Some common words in English, such as: thank you, hello, hi, sorry, etc. , is the simplest.
Polite language of.
When someone sneezes because of a cold, they will say "I'm sorry" and you will say "God bless".
It is you! "。
When you come to the store, the shop assistant will politely ask, "Can I help you?" .
People express politeness in various ways, such as 1. I thought you needed me, Mr. Singh. 2. May I come in, please? Use modal verbs to express politeness; Every piece of luggage must be checked carefully. Wait a minute.
If we talk about a person in a wheelchair (in Chinese we say disabled, not disabled), we'd better say a challenged person, not disabled.
It is better to use elders to describe the elderly.
In other words, in the process of using English, we should try to avoid suggesting gender, race, body and age.
This biased or discriminatory language. For example:
Example 1: Ms. Edward is a very tall woman. She is different, but she shines with wisdom.
In modern times, if people treat others for racial or religious reasons,
Expressing disrespect will be regarded as "politically incorrect", but disrespect and prejudice against plump people are not. The word but in the last sentence implies the speaker's prejudice that obese people are usually stupid. This is obviously offensive to others, so this sentence can be changed to: Ms. Edward, a very lar.
Ge Nv, who is inconvenient to move, shines with intelligence and wit. .
Ex. 2: Her research focuses on some special challenges faced by the deceased.
They marry a normal partner. . Using normal as the antonym of the disabled to describe a healthy person actually implies that the disabled are abnormal. Although we can say normal/abnormal hearing, vision, body movements, etc. Normal and abnormal are not suitable for describing people.
Her research focuses on some special challenges faced by those who are married to hearing partners.
Example 3: The residents on the island are friendly and cheerful. They are talented in music and dance, which makes western tourists envy them.
Every country and culture tends to stereotype other cultures (for example, stingy Dutch, enthusiastic Italian, gloomy Swiss, conservative Canadian, etc.). ), even if you don't consider the biased components, this stereotype can't see the characteristics of each individual who constitutes the whole. Friendly and cheerful actually went to the other extreme of racism-excessive flattery. Natural talent, on the other hand, puts too much emphasis on innate factors, which implies the denial of acquired efforts and ignores the specific performance of individuals.
It can be changed to: tourists will feel welcome on the island and be encouraged to enjoy important music and dance performances in local culture.
The noisiest customers were dragged away by the prison car, and the rest were quickly transferred. Now, of course, we won't say "you are too white" or "don't try to belittle me", but few of us know that Paddy here means derogatory words to the Irish.
Examples include: gyp (fraud or deception, from gypsies), Indian Giver (giving only to take back), and welsh or welch (breaking a promise or R).
Not paying off debts. The British call syphilis French pox, while the French call it English pox. The loudest customer was taken away by the police car, and the rest quickly dispersed.
There is also a kind of politeness that involves gender issues, which is also a special topic of this paper. English tends to be male-oriented: most roots are male (masculine), while females (feminine) need to be designated by affixes. For those who try to avoid this kind of discrimination, the most challenging part of English is personal pronouns. From the perspective of traditional grammar, it is ok to use he or he to refer to people with unknown gender, but now more and more people regard this as sexism. In English, however, there is no pronoun that specifically refers to any set of male and female condoms (someone invented "shim", but it doesn't seem to be recognized by the public), so in order to avoid gender discrimination, people have to write it as he/she, s/he or.
Use them as singular pronouns. He/she or s/he is not easy to write or pronounce, and their singular numbers are not French. People write or say these just to show that they will not use masculine pronouns to refer to all people (including women).
Of course, in spoken language, sentences like "someone left you this fan letter, but they didn't sign it" sound natural and won't cause ambiguity, but in written language, the grammatical rules are much stricter, so they usually only refer to the third person plural. For example, the following sentence is very inappropriate and easy to produce ambiguity:
Good response to the new version of the plan; For example, a customer said that they doubled their productivity in the first three weeks. .
In addition, indefinite pronouns each, every, anybody, etc. It is singular in itself and cannot be combined with them according to grammar, so the following two sentences are grammatically wrong:
Each student must hand in his own experimental report.
Every guest will get a name tag when they arrive.
At the same time, we can also use he or she (he or she; ; His or her), but pay attention to one thing: try to avoid using him or her repeatedly in one sentence, otherwise it will appear sloppy.
When the dialogue involves many people, it is more concise and accurate to refer to it with plural personal pronouns. compare
For example:
We ask each participant to publicly express his feelings.
We ask all participants to speak out publicly about their feelings. (better)
In some cases, we can also use one instead of he(one can sometimes replace the first and second person).
When using one, usually the speaker and the listener belong to the same group, or have the same characteristics and common interests. So, in a sense, one conveys the meaning of "you or me".
For example, as a writer, you can write a book and send it to other writers. (Does a person make himself clear? )。 For example, in an article about physicists, don't say: clinical judgment invoices physicists.
Use his experience and his knowledge of specific patients. For example, clinical judgment includes using personal experience and understanding of specific patients. But it should be noted that one should not be overused, otherwise it will appear "boring"
In some styles that can communicate directly with readers, such as manuals and instructions, we can use you instead of the third person. For example:
Readers should be familiar with these terms before continuing.
Please familiarize yourself with these terms before continuing. (better)
In order to avoid sexism completely, we can use the passive voice. For example, don't say: the advantage of making the research department responsible for obtaining research data is that it often obtains data for clinical purposes under any circumstances. For example, the advantage of investigating people who are responsible for obtaining research data is that this information is needed clinically in any case. But sometimes using the passive voice can make sentences look stupid.
Stupid or ambiguous, so the passive voice should be used with caution.
Finally, we can avoid using pronouns in active sentences, which is usually the easiest way. compare
For example:
A psychiatrist can get ethical research data from his patients, but his main goal must be to pay attention to their needs.
Psychology can objectively study patients' data from ethics, but it must not ignore the main goal of paying attention to their needs. (better)
That shy writer doesn't want to state his position directly.
It is inevitable that a shy writer will stand up and show his firm position. (better)
It is sometimes difficult to express the meaning accurately without pronouns, so the accuracy of expression should be given priority.
English polite expressions involve all aspects of people's daily life and are a huge and complex system. Only this paper.
One or two of these problems are briefly discussed. In order to have a deeper understanding of English polite expressions, we
We must deeply understand the whole English culture, its history, and know and master it in concrete language practice.