Here "zhi" means the particle "of"

The translation of the whole sentence is "The common people of Qin State came to the country and said that thousands of people were inconvenient under the new law"

Common meanings

Note: The bold examples are examples from Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools [2]

Verb

To, explained in modern Chinese

Example: ① I tried to plow with servants, but stopped plowing on the ridge. ——"Historical Records·Chen She Family"

② Do not know where to go. ——"Zhuangzi"

Pronouns

1. Third-person pronouns are translated as "he" (them) and "it" (them). It is used as an object or participle, not as a subject.

Example: ①Everyone hangs it. ——"A blessing in disguise"

② He is exhausted and I am overflowing, so I overcome him. ——"The Debate on Cao GUI"

③When my mother heard about it, Chuitang became furious. ——"Peacock Flying Southeast"

④ King Xiang then received the bi and placed it on him. ——"Hongmen Banquet"

⑤ Use a knife to chop the wolf's head, and then kill it with several knives. ——"Wolf"

⑥As soon as it comes, make peace with it. ——"The Analects of Confucius·Ji's general will attack Zhuanyu"

2. Demonstrative pronouns, this

Example: ① It is better to use both strategies to defeat Qin Qu. ——"Historical Records·Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"

② Tanzi's disciples were not as wise as Confucius. ——"Shi Shuo"

How do you know about the two insects in ③? ——"Xiaoyaoyou"

3. Use the first person pronoun, I.

Example: ① I don’t know how lenient the general is! ——"Historical Records·Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"

② Will you live in mourning? ——"Snake Catcher's Theory"

③This is why I know that the young master hates it and returns. ——"Historical Records·Biography of Mr. Wei"

4. Can be used in preposition sentences to refer to the object, and after the verb

①There is a saying in the wild - "Zhuangzi" ·Autumn Waters"

② Death is a matter of course! ——"The Preface to the Guide"

③There are all the treasures——"Historical Records of Xiang Yu"

Particles 1. Structural particles, equivalent to "of".

Example: ①Nineteen people died near the fortress. ——"A blessing in disguise"

②The small and large prisons cannot be observed, but they must be based on emotion. ——"The Debate on Cao GUI"

③ If the people of Wu and Yue can compete with China. ——"The Battle of Red Cliff"

④Cut the sacred land to the east and collect the key counties to the north. ——Jia Yi's "Guo Qin Lun"

2. Structural particle, a sign of the preposition of the object.

Example: 1. What crime did Song Dynasty commit? ——"Gongshu"

②What's so shameful? ——"Humble Room Inscription"

③I don't know how to read the sentence. ——"Teacher's Theory"

④The love of chrysanthemum. ——"Ai Lian Shuo"

3. Structural particles are used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence. They are the same as the modern Chinese explanation particles 2.

Example: ① The solitary one has holes, just like a fish has water. ——"Longzhong Dui"

② There is no confusion about silk and bamboo. ——"The Inscription of a Humble Room"

③It is like a reed. ——"Chibi Fu"

4. Structural particle, a sign of postposition of attributive.

Example: ① Ling Wanqing is at a loss. ——"Ode to Red Cliff"

②An earthworm has no claws and claws. ——"Encouraging Learning"

5. Structural particle, complement mark, can be translated as "get".

Example: The ancients often gained something when they looked at the heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation, birds and beasts, because they were so profound and omnipresent. ——"A Journey to Bao Zen Mountain"

6. Syllable particles have no real meaning.

Example: ① Fill in the drums. ——"Mencius·King Liang Hui"

②After a long time, you will be able to identify people by the sound of their feet. ——"Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi"

③The general will drum it. ——"The Battle of Cao GUI" [3]

④In a moment, the sky is filled with smoke - "The Battle of Chibi"

Uncommon meaning

Tong "Ye" "Meaning"

"Mozi·Daqi": "A sage is a person for the world." The previous sentence also has the meaning of "zhi". "Han Feizi·Jie Lao": "Sneaky and sick people are called ghosts hurting people..." "Jia Zi·Dazheng": "When a gentleman's way is declining, it is the number." The last word "ye" is used as an affirmative mood particle, and the other two The word "ye" all means "Zhi".

Usage of "Zhi" in classical Chinese

In the classical Chinese textbooks for junior high schools, there are many "zhi", and the usage is more complicated. Some are used as pronouns, and some are used as particles and verbs; distinguish It’s also more difficult to get up. If you memorize it by rote, it will take a lot of time and the effect will be ineffective. In my teaching, the author has explored an effective method of analyzing the usage of "Zhi" and would like to share it with everyone.

1. Use of "Zhi" as a pronoun

There are many uses of "Zhi" as a pronoun in textbooks, such as the following highlighted character "Zhi":

1. Adhering to the plan, he came to him and said: "There is no horse in the world." ("Horse Theory")

2. Who named it? The monk of the mountain is Zhixian. ("The Drunken Old Man's Pavilion")

3. Because the place was too clear to live in for a long time, I remembered it and left. ("The Story of Little Rock Pond")

4. Hearing the sound of water sounds like a ring, and I feel happy.

("Little Rock Pond")

5. Remove the screen and look at it. It's just one person, one table, one chair, one fan, and one foot. ("Float Skills")

6. Look down at the path, climb up to Shi and look at it. ("The Debate on Cao GUI")

Analyzing the above examples, we can see that when "Zhi" is used after a verb, "Zhi" is used as a pronoun and as the object of the verb before it.

2. "Zhi" is used as a verb

Please see the following examples:

1. How about the South China Sea that I want? ("Encouragement to Study")

2. Send Meng Haoran to Guangling ("Send Meng Haoran to Guangling")

3. Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuzhou ("Send Meng Haoran to Guangling") "He was appointed to Shuzhou")

4. He tried to plow with servants, but stopped plowing on the ridge. ("Chen She Family")

Analyzing the above examples, we know that "zhi" is also used as a verb in a regular manner. The verb "zhi" is usually followed by a location noun, such as "Nanhai", "Guangling", "Shuzhou", and "Longshang" in the example sentence; it is preceded by a person's name or personal pronoun, such as "我", "Meng Haoran" and "Du Shaofu", although the names do not appear directly in Example 4, it is obvious that Chen She is omitted from the previous example. The whole sentence together should be the sentence pattern of "someone goes to a certain place".

3. Using "Zhi" as an auxiliary word

The usage of "Zhi" as a auxiliary word is more complicated. There are roughly three types that appear in junior middle school:

1. "Zhi" is used as the solution of the structural particle "的".

For example: ① When you see something small, you must carefully examine its texture, so there is always an interest in things. ("Children's Fun")

②With the remaining strength of the remaining years, I have been unable to destroy a hair of the mountain. How are they like earth and rocks? ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain")

③Guan Guan Jujiu, on the river island. ("Guan Ju")

④The small and large prisons, although they cannot be observed, must be based on emotion. ("Cao GUI's Debate")

⑤The public's intention to lose his son was just to kill his ministers. ("Gongshu")

⑥ I want to use the land of 500 miles to Anling, but Lord Anling will give it to me! ("Tang Ju Fulfills His Mission")

From the analysis of the above examples, we can see that when the word after "zhi" is a noun (such as "qu", "zhou", "prison", "yi", "地") or a noun phrase (such as "一毛"), "zhi" is used as the structural particle "的".

2. "Zhi" is used between subject and predicate and is not translated.

For example: ① That’s very true, it’s unfair to you! ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain")

② Xu Gong is not as beautiful as the king. ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice")

③You are not a fish, how can you know the joy of fish? ("Zhuangzi and Huizi Traveled in Haoliang")

④ Take the people of the world and attack their relatives. ("If you gain the Tao, you will get many help, but if you lose the Tao, there will be little help")

⑤ Worry about the world's worries first, and rejoice after the world's happiness. ("The Story of Yueyang Tower")

It can be seen from these examples that when "Zhi" is used between a noun or pronoun (subject) and a verb or adjective (predicate), "Zhi" is not translated .

3. "Zhi" plays the role of adjusting syllables and is not translated.

This kind of usage is rare in junior high school, such as:

① Over time, the eyes seem to be in silence and the mind is very idle. ("Wolf")

② On the ridge where the plowing has stopped, I feel regretful and regretful for a long time. ("Chen She Family") ③④⑤⑥

It can be seen that this kind of "Zhi" is mostly used after adverbs of time to adjust syllables and is not translated.

1. When used as a pronoun, there are several situations:

(1) It can stand for people, things, and things. Generations are mostly in the third person. Translated as "he" (them), "it" (them). It is used as an object or participle, not as a subject. For example: Write "Shi Shuo" to explain it. ("Shi Shuo", generation, as object.) It's true that it's true. ("Encouraging Learning", Dai Wu, Zuo Jianyu.) People are not born with knowledge. ("Shi Shuo", acting on behalf of things, as an object.)

(2) Demonstrative pronouns, indicating proximal reference. It can be translated as "this" and is usually used as a compound attributive. For example: Two equal strategies. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

2. When used as a particle, there are several situations: (1) Structural particle, a sign of attributive. Used between the attributive and the central word (noun), it can be translated as "的", or it may not be translated in some cases. For example: If the people of Wu and Yue can compete with China. ("The Battle of Chibi") Where the Tao exists, there is also the existence of the teacher ("The Master's Theory")

(2) Structural particles, signs of complements. Used between the head word (verb, adjective) and the complement, it can be translated as "get". For example: The ancients often gained something when they looked at the heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation, birds and beasts, because they were so deep and thoughtful that they were omnipresent. ("Travel to Bao Zen Mountain")

(3) Structural particle, a sign of the preposition of the object. It is used after the object that is brought forward and before the verb predicate or preposition, and should be omitted in translation. For example: What crime did Song Dynasty commit? ("Gongshu", that is, "What is the crime of Song Dynasty")

(4) Structural particles. When a subject-predicate phrase serves as a subject, object or a clause in a sentence, "zhi" is used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence and does not need to be translated. Translation time can also be omitted. For example: It’s been a long time since teachers’ teachings were passed on! It’s hard to be free from confusion! ("Shi Shuo") The fierce officials came to my hometown and made noises about things. ("Snake Catcher's Theory") The solitary one has a hole in it, just like a fish has water. ("Longzhong Dui") (5) Syllable particles.

Used at the end of adjectives, adverbs or certain verbs, or between three words to make four words. It only serves to adjust the syllables and has no meaning. It should be omitted in translation. For example: In a moment, the sky is filled with smoke and flames. ("Battle of Red Cliff") Mr. Mao's three-inch tongue is stronger than an army of millions.

("Self-Recommendation")