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Beethoven

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strives for goodness, loves freedom more than anything else, and never deceives the truth even for the throne.

-Beethoven (Handbook of 1792)

Music is a higher revelation than all wisdom, philosophy and so on.

hold destiny by the throat! !

Ludwig van Beethoven

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Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (born in Bonn, Germany on December 17th, 177-died in Vienna, Austria on March 26th, 1827) is a European classical music composer who combines classicism and initiates romanticism. Beethoven was honored as a saint of music by later generations.

Directory

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* 1 Life

o 1.1 Cause of death

* 2 Personality

* 3 music

o 3.1 The creative features of Beethoven's symphonies

+ 3.1.1 Inheritance and innovation

+ 3.1.2 Influence of the French Revolution

+ 3.1.3 German-Austrian and other folk music

+ 3.1.4 Beethoven's contribution to the symphony

+3.1.4. P>o 3.3 The mysterious tenth symphony

o 3.4 influences

* 4 See

* 5 External link

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Life

Born in a civilian family in the German city of Bonn in p>177, my grandfather was originally from the Netherlands, and later moved to Germany, where he served as a local court music director. His father is a tenor singer, and his mother is the daughter of the court chef. Beethoven showed his talent in music at an early age. The "van" in his name is not "von" in German, which does not represent any noble titles, but shows his hometown. Ludwig is also the name of his grandfather.

In p>1774, in order to make Beethoven a musical prodigy like Mozart, his father forced young Beethoven to learn music and practice piano for a long time.

He began to perform at the age of eight in p>1778.

In p>1781, he studied Bach's "Piano Music with Equal Rhythm" and composed music with the band conductor Naif.

In p>1783, he was a harpsichord pianist in a court band.

In p>1787, he met Mozart in Vienna.

He worked as a viola player in an opera band in p>1788

He studied at Bonn University in p>1789

In p>1792, with Haydn's encouragement and support, he went to Austria for further study, and his art made rapid progress. Beethoven believed in harmony and advocated heroes, and created a large number of outstanding works full of the flavor of the times.

In p>1795, he held his first concert in Vienna, the repertoire was Piano Concerto No.2, and he played the piano himself. The performance was a success.

Aural disease appeared in p>1796

In p>183, he completed the epoch-making Third Symphony and prepared to dedicate it to Napoleon.

Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor in p>184, and Beethoven tore off the title page of the third symphony written for Napoleon, and wrote a sentence "In memory of a great man"

In p>188, the fifth symphony Destiny and the sixth symphony Pastoral were published at the same time.

In p>189, he completed the fifth piano concerto "The Emperor".

On November 15th, 1815, his brother Carl died, and Beethoven became the guardian of his nephew Carl.

from p>1815 to 1819, it experienced four years of creative exhaustion. On the one hand, he was depressed by the feudal restoration in Europe at that time, and on the other hand, he collected and sorted out folk songs from all over Europe.

The Ninth Symphony was completed in p>1824 and premiered on May 7th, with unprecedented pomp.

In p>1826, when his nephew Carl attempted suicide, Beethoven's spirit was greatly damaged and his health deteriorated.

He died in Vienna on March 26th, 1827.

On March 29th, 1827, 2, Viennese citizens attended his funeral, and the authorities wanted to dispatch troops to maintain order.

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Cause of death

There are different opinions on the causes of Beethoven's early death.

The doctor at that time concluded that the cause of death was edema.

Some people think that he died of syphilis.

The medical examination of Beethoven's hair by later experts showed that Beethoven died of mercury poisoning. Although this discovery supports the speculation that syphilis died, it is generally believed that this is because the industry polluted the fish in the Danube at that time, and Beethoven liked to eat the fish in this area, so the mercury in the fish was deposited on it and died. It was not Beethoven who took mercury-containing drugs into his body to treat syphilis. Beethoven's manic personality, physical suffering from chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain are all caused by mercury.

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Personality

The most famous portrait of Beethoven

The most famous portrait of Beethoven

Later generations have always believed that Beethoven's life is a life of perseverance and destiny, fighting against the inequality of human society. I was abused by my alcoholic father since I was a child, and I was trained for quick success. When he grew up, his mother died, and the burden of family fell on Beethoven as his eldest brother. The worship and disillusionment of Napoleon. Beethoven resigned himself to the ear diseases in middle age, his nephew's unfilial, poor life and lifelong unmarried. He expressed the spirit of struggle in his heart with the language of music, and never bowed down for the three buckets of rice. His famous saying "Hold destiny by the throat" is a true portrayal of his life spirit. It is said that before he died, thunder and lightning thundered, and he suddenly straightened up in his hospital bed, reaching into the air as if to hold something. This scene is considered by later generations to be Beethoven's own visualization of this famous saying.

It is said that Beethoven and Goethe were walking on a path when a noble carriage came head on. The two of them had to step aside. However, their attitudes were totally different. Goethe bowed and said hello to the nobles passing by, while Beethoven was serious and proud. The nobles in the car also politely say hello to the two. Later, Beethoven doubted Goethe's personality, and their friendship broke down.

Beethoven was deeply influenced by the French Revolution at that time. In his works, the advocacy theme of "freedom, equality and fraternity" can be clearly seen. The overture Colio Lan, the heroic symphony and the chorus symphony, and even the scene of the prisoner's chorus in the opera Federio directly "sang" the strong desire for freedom "Oh, freedom, freedom, when will you return to your side".

In action, once Beethoven heard that he was going to hold a concert to raise money for the poor people, he immediately went on stage to play in spite of his illness, and offered his strength to the people he sympathized with.

Beethoven was serious and proud, but he was not without love. He also talked about love, which ended in failure, but it gave birth to the fourth symphony and violin concerto. He is very loving and even doting on his brother's son Carl. Once in order to take the latter home, Beethoven went out in the rain, and finally got sick because of the rain, and his health deteriorated greatly.

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Music

Many people think Beethoven is the greatest composer of all time. There is no denying that he is indeed one of the most famous and beloved. His most famous works include Symphony No.3 (Hero), Symphony No.5 (Destiny), Symphony No.6 (Pastoral), Symphony No.9, Sonata of Sorrow and Sonata of Moonlight, and so on. His 32 piano sonatas, including Pathetique and Moonlight, are regarded as the "New Testament" of piano (the "Old Testament" is Bach's "Collection of Piano Music with Equal Rhythm"). His early music, with Haydn and Mozart's court music style, paid attention to formal beauty, such as the first symphony. The later, the more he showed his strong personal style, and even used music to express his ideals and demands.

Beethoven can be said to have inherited the musical essence of German and Austrian composers Bach, Haydn and Mozart, and reached the limit of classical music in form.

Especially his symphonies, except for the sixth symphony, which is divided into five movements, the other eight symphonies are all four movements, which are written according to the symphony structure established by Haydn Mozart, namely Allegro in the first movement, Adagio in the second movement, minuet or scherzo in the third movement and Allegro or Allegro in the fourth movement. At the beginning of the third symphony, the form and content began to unify, and a clear clue theme or idea ran through the whole symphony, which was particularly distinctive in the fifth and ninth symphonies, which was not done by composers before Beethoven. As a result, Beethoven's symphonies have more realistic expressive force and emotional portrayal. The audience is no longer simply enjoying the beautiful melody, but also needs to think about the composer's intention and motivation. This greatly enriches the connotation of music. It can be said that this is also the basis of romantic music.

Some people say that all Beethoven's works in his life revolve around the theme of "hero". In particular, nine symphonies describe a hero's growth and ideal.

Beethoven's creation is usually divided into four periods:

1. Early period: from the time he studied music creation to around the age of 32

* Like most famous musicians, he composed a lot of music that people still feel good today. At the same time, his music creation ability is very strong, and he is good at writing sadness and lyricism.

2. heyday: about ten years

* He was deaf in life, but ideologically influenced by the French Revolution, he wrote a lot of ethical thoughts into his music. The music of this period is typical Beethoven music. Including those major symphonies, the fifth and sixth symphonies, and several famous piano sonatas, compared with the early days, music has become thoughtful and has its own feelings.

3. Decline: About ten years

* Beethoven has been a social celebrity in Vienna, but his creation has entered a low tide, as if he had returned to the previous era of ordinary musicians, and his personal will is relatively depressed.

4. Late period: the last ten years

* In the last few years of his life, he suddenly created miracles again. Late works, some of which are large and magnificent, such as solemn mass and symphony no.9; The other part has entered an abstract situation. The works of this period are precious to musicians. But because it is usually abstract and not as good as the early ones, it may be difficult for the average audience to understand.

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The creative characteristics of Beethoven's symphonies

Symphony occupies a core position in Beethoven's creative career, which not only runs through all the years of his creative career, but also embodies his musical ideals.

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Inheritance and innovation

Beethoven's creation absorbed the essence of predecessors and developed his personal characteristics. The composers who have a more important influence on Beethoven are Haydn and Mozart in classicism and Bach and Handel in Baroque era.

Beethoven studied under Neefe,Christian Gootlob) in Bonn. Neefe was an expert in counterpoint, who taught Beethoven to learn Bach's collection of piano music with average rhythm (maybe part of it). In the creation of symphonies, Beethoven used polyphonic music techniques, which are often used as the development theme of the development department. There are polyphonic music in the second movement of the third and seventh symphonies; Beethoven appreciated Handel's creation very much and absorbed Handel's fresh and vigorous spirit. Beethoven's creation follows the norms of classicism and inherits the creative styles and forms of Haydn and Mozart.

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The influence of the French Revolution

The influence of the French Revolution music on Beethoven is mainly reflected in the square music and the March. The broad atmosphere of square music and the use of large-scale bands are the characteristics of Beethoven's symphonies, and the influence of March is manifested in the strong sense of rhythm and the sound of bugles in the music.

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Deo and other folk music

For example, Symphony No.6 "Pastoral".

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Beethoven's contribution to symphonies

Beethoven's symphonies greatly expanded the expressive force of music art.

1. Rhythm: The rhythm sometimes doesn't follow the bar beat, syncopation appears, weak and strong contrast. These are Beethoven's innovations in rhythm, which no longer strictly follow the strict rhythm, but are relatively free with the requirements of music.

2. Singing orchestral music: Beethoven has excellent melody talent and skills, and is good at creating melodies like songs. His rich orchestration also greatly improved the expressive force of the orchestra.

3. Innovation of harmony skills: dissonant chords and unconventional chords are used in Beethoven's symphonies, and the strong dramatic contrast is unimaginable in the classical norms.

4. Changes in musical form:

* Symphony No.6 has five movements, which is different from the previous four-movement structure.

* Scherzo has replaced the original minuet.

* The position of the slow movement changes (No.9) and disappears (No.5,7). The 2nd and 3rd movements of the 9th Symphony are reversed, and the slow movement becomes the 3rd movement. Symphony No.5 and Symphony No.7 have no original slow movement in strict sense, but only the second movement with allegro speed, and the melody line is extended and similar to the slow movement.

* breaks through the limitation of sonata form. The contrast between the main department and the deputy department is sharp; The scale of the development department has become larger, which can account for more than 1/3 of the whole movement, and there are factors in the development department that are not in the presentation department; The introduction intervened in the movement, appeared in the development department and the reproduction department, and even participated in the development of the development department; The ending is very long.

1. Changes in orchestration: the use of new musical instruments and the expansion of the symphony orchestra.

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General structure of Beethoven's symphony

The first movement: the sonata form of Allegro is the most important movement of the symphony.

the second movement: a lyrical movement, usually adagio and allegro.

the third movement: a fast scherzo.

The fourth movement: Rondo/Sonata/Variations, which is the final movement cheering for victory.

It can be said that Beethoven is explaining the world in his own way in his symphonies.

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List of works (by number)

Beethoven's most important works include 32 piano sonatas, 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, violin concertos, trio concertos and late string quartets.

The numbers of Beethoven's works are compiled by the publishers of his works. Therefore, the numbers are arranged in the order of publication, not in the order of writing. For example, the woodwind octet created in 1792 is Op.13, while Op.12 and Op.14 were created in 1815 and 1817 respectively. Number 135