One: Abroad
Invention King Edison - American scientist, the famous world invention king. He made more than 2,000 inventions in his lifetime and made important contributions to mankind.
Bell - born in England, professor at Boston University in the United States, patentee of the invention of the telephone. He obtained 18 patents in his life and obtained 12 patents in cooperation with others.
Fleming - a British bacteriologist who invented penicillin. In 1945, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Physiology together with the British pathologist Flory and the German chemist Chain who developed the chemical preparation of penicillin. Medicine Award.
Biro - a Hungarian journalist, in 1943, invented a new pen that relies on the rotation of balls to deliver ink - the ballpoint pen.
Watt - Britain, invented the steam engine
Wright Brothers - United States, Wilbur Wright was born on April 16, 1867, and his brother Orville Wright was born on April 16, 1867. On August 19, 1871, they had a strong interest in mechanical assembly and flying since childhood, and were engaged in the bicycle repair and manufacturing industry. The Wright brothers originally made a living by repairing bicycles. The brothers were smart and studious. Since 1896, they have been enthusiastic about flight research. In 1903, the first aircraft that relied on its own power for manned flight, "Flyer 1", was built. In 1904, the Wright brothers built the second "Flyer" equipped with a new engine. The test flight was carried out at Fuman Prairie, and the longest continuous flight time exceeded 5 minutes and the flight distance reached 4.4 kilometers; in 1905, the third "Aviator" was tested, piloted by Wilbur, and continued to fly for 38 minutes. Flight 38.6 kilometers. Quote: Only a parrot can chatter, but it can never fly high.
Nobel - Swedish scientist, inventor, and a successful entrepreneur. The invention of explosives and detonators ushered in a new era of human conquest of nature. The Nobel Prize established by the huge fund behind him made him famous around the world
Part 2: Ancient China
Complete Sheng - Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing
Cai Lun - Eastern Han Dynasty, papermaking
Lu Ban - an outstanding inventor, born in 507 BC, in the Spring and Autumn Period The transitional era from the last years to the Warring States Period. Hand tools used by master carpenters, such as saws, drills, planes, shovels, and rulers. According to legend, the ink fountain used for drawing lines was invented by Lu Ban.
Li Bing, an outstanding water conservancy expert and a native of the Qin State during the Warring States Period, built Dujiangyan, giving Sichuan the reputation of "the land of abundance".
Zhang Heng - a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He remodeled the armillary sphere and created the anemometer and seismometer. He was not only a great astronomer and a genius machine builder, but also a talented litterateur and materialist thinker. This cultural giant has been admired by the world for thousands of years for his hard work and outstanding contributions.
Zhang Zhongjing, an ancient Chinese medical sage, lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and wrote a creative medical masterpiece "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases". The publication of this masterpiece brought my country's clinical medicine and prescription science to a more mature stage.
Ma Jun - a native of Fufeng, Wei State (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi Province) during the Three Kingdoms period, was a mechanical master in ancient my country. The silk weaving machine was improved, the compass carriage was rebuilt, and new keel carriages, repeating crossbows and stone-fired carriages were manufactured.
Zu Chongzhi - an outstanding mathematician and astronomer during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In 462 AD, Zu Chongzhi compiled the "Da Ming Calendar". He calculated that pi is between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. It was not until 1,000 years later in the 15th century that the Arab mathematician Al Qasi and the 16th century French mathematician F. Veda obtained more precise results. Zu Chongzhi also proposed the reduction rate and density of π. This density value is more than 1,000 years earlier than the results calculated by German mathematician Otto and Dutch engineer Antonitz. Therefore, the Japanese mathematician Yoshio Mikami suggested that the density originally named after Antonius should be changed to "Zu rate" to commemorate Zu Chongzhi.
In addition to the above-mentioned contributions, Zu Chongzhi also used precise calculations to transform the compass, make water mills, thousand-mile ships, etc., which had a significant impact on later generations. He wrote many works. In addition to the mathematical works "Zhushu" and "Jiuzhangshu Yiyi", he also has commentaries on "Yi", "Lao", "Zhuangzi" and other classics. Unfortunately, they have been lost.
Due to Zu Chongzhi’s extraordinary achievements, he became a world-famous mathematician and astronomer and enjoyed a high reputation in the world. The International Astronomical Union decided to name a crater mountain on the moon after him to express respect and permanent commemoration of him. He has brought honor to his country.
Jia Sixie—an outstanding agricultural scientist in the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. "Essentials for Elevating the People" written by him is a masterpiece of agricultural science, for which he is famous all over the world.
Sun Simiao - a native of Huayuan, Jingzhao Prefecture (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province) in the Tang Dynasty, in the third year of Yonghui, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty (652 AD). Sun Simiao completed "Essential Prescriptions for Emergency Preparations". "Qian Jin Yao Prescription" has 30 volumes, divided into 232 categories, and is very rich in content. It is the earliest clinical practical encyclopedia in my country. In July of the first year of Yongchun, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 682), Sun Simiao and Sun Pu did not close their eyes for two days and two nights, and finally completed the 30th volume of "Qian Jin Yifang", realizing their dream. He wanted to make up for the shortcomings of "Thousands of Gold Essential Prescriptions".
Shen Kuo - lived in the Northern Song Dynasty of my country and was an outstanding and erudite scientist. Throughout his life, he was engaged in political activities and did a lot of practical work that benefited the people; on the other hand, he conducted scientific research and made outstanding contributions to many subjects such as astronomy, mathematics, calendar, geography, biology, medicine, literature, history, music, etc. . Shen Kuo compiled his daily observations and discussions into words and compiled them into a comprehensive work. This is the masterpiece - "Mengxi Bi Tan", which is called "the coordinate of the history of Chinese science" by later generations. The content of "Mengxi Bi Tan" not only covers a wide range, but also the scientific and technological knowledge recorded reflects the advanced level at that time, so it was called "the coordinate in the history of Chinese science" by the historian of science and technology Joseph Needham.
Huang Daopo - an outstanding textile technician in the Yuan Dynasty. A complete set of cotton textile technology revolutionized by Huang Daopo quickly spread in Shanghai, Songjiang, Qingpu, and even the entire Suzhou and Hangzhou areas. Jiangnan, which was already known as the hometown of silk textiles, now has cotton spinning, and has truly become China's largest "source of clothing and quilts." This status has not changed even now. Huang Daopo's innovations in textile technology brought China, which was already the world's leader in the textile industry at that time, to a higher level. In particular, his contribution to the cotton textile industry has revolutionized people's clothing. Cotton gradually became an important raw material for people's clothing and quilts, greatly improving people's wearing conditions.
Li Shizhen - an outstanding medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty. Li Shizhen was humble and not ashamed to ask questions. He traveled throughout Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and other places, covering more than 10,000 kilometers, collecting a large number of specimens and collecting valuable first-hand information. At the same time, read various medical books with great concentration. He mobilized the whole family to organize, copy, draw, and proofread the collected information. After three revisions, the pharmacological masterpiece "Compendium of Materia Medica", which condensed Li Shizhen's lifelong efforts, was finally completed. The book has 52 volumes and more than 1.9 million words. It contains 1,892 kinds of medicines, 11,096 prescriptions, and 1,110 illustrations of animals and plants. It comprehensively and systematically summarizes the achievements of pharmacology in my country before the mid-Ming Dynasty, bringing together the pharmaceutical knowledge and experience of the working people, with pictures and texts, and raising the level of medical science in my country to a new height.
3. Modern Chinese Scientists
Zhan Tianyou, the pioneer of China's railway engineering (1861-1919 AD), built the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. The difficulty of this railway is undoubtedly the south entrance A section to Chadao City. It consumed most of Zhan Tianyou's efforts. The railway here follows a large ravine called Guangou, climbing more than 500 meters in less than 17 kilometers. The slope of the entire line is about 30‰. During this period, four caves had to be drilled, many bridges and culverts had to be built, and many large hillsides had to be cut away. The project was extremely arduous and there were many technical problems to be solved.
At that time, there were no engineering universities in China that could train their own talents, so a whole set of methods for cultivating talents in practice was created. Many of China's early railway engineering technicians and organizational managers were trained by him.
Li Siguang - the founder of geomechanics (1889-1971 AD) During the period of Japanese imperialism's invasion of China, Li Siguang took advantage of his lectures abroad to complete the monograph "Chinese Geology". He formally proposed A new theoretical name for geology named after "geomechanics". The creation of Comrade Li Siguang's unique geomechanics theory not only guided our country to develop oil fields with rich oil reserves one after another, creating conditions for the acquisition of economic construction resources such as coal, copper, iron, diamonds, etc., but also opened the door to the wider inland areas. , continental shelves and ocean resources claim bright prospects.
Zhu Kezhen - the founder of modern Chinese meteorology (1890-1974 AD) was the founder who truly elevated meteorological knowledge to science and was able to make more accurate forecasts based on it.
Hou Debang - a pioneer of China's chemical industry (1890-1974 AD). With the publication of the second edition of "Alkali Production Industry" in the summer of 1942, the birth of the "Hou's Alkali Production Method", that is, the combined alkali production method, was announced to the world. The success of this alkali production method caused a sensation in the world and became the most advanced alkali production method at that time. This is also the highest peak of Hou Debang's achievements in his life.
Mao Yisheng—an expert in modern bridge engineering (1896-1989 AD). A plan was created in which the three major projects of foundation, bridge piers and steel beams proceed simultaneously and in one go. The Qiantang River Bridge was built, which achieved two bests: the shortest construction period - two and a half years, and the lowest cost - US$1.6 million. The Qiantang River Bridge reached the world level at that time, surpassing all bridges built by foreigners in China. He proposed using the "large pipe string drilling method to build bridge foundations" and built the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, the first bridge over the Yangtze River. The Qiantang River Bridge and the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge are two monuments to Mao Yisheng and two milestones in the history of modern bridge construction in China.
Lin Qiaozhi, a famous expert in obstetrics and gynecology (1901-1983 AD), established a gynecological census system, which greatly improved women's health. Lin Qiaozhi made particularly important contributions to the prevention and treatment of gynecological malignant tumors. They have successively completed dozens of cases of "neonatal hemolytic disease", filling the gap in obstetrics and gynecology in my country. , while overcoming cutting-edge diseases, she devoted great energy to writing easy-to-understand popular science books such as "Family Health Consultant" and "Encyclopedia of Family Parenting", thus greatly promoting the popularity of this subject among the people.
Tong Dizhou - a famous experimental embryologist (1902-1979 AD) who broke through the genetic view that the genetic traits of organisms are only controlled by the nucleus, and contributed to the creation and development of experimental embryology in my country. Made a huge contribution.
Pei Wenzhong, the discoverer of the Chinese ape-man skull (1904-1982 AD), is a famous vertebrate paleontologist and paleoanthropologist in my country. He made outstanding contributions that shocked the world throughout his life to the research on paleontology, paleoanthropology and archeology in my country.
Hua Luogeng - a great self-taught mathematician (1910-1985 AD) invented "Fahrenheit's Theorem" and wrote the 600,000-word masterpiece "Theory of Stacked Prime Numbers". He also wrote "Total Study of Pinghua" , "Pinghua of Optimization Law" and "Optimization Law" allow scientific methods to be mastered by the broad masses of the people, transform science into productive forces as soon as possible, create tens of thousands of material wealth for the country, and have been praised by the majority of working people, who call him the people mathematician.
Qian Xuesen - "The Father of China's Missile" (1911 ~ ) At only 37 years old, Qian Xuesen has been recognized by the world as an authority in mechanics and applied mathematics and one of the pioneers of fluid mechanics research. , is an outstanding aerodynamicist, a pioneer of modern aviation science and rocket technology, and the founder of engineering cybernetics.
Qian Weichang - a famous mechanics expert and a struggler in the field of mechanics (1912 ~ ), the nonlinear differential equations of the plate and shell theory proposed by Qian Weichang are recognized by the world as "Qian Weichang's equations" ".
The monograph "Problems of Large Deflection of Elastic Circular Thin Plate" co-authored by him and his students summarizes Qian Weichang's work since 1948. It is the first time in the world that he successfully used the system perturbation method to deal with nonlinear equations. This method is recognized as the most classic and simple solution in the field of mechanics, and is called "Qian Weichang's method" in the academic circles. The "Calculus of Variations and Finite Elements" he taught attracted many students and researchers. He also opened a new subject "Strange Perturbation Theory" and wrote a lecture of 600,000 to 700,000 words.
Qian Sanqiang - a famous nuclear physicist (1913 ~ ). He not only contributed to the development of the atomic bomb, but also worked hard for the development of my country's atomic energy science and training of my country's atomic energy science and technology team. Made immortal contributions.
Tu Shou'e - modern aerospace scientist (1917~) He successfully presided over, organized and led the development and launch of my country's rockets and missiles. He was my country's first intercontinental missile and the "Long March-2" rocket chief designer. He has made great contributions to the development of my country's aerospace industry.
Deng Jiaxian - China's "Two Bombs Father" (1924-1986 AD), the pioneer and founder of my country's theoretical research on nuclear weapons. He has worked tirelessly for 28 years since the 1950s. Following the breakthrough of the atomic bomb, After discovering the principles of hydrogen bombs, he successfully developed atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, and further weaponized them. Later, he successfully developed new enhanced missiles. He made indelible contributions to China's national prestige and is China's "two-bomb hero." p>
Yuan Longping, a scientist who graduated from an agricultural school (1930~), wrote an important paper "Male Sterility of Rice" and proposed a "strategic concept of hybrid rice breeding", which is called 'hybrid rice' "Father of".
Chen Jingrun - a bright new star in mathematics. He has solved problems such as "integer point in a circle", "integer point in a sphere", "Hualin" problem, and "three-dimensional divisor" problem. He wrote a paper on the simplified proof of (1+2) and published it in 1973. This paper caused a sensation in the mathematics community at home and abroad. Some mathematicians said that Chen Jingrun changed mathematics. Some mathematicians say that Chen Jingrun reached the pinnacle of glory by using the sieve method to prove (1 2).