is often attacked by radioactive elements, which gradually damages her blood and causes leukemia. She also suffers from lung disease, eye disease, gallbladder disease, kidney disease and even insanity. In Madame Curie's view, scientific research is more important than her own health. In order to attend the World Physics Congress, she asked the doctor to postpone the kidney operation. She returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of the Radium Institute. She once endured the fear of blindness and stubbornly carried out scientific research. Until the last breath of her life, she was lying in bed with pernicious anemia and high fever. She still asked her daughter to report to her about the work in the laboratory and proofread the book Radioactivity for her. Madame Curie passed away on July 4th, 934. She devoted her whole life to the science she loved. 1July 4, 934, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science all her life, studied strongly radioactive materials fearlessly for a long time, and finally contributed her life to this science. She won a total of 10 famous awards including the Nobel Prize, and 16 medals awarded by international advanced academic institutions. Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 107 titles. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Albert Einstein, a great scientist, commented: "Among all the famous people, Marie Curie is the only one who has not been spoiled by fame!" Madame Curie is a representative of women.
An affair with Langevin.
Perhaps the biggest controversy in Madame Curie's life came from her affair with PaulLangevin. Langevin is a student of Pierre and an excellent physicist. Legend has it that he is indifferent to his wife, but he is deeply fascinated by Mary, who is still beautiful and moving. Various newspapers have hyped up the scandal. Out of xenophobia and because of the controversial stunt of "Little Three, a female scientist", the originally romantic and affectionate French people could not tolerate Mary and described her as a "Polish slut". This relationship is over. Many years later, Madame Curie's granddaughter married Langevin's grandson. When the scandal is gradually forgotten in the corner of history, what is left to the world now is that Madame Curie continues to work fearlessly and dejectedly with her independent and strong personality. After all, her outstanding scientific achievements have attracted worldwide attention, and her work without personal contribution has also benefited many people. Her technology was used to treat soldiers injured in World War I, and even all kinds of super-energy "radium" products, which claimed to keep young forever and prolong life, flooded the streets like today's "nano-products". In Madame Curie's laboratory, her daughter and son-in-law won the Nobel Prize of 1935 for discovering artificial radiation. After that, many scientists came here to work and tried to treat skin cancer and other diseases with radium separated by Madame Curie, and achieved many results. Until now, the Curie Institute is still an important cancer research institution. At Warsaw University of Technology in Poland, a sculpture of Mary stands. Zoroski, the first love of a famous math professor, sat quietly in front of this sculpture for countless times. Many years later, in order to commemorate the country's outstanding daughter, Warsaw built a research institute and museum in memory of Mary. 1995, the bodies of Mary and Pierre were sent to the Pantheon in Paris, which symbolizes the highest honor in France. The poor girl from overseas became the only woman in the national pantheon. Her character was widely praised. Einstein once said: Madame Curie may be the only one who has not been ruined by fame.
Lifelong honor
Madame Curie won 10 awards, 16 medals and 107 honorary titles, especially two Nobel Prizes.
Edit this celebrity anecdote
indifferent to fame and wealth
Madame Curie is famous all over the world, but she seeks neither fame nor profit. She won 10 prize, 16 medal and 107 honorary title all her life, but she didn't care. One day, a friend of hers visited her home and suddenly saw her little daughter playing with the gold medal just awarded to her by the Royal Society, so she was surprised and said, "Madam, it is a great honor to receive the medal of the Royal Society. How can I play for my children? " Madame Curie said with a smile: "I want children to know from an early age that honor, like a toy, can only be played, and must not be taken too seriously, otherwise nothing will be achieved."
Teach your daughter well
Madame Curie's daughter Helen Langevin.
Madame Curie has two daughters. Grasping the age advantage of intellectual development is an important "trick" for Madame Curie to develop children's intelligence. As early as when her daughter was less than one year old, Madame Curie instructed her children to carry out intellectual gymnastics training for children, guided them to get in touch with strangers extensively, went to the zoo to see animals, and let them learn to swim and enjoy the beautiful scenery of nature. When the children are older, she teaches them to do an artistic intellectual gymnastics, sing children's songs and tell fairy tales. When they are older, let them have intellectual training, teach them to read, play the piano, make handicrafts and so on, and teach them to drive and ride horses. Madame Curie discussed with her friends-these friends are all Sorbonne professors like her; Are the same parents as her. At the instigation of Madame Curie, an educational cooperation plan came into being-some talented and wise scholars brought their children together and implemented new educational methods. Madame Curie's great contribution to human education lies in that she joined a large number of scientists (many of whom were Nobel Prize winners) to form a group of science lecturers, opened their laboratories to children, personally educated children in science, stimulated their scientific interest, broke their mystery about science, cultivated their scientific interest, encouraged them to establish lofty scientific ideals and strengthened their scientific will. By teaching children scientific methods, scientific thinking and experimental knowledge, children have formed extremely high intellectual potential in adolescence, and their natural genetic intelligence has been developed. Madame Curie finally trained more than 10 Nobel Prize winners. [2]
Simple life
1895 When Madame Curie and pierre curie got married, there were only two chairs in the new house, one for each person. Pierre curie felt that there were too few chairs, so he suggested adding more chairs to prevent the guests from having nowhere to sit. But Madame Curie said, "It's good to have a chair, but the guests won't leave once they sit down. In order to have more time to do research, forget it! " Although Madame Curie's annual salary has increased to 40,000 francs, she is still "generous". Every time she comes back from abroad, she always brings back some banquet menus, because these menus are very thick and good pieces of paper, which are convenient to write on the back. No wonder some people say that Madame Curie was "like a poor woman in a hurry" until her death. Once, an American journalist went to visit Madame Curie. He went to the door of a fisherman's house in the village and asked a woman sitting barefoot on the slate in front of the house about Madame Curie's residence. The woman looked up and the reporter was surprised: it turned out that she was Madame Curie.
character education
1. Cultivate their frugality, simplicity and light wealth. Her love for her daughter is manifested as a restrained love and a rational love. She strictly controls her daughter's life and asks them to "save money to support their ambitions". She educated her daughter and said, "Being poor is inconvenient, and being too rich is not necessarily a good thing. We must make a living on our own. " 2. Cultivate their unrealistic and practical style. She warned her two daughters, "We shouldn't waste our lives". 3. Cultivate their brave, strong, optimistic and overcoming difficulties. She often encourages children: "You must have perseverance, especially self-confidence." Teach them that they must love their motherland. Madame Curie not only taught them Polish, but also infected Elena and Eve with her actions to help students in the motherland and Poland develop scientifically, especially the motherland that they never forget.
Edit this famous quote by Madame Curie.
The weak wait for opportunities; The strong create opportunities. Madame Curie
On the road to fame, it is not sweat, but blood. Their names are not written with pens, but with life. I think people can live an interesting and beneficial life at every stage. We should not waste our lives. We should be able to say, "We have done what I can", and people can only ask us to do so. Only in this way can we have a little happiness. When our country is enslaved, we Poles have no right to leave our motherland. If you can live your ideal life, act in the spirit of integrity and freedom, be brave and persistent, be honest and not deceive yourself, you will certainly achieve perfection. We live happily every day. Don't wait until the days have passed to discover our loveliness, and don't put all our special hopes in the future. I want to turn my life into a scientific dream, and then turn my dream into reality. We have to eat, sleep, browse and fall in love, that is, we have to touch the sweetest things in life, but we have to give in to these things. People should have patience, especially confidence. Turn life into fantasy, and then turn fantasy into reality. The invisible world of mankind is not an illusion, but a real existence illuminated by the brilliance of science. Nobleness is the power of science. What matters in science is the "things" studied, not the "individuals" of researchers. Only by paying equal attention to gymnastics and music can we become a complete personality. Because gymnastics can exercise the body and music can cultivate the spirit. The foundation of science is a healthy body. People should have perseverance, otherwise they will accomplish nothing. I have never been lucky, and I will never expect to be lucky in the future. My highest principle is: never give in to any difficulties! None of our lives seem easy, but what does it matter? Perseverance, especially confidence! Humans also need people with ideals. For such people, it is so fascinating to develop their careers selflessly that they can't care about their personal material interests. Humans also need dreamers, who are obsessed with the selfless development of a cause, so they can't pay attention to their own material interests. Honor is like a toy, you can only play with it, you can never have it forever, otherwise you will accomplish nothing. I took your bonus as an honor loan, which helped me get the initial honor. If you want to repay the loan, please give it to other poor Polish youths who are determined to win greater honor. Honor makes me more and more stupid. Of course, this phenomenon is very common, that is, a person's actual situation is often out of proportion to what others think of him. For example, I often purr in a low voice and become a trumpet solo. I think we should look for spiritual strength in an idealism, which makes us not proud, but enables us to reach the lofty realm of our hopes and dreams. Must have perseverance, especially confidence! We must believe that our talent is used to do one thing, no matter how expensive, this kind of thing must be done. The motherland is more important than life. This is our mother and our land. There is nothing to be afraid of in life, only what is clear. It will be disappointing if a person bases all his interests in life on the stormy emotional impulse of love. We should not waste our lives, we should be able to say, "I have done what I can." If we can follow our ideals and live in the spirit of freedom, persistence and honesty, we can achieve perfection. I think you must seek spiritual strength from an idealism. This idealism will not make us proud, but it will make our hopes and fantasies reach a high level. Humans also need people with ideals. For such people, it is so fascinating to develop their careers selflessly that they can't care about their personal material interests. People who work for the happiness of the public, no matter in which department, can't be separated by national boundaries. The fruits of their labor belong not only to one country, but to all mankind. Humans also need dreamers, who are obsessed with the selfless development of a cause, so they can't pay attention to their own material interests. I think we should look for spiritual strength in an idealism, which makes us not proud, but enables us to reach the lofty realm of our hopes and dreams. Those lively and careful silkworms, so willing and persistent in their work, really moved me. I look at them and feel that I am one of them, although my work may not be as organized as theirs. I will always work patiently towards an excellent goal. I know life is short and fragile, I know it can't leave anything behind, I know others have different views, I can't guarantee that my efforts are justified, but I still do. There is no doubt that I have to do this for a reason, just as silkworms have to cocoon.