Why is there a lot of unemployment in the country? "One of the main reasons is the contradiction between limited market and efficient production.
Contradictions, another major reason is the economic crisis. "
This seems to be a very common view of domestic intellectuals. On the surface, it seems to be meaningful: information.
The purpose of our production is to maximize profits, so we try our best to buy new and efficient machines to replace workers' labor.
Mobilize and dismiss surplus labor force. Of course, those laid-off workers are unemployed. This is not suitable for us.
"common sense"
Once again, common sense is a prejudice accumulated by people before 18 years old (Einstein's language), but it is actually a prejudice.
Typical example. Modern economics has a lot of profound research on unemployment, and the above Marxism
There is basically no market for unemployment theory. In view of the long-term influence of Marxism on domestic intellectuals
Influenced by this outdated concept, it is necessary to introduce some market economy and unemployment problems here.
Mainstream theory. So that readers can compare and appreciate it.
1。 Did the machine rob the workers of their jobs? There is no such thing!
If scientific and technological progress is the chief culprit of workers' unemployment, then the United States with the most advanced technology and the highest degree of automation is useful.
People's unemployment rate should be the highest in the world. But the opposite is true. Although the United States is in an economic crisis
Among them, its unemployment rate of 5.9% should be one of the lowest in the world. Mr. Lin's two
The "main reason" doesn't match the figures here.
For two centuries, the United States has never done its part in the industrial revolution and technological renewal. Beauty is everything.
Fundamentalist capitalism is the most thorough country in the world. Reduce the agricultural population from 70% to 80%
5% is not enough, and it is still the largest labor importing country in the world. Not just from it.
China and India imported professionals from Mexico and Cuba, even mud legs. Why is this?
The conclusion is simple: machines have not robbed workers of their jobs. On the contrary, every industrial progress has been ahead.
Create more employment opportunities than ever before. Technology is the gospel of mankind.
Tractors replaced manual farmers, who temporarily lost their jobs. Tractors can be combined
Can't fall from the sky. With the increasing market demand for tractors, capitalists need to hire workers to manufacture agricultural machinery.
Not only that, but also the steel industry, petroleum industry, maintenance service industry, highway construction industry and mechanical engineering discipline.
And so on. Farmers squeezed out by tractors gradually turned to other industries to make a living. socialism
The researcher only saw the porcelain rice bowl broken by the machine, but forgot the golden rice bowl produced by scientific and technological progress and divided it in two.
I completely forgot.
Take this computer and information revolution as an example to better illustrate the problem. Ms. Molly is in "Computers Challenge People's Value"
This article vividly describes the embarrassing situation of unemployed workers who are squeezed out by computers. Similarly, the computer crashed.
At the same time, I don't know how many gold rice bowls and silver rice bowls inlaid with diamonds have been created around the world. Throughout the 20th century.
In the 1990s, there were countless friends around me. When there was no way to find a job, they took two C++ courses and got in immediately.
The middle class. Computers are really challenging the survival value of some conformists, forcing them to update their knowledge and
Skills (isn't this a good thing? )。 From the whole human being, the computer and information revolution will be human values.
Rise to an unprecedented new height. In distant places, there are so many people like Mr. Lin without the Internet.
The same online writer?
2。 Labor as a commodity
In the market economy, labor force is a commodity just like clothes and shoes machines. If domestic intellectuals
The remnants of Marxism have not been eliminated, and they often have great opinions on the fact that "labor is a commodity".
This is an insult to labor and laborers. This is actually the contempt of China's traditional scholar-bureaucrat culture for "business"
Coupled with the result that Marxists demonized the commodity economy.
Only when labor becomes a commodity can workers become free for the first time. Please pay attention to the labor force
It is a commodity, but workers are not. The laborer is not only a commodity, but also the owner of his commodity-labor.
People. He can freely sell his labor to the highest bidder, which makes the realization of personal value become
Maybe.
Under slavery, feudalism and socialism, labor is not a commodity. So the workers won't
He is a free man. Mr. Lin said that the working class in China was "proud" in the 1950s and 1960s, but that was all.
This is an illusory fairy tale. In addition to the shortage of goods supplied by ticket, workers under the socialist system have never
I have never enjoyed the economic and political rights that western workers have.
Since labor is a commodity, it certainly conforms to the iron law of market supply and demand. Speaking of this iron law,
It is also very simple: when the labor price rises, the supply will increase, such as students dropping out of school, workers working overtime and women leaving their jobs.
Home and so on; At the same time, the demand for labor is reduced, and the most prominent thing is of course that the company reduces costs through layoffs. counter
In short, the price of labor decreases, the supply decreases and the demand increases.
Unemployment is nothing more than an oversupply of labor. In economics, there is no oversupply, only price.
It's too high. In other words, the price of labor is higher than the equilibrium point of market supply and demand.
Mr. Lin thinks that unemployment is the trouble of capitalism. If the unemployment rate exceeds 20%, there will be a leather explosion.
Life. In fact, in the ideal state of market economy, high unemployment rate is impossible. If you lose your job,
If the rate exceeds 20%, it means that 80% of the employed people enjoy wages far higher than the market price.
At the same time, due to the pressure of life, those 20% people would rather accept wages below the market price. So, the new one
Entrepreneurs will be in an extremely favorable competitive position and then enter the market to buy these relatively cheap labor.
The unemployment problem is naturally solved in the market.
People will naturally ask, since the market economy is so strong, why is the United States in the 1930 s of the Great Depression?
There is a 25% unemployment rate? Why does the unemployment rate in capitalist Europe remain at the level of 10% for a long time?
Next? Why is the unemployment rate in capitalist Argentina as high as 20%? Why are there so many in China?
Laid-off workers are not hired?
Moreover, why has the balance of supply and demand never been reached under the capitalist system, reaching 100%?
Industry?
This is what we will discuss in the next article.
3。 Economics of employment and unemployment
Economists like to wrangle with each other, which is second to none in all disciplines. Not only two economists believe that
There will be arguments in one room, even an economist, often arguing the same question in two places.
The opposite views are always turned over and over, on the one hand, and on the other hand.
In English, it means "on the one hand". The revolutionary situation is great, not small.
On the other hand, class enemies are not dead. Dulu at that time
When President Menmen saw the economic adviser, he was tired of the man's "other hand" and hoped that he could cut it off.
Give me a one-handed economist! this
This sentence later became a famous saying.
Therefore, it is normal for anyone who listens to economics to fly into a rage.
Capitalist countries have never reached that ideal market, nor have they eliminated unemployment. That is to say, labor
The overall price of electricity is always higher than the price of supply and demand balance. On this issue, economists seem to
There are close explanations: legal minimum wage, trade union, efficiency wage and labor mobility.
The legal minimum wage is the lowest labor price set by the government, which is $5.65438+0.5 per hour in the United States.
Most economists are opposed to this kind of government intervention in the market. Minimum wage limit
Keep inexperienced skilled workers out of the door, lose apprenticeship opportunities, and have to eat welfare for a long time.
Wages are only a part of labor costs. Every time an enterprise recruits an employee, there will be a series of expenses.
For example, medical insurance, social insurance, retirement fund, on-the-job training, paying taxes, providing equipment and so on.
Even the cost of firing him in the future. Every industry has a de facto minimum wage.
Lower limit. This lower limit may become an obstacle to employment.
For domestic literati who haven't eliminated the remnants of Marxism-Leninism, I'm afraid it's hard to believe that trade unions are unemployed.
One of the reasons is that this union is not fighting for the interests of workers. Mr. Lin is a trade union member in Japan.
Members, talk about unemployment, said nothing about trade unions, which shows that. I guess some old friends are reading here,
I will be angry with that boy named Fan, too.
By uniting workers, putting pressure on management and threatening strikes, trade unions can usually
Earn more than workers without unions 10% to 20%. The average wage of Detroit auto workers
Not just a math professor. It is not only a typical upside-down brain, but also two or three times that of other blue-collar workers.
Their union UAW is powerful and called "we workers have strength".
The first of the ten principles of economics is "You can't have your cake and eat it".
The trade union has raised the wages of its members, that is, the price of labor. The result is, of course, the compression of labor.
The need for power. The business world is like a battlefield. Under the pressure of competition, on the one hand, capitalists hire as few people as possible,
On the other hand, we try our best to move the factory abroad. American steelworkers have had enough.
The third reason for the high labor price is the so-called "benefit wage". Capitalists found that,
In order to improve the efficiency of enterprises, the wages of workers must be higher than the market price. The initiator is
Henry Ford, then president of Ford Motor Company, found that after the assembly line production mode was created,
One or two inefficient workers will drag down the whole production line. So he had a whim at 19 14 and put the work.
People's wages have increased to $5 a day, which is twice the salary of their peers. At this time, high skills.
The workers all want to enter Ford, and those who are lucky enough to enter will not want to change jobs at all, and they will not take time off when they are sick.
Old Ford later boasted that raising workers' wages was the thing he wanted to cut costs most in his life.
Decision making.
It is common for employers to pay efficiency wages higher than the market price. That's it. unemployment rate
It won't be zero. Marx said that capitalists deliberately made some mistakes in order to force workers to work hard.
Industry. This is not unreasonable. If 100% is employed, then everyone has the de facto.
Iron rice bowl, so the inefficiency under the socialist system will also appear under the capitalist system.
It's just that old Ford gave workers a raise in salary that year, and the motivation was not as bad as Marx said.
If the market price is the only fair wage standard, it is common for workers to exploit capitalists.
As for the short-term unemployment caused by labor mobility, there is no need to explain it.
There are other reasons for unemployment, which are not easy to mention in general textbooks. Such as loss
Industrial relief. If the government pays long-term high unemployment insurance, quite a few people will be happy.
Leisure, not in a hurry to find a job, continue to be unemployed.
In short, unemployment, excluding benefit wages and natural labor mobility, accounts for about 4-5%.
In addition to the "natural unemployment rate", it is mainly the government and trade unions that engage in socialism within capitalism.
Result. Since eliminating unemployment is not the only goal of society, these socialist phenomena or
Xu has its positive significance.
Europe, Japan and Canada all have quite a few socialist elements. The unemployment rate remains high,
Not because of capitalism, but because capitalism is incomplete.
4。 Economic crisis and unemployment
Capitalist economy has a cyclical economic recession, during which the unemployment rate rises, so it should be so.
This is not surprising. When the market is relatively normal, the economic recession reappears.
The painful process of re-optimizing resource allocation. The market naturally shifts labor from inefficient industries (enterprises).
Ground flow is effective. The invisible hand is better than any government decree.
But why was the unemployment rate as high as 25% during the Great Depression in the 1930s? Today's
The unemployment rate in the Ghentin crisis is similar. Besides, such a high unemployment rate is still high.
A long time. Why does the invisible hand fail?
There is one thing that an invisible hand can never do, and that is printing money. Liberal economics
Anyway, I hope the government will step aside, but I still have to ask the government for money. Marxists often
The Great Depression and the Argentine crisis are regarded as the results of the rampant capitalism, and the crisis shows that the government is doing it.
The necessity of pre-listing. The mainstream view of economics is just the opposite: the two major crises are the fault of the government.
Caused by mistakes.
The business of printing money was originally very simple, printing as much money as there was gold. The so-called golden book.
Bit system. But there is a problem with the gold standard, that is, the growth of gold can't keep up with the economic growth, and there are more and more commodities.
More money and less money. So the price level is falling, which is the so-called currency.
Tighten.
Consumers naturally like cheap things. But for manufacturers, this is a disaster. For example, the sofa factory borrowed it.
100000 loan could have been sold1000 sofa to pay off. If the price drops by half, it will be
Take two thousand sets to return, isn't that bankrupt?
Friedman, the Nobel Prize winner, made a detailed demonstration of the Great Depression and convincingly pointed out that,
The real culprit of the Great Depression was Greenspan's predecessor. The Federal Reserve Board as a whole
During the crisis, the bank insisted on the backward gold standard and failed to provide money in time, which led to the bank's helplessness.
Pay the bill, close down one after another, and enterprises close down because banks are closed and unable to operate. This will be a big number.
Workers poured into the streets. How can we go public without funds? Without a market, it is of course an invisible hand.
There's nothing I can do. If the Fed can print money in time, then the Great Depression is just a normal recession.
That's all.
The Argentine crisis was also caused by the government's financial policy mistakes and excessive intervention in the economy (see my article
The bankruptcy of a country).
Back to China. There are so many laid-off workers and farmers "vagrants" in China, which one?
Why didn't the invisible hand solve the unemployment problem?
Then look carefully to see if this invisible wrist is handcuffed.
China's problems are likely to include "barriers to entry". so much/so many
Cheap and high-quality labor is not employed, and there must be quite high start-up costs. This cost not only
This is not only an economic issue, but also a political issue. If you can't run a business without bureaucratic support, it will.
There are many potential entrepreneurs who are discouraged.
If we want to help the disadvantaged groups and laid-off workers, we must remove obstacles to entrepreneurship and encourage industry. but
Without thorough economic reform and minimum democracy and freedom, China is the superiority of capitalism.
I don't watch much. Both systems have disadvantages. This unemployment problem, no wonder the market economy.
Save it.