Introduction to the corresponding functions of different rhetorical techniques in new SAT writing

1. Metaphor Metaphor, metaphor

Metaphor is the use of the name of one thing for another thing , formed through comparison. This kind of metaphor does not use metaphorical words, but directly describes the thing as the thing B. The connection and similarity between the two things A and B is implicit.

For example:

(1) German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets.

German guns and planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. And bullets rained down.

(2) The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.

The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.

2. Simile

A simile is a comparison of different things that are unique. This uniqueness exists in people's hearts, not the natural properties of things. . In other words, two things and phenomena with the same characteristics are compared to show the similar relationship between the ontology and the metaphor, both of which appear in the comparison. Commonly used marker words are like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as, etc.

For example:

(1) He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.

He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.

(2) It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.

It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. It's like touching something with your fingers.

3. Metonymy Metonymy

Meonymy does not directly say the thing to be said, but uses the name of another thing related to it. It means that two different things are not similar but are inseparable, so the name of one thing is often used instead of the other. That is to say, A is used to represent B, but the prerequisite is that A must be closely related to and essentially similar to B.

(1) Replace the content with a container, for example:

The kettle boils.

The water boils.

The room sat silent.

The whole room sat silently.

(2) Replace the names of things with information and tools, for example:

Lend me your ears, please.

Please listen to me.

(3) Replace the work with the author, for example:

a complete Shakespeare

The Complete Works of Shakespeare

(4) Replace it with specific things Abstract concepts, such as:

I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.

I had the strength, and they made money out of it.

4. Synecdoche

Synecdoche replaces the whole with a part, or the whole with a part, or the particular with the general instead of the particular.

Also known as the Juyu method, Juyu means to draw inferences from one example and to have the function of "pulling one hair and moving the whole body". The main characteristics are that the part represents the whole, or the whole is used as a metaphor for the part, or the abstract is used to replace the concrete, or the concrete is used to replace the abstract. It is often subtle. When referring to someone or something, we do not call it by name and replace it with something inseparable from it.

For example:

(1) There are about 100 hands working in his factory.

There are about 100 workers in his factory.

(2) He is the Newton of this century.

He is the Newton of this century.

(3) The fox goes very well with your cap.

This fox fur scarf matches your hat very well.

5. Synaesthesia, synaesthesia, synaesthesia

This rhetorical method uses sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste and other senses to directly describe things. The feeling produced by one sense is transferred to the psychological feeling of another sense.

For example:

(1) The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.

The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice. A flowery voice.

(2) Taste the music of Mozart.

Taste the music of Mozart.

6. Personification

Personification is to give life to inanimate things. It is to add human characteristics and characteristics to external things to make them personified and to personify things. In order to achieve blending with each other and become one.

For example:

(1) She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer. (From "Watching Ants")

She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer. Raising thousands of children.

The use of "she" and "babies" here compares bees to the fertility of human women.

(2) My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.

My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.

My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.

In English, "year", "month" and "day" are often personified and given life, making people read them warmly and vividly.

7. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is the purpose of expressing emphasis by exaggerating the truth. It can strengthen the momentum and increase the effect of expression. Use rich imagination, extreme words, and exaggeration and decorate objective things to achieve an emphasis effect.

For example:

(1) My blood froze. My blood is frozen.

When I told our father about this, his heart burst.

When I told our father about this, his heart almost burst.

(2) My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.

My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.

8. Parallelism Parallelism

This rhetorical method is to arrange two or more phrases and sentences that have roughly the same or similar structure, related meaning, and consistent tone. string to form a whole.

For example:

(1) No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.

(2) In the days when all these things are to beanswered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.

9. Euphemism, euphemism

Use mild, Indirect words are used instead of harsh or vulgar words to avoid offending others or creating an embarrassing or frustrating situation by telling unpleasant truths directly. Euphemism refers to the use of euphemism and elegance to express vulgar and taboo words.

For example:

(1) He is out visiting the necessary.

He is out visiting for convenience.

(2) His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.

His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.

His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.

10. Irony Irony

Irony refers to the way of writing that uses words with opposite meanings to express meaning. For example, when blaming a fault or making a mistake, you use a statement that agrees with the fault, and when you praise , is almost a statement of blame. It refers to using implicit words of praise to express its opposite meaning, thereby achieving the effect of making the original meaning more humorous and ironic.

For example:

(1) "Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you." the waiter said to the beggar.

Ah, of course, I know a gentleman like you only carries big bills. The clerk's words were intended to satirize the rag-wearing customer: How can a person like you have a big fortune? The name "gentlemen" is actually just "beggar".

sarcasm is characterized by acrimony, often deliberately slandering or ridiculing; irony is characterized by humor or playfulness, deliberately using words contrary to the original intention, and must rely on its tone or style of writing to express the true meaning; satire can be used to refer to irony in general , sarcasm, etc., which are characterized by being used to satirize social phenomena or some people, unlike sarcasm, which refers to individuals.

11. Pun

Pun is the use of double meanings of a word in a sentence to make use of the topic. Make multiple explanations and make insinuations to achieve the unexpected. Funny effect. It mainly appears in the form of similar word forms, word meanings and consonances. It is a word or phrase that uses a clever method to combine two unrelated meanings at the same time to achieve a humorous and interesting effect. .

For example:

Napoleon was astonished. "Either you are mad, or I am," he declared.

"Both, sir!" cried the Swede proudly.

The word "Both" is a pun, referring to both Napoleon and the soldier as madmen, and also referring to the fact that the soldier participated in two battles commanded by Napoleon.

12. Parody

This is a rhetoric that imitates famous quotes, aphorisms, and proverbs, and changes some of the words to create new meanings.

For example:

(1) Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.

(2) To smoke or not to smoke, that is a question.

13. Rhetorical question Rhetorical question

It is different from the interrogative sentence in that it does not aim at getting an answer, but uses questions as a means to obtain rhetorical questions. The effect is characterized by: a positive question expresses a strong negative, while a negative question expresses a strong yes, and its answer is often self-evident.

For example:

(1) How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?

(2) Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?

14. Antithesis Contrast, contrast, duality

This rhetoric refers to a rhetorical method that compares statements with completely opposite meanings. (A rhetorical method of juxtaposing strongly opposing ideas in stable, equivalent phrases or grammatical structures.)

For example:

(1) Pride hurts, modest benefits.

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If you are full, you will suffer losses, but if you are modest, you will benefit.

(2) All for one, one for all.

Everyone is for me, and I am for everyone.

15. Paradox

This is a seemingly contradictory but meaningful statement that contains a certain philosophy. It is an oxymoron.

For example:

(1) The child is the father to the man.

Three years old.

(2) No news is good news.

No news is good news. (Especially in the war years)

16. Oxymoron Anti-meaning, irony, oxymoron

This is also an oxymoron, described by two incompatible characteristics The incongruous combination of an object allows readers to understand the subtle meaning of the sentence.

For example:

(1) The state of this house is cheerless welcome.

(2) The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of child birth.

17. Rhetorical repetition

This rhetorical method refers to the overlapping use of the same structure and words with the same meaning to form sentences in a specific context. To enhance tone and power.

For example:

(1) It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny .

It must be created with the blood and sweat of those of us who have faith in the future, in humanity, and in the great destiny that humanity has created for itself.

(2) Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.

Because of good medical treatment Technology and surgery mean treating patients faster, with less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease, and less disability.

18. Onomatopoeia

Imitation of non-verbal sounds in nature. Its pronunciation is very similar to the sound of the thing being described, making the language appear vivid and expressive.

(1) On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.

On the roof of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.

(2) She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt—sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one

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She brought me into contact with everything I could reach or feel, such as sunlight, the rustling of silk, the sound of insects, the squeak of the door opening, and the voices of relatives

19. Alliteration

There are two or more words or phrases connected together in a sentence, and the beginning syllables have the same letters or sounds to enhance the rhythm of the language. feel.

How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.

20. Analogy

Compare the two Comparing essentially different things on their most similar points is to help explain a truth or describe a certain complex situation through the comprehensive use of metaphors.

For example, when we discuss government functions, if we don’t understand government functions, we can start from the organizations we know. For example, we can discuss classes, schools, companies, or some large and small organizations. Move from one specific issue to another and avoid talking about unfamiliar issues. The specific statement can be developed like the following:

Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.

Compare the action and handling of writing a book. Echoing analogies like rose petals thrown into the Grand Canyon.

21. Symbolism

Symbolism uses some specific images to make people associate, thereby expressing some abstract concepts, thoughts, and feelings associated with them, and expressing the theme of the work. The artistic creation technique belongs to the category of literature and art, and it is a writing technique. Metonymy is a rhetorical technique, which refers to using related things to replace the things to be expressed. There is no similarity between the ontology and the borrowing, only correlation, so the word "like" cannot be added to replace it with a simile.