1. Treaty of Humiliation

1. Treaty of Nanjing

The "Treaty of Nanjing" was originally called the "Ten Thousand Years Peace Treaty" by the Qing court, and later also called the "Treaty of Jiangning" ” and the “Treaty of Nanjing” were the first unequal treaties in modern Chinese history. The treaty was signed on August 29, 1842, by the Qing government's imperial ministers Qiying and Iribu and the British representative Pottinger on the British ship Gaohuali moored on the Xiaguan River in Nanjing. It marked the beginning of the first Opium War. Finish. ?

Ceded Hong Kong Island; compensated the British for the price of opium, cigarettes, commercial debts, and military expenditures*** 21 million silver dollars; opened five ports to trade, and opened Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai to the Treaty ports allowed British people to live and set up consuls; agreed tariffs, British merchants should pay import and export taxes and fees, and Chinese customs had no autonomy; abolished the public service system and allowed British merchants to trade freely in China, etc.

In addition, it also stipulates equal exchanges between officials from both sides, the release of the other side's soldiers and civilians, and the withdrawal of British troops. ?

The "Treaty of Nanjing" destroyed China's territorial integrity and tariff sovereignty, facilitated the export of British goods to China, and caused China to begin to degenerate into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. After the Treaty of Nanjing was signed, Western powers took advantage of the situation and forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, which further violated China's sovereignty, destroyed China's natural economy, and accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty.

2. Treaty of Tianjin

During the Second Opium War in the eighth year of Emperor Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty, Britain, France, Russia, and the United States forced the Qing government to sign unequal treaties in Tianjin. The Second Opium War was an aggressive war launched by Britain and France against China in order to further expand their aggressive privileges. It broke out in October 1856 and ended in October 1860.

In 1858, the British and French fleets, with the support of the United States and Russia, attacked Dagukou. The Dagu fort fell, and the British and French forces invaded Tianjin. The Qing government sent imperial envoys Guiliang and Huashana to sign the Treaty of Tianjin with representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain and France.

3. The Treaty of Beijing

Including the "Sino-British Treaty of Beijing", the "Sino-French Treaty of Beijing", and the "Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing", it was the second opium treaty by the Qing government in 1860 The unequal treaties signed with Britain, France, and Russia in Beijing after the war. The Qing government appointed Imperial Envoy Yi? as the representative for negotiation and signing.

The texts of the three treaties are now in Taiwan and are housed in the National Palace Museum in Waishuangxi, Taipei. The signing of this treaty further deepened China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

4. Treaty of Aihun

Also known as the "Peace Treaty of Aihun", it was an agreement signed by the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia of the Russian Empire, Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov. The unequal treaty signed with Yishan, the Heilongjiang general of the Qing Dynasty, on May 28, 1858, in Aihui (now Aihui District, Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province). This treaty caused China to lose about 600,000 people north of Heilongjiang and south of the Waixing'an Mountains. square kilometers of territory.

The Chinese territory east of the Ussuri River was placed under the jurisdiction of China and Russia; only Chinese and Russian ships were allowed to sail in the Heilongjiang and Ussuri Rivers; the Qing government refused to ratify the treaty at that time. The Qing government first recognized it when the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing was signed in 1860.

5. The "Treaty of Shimonoseki"

It is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty government of China and the Meiji Government of Japan in Shimonoseki, Japan on April 17, 1895. Its original name was "Shimonoseki" New Testament", known in Japan as the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" or the "Japanese-Qing Peace Treaty". The signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki marked the end of the Sino-Japanese War. The plenipotentiary representatives of the Chinese side are Li Hongzhang and Li Jingfang, and the plenipotentiary representatives of the Japanese side are Ito Hirobumi and Mutsu Munemitsu.

According to the provisions of the treaty, China ceded the Liaodong Peninsula (later failed due to the intervention of the three countries to return Liaoning), Taiwan Island and its affiliated islands, and the Penghu Islands to Japan, and compensated Japan with 200 million taels of silver. China also opened Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou, and Hangzhou as commercial ports, and allowed Japan to invest and set up factories in China's treaty ports.

The "Treaty of Shimonoseki" brought Japan huge benefits and stimulated its aggressive ambitions; it made China's national crisis unprecedentedly serious and greatly deepened its semi-colonialization.

This treaty met the needs of the imperialist powers to export capital to China, and then the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China.

2. The Chinese people fought hard

1. Liu Hulan

In the autumn of 1946, the Wenshui County Party Committee decided to leave a small number of armed workers to continue the struggle, and a large number of Cadres moved up the mountain. At that time, Liu Hulan also received a transfer notice, but she took the initiative to stay and continue to fight. This 14-year-old female Communist Party member traveled back and forth in her hometown that had become an enemy area, secretly mobilizing the masses and cooperating with the armed workers team to attack the enemy.

On January 12, 1947, Yan Jun suddenly attacked Yunzhou West Village, and Liu Hulan was arrested for informing a traitor. Liu Hulan remained unmoved in the face of threats and inducements, and she lay calmly on the knife holder. Martyr Liu Hulan was not yet 15 years old when he died.

2. Yang Jingyu

Yang Jingyu joined the revolution at the age of 21. In the early 1940s, he was besieged by the Japanese army and seriously injured. He could not chew the bark of a tree and could only remove the cotton from his cotton-padded clothes. Swallow it with ice and snow to satisfy your hunger. When the Japanese army failed to persuade them to surrender, they fired random shots and Yang Jingyu, who was only 35 years old, died heroically.

The cruel Japanese army cut open his body. When they saw that there were only weeds and cotton wadding in his stomach, the invaders, who were overwhelmed by the anti-Japanese coalition forces led by Yang Jingyu, were all stunned. In the dense forests of Changbai Mountain in the ice and snow, the force that supported Yang Jingyu in fighting the enemy was his love for the motherland.

3. Zhang Zizhong

After the Japanese army surrounded General Zhang Zizhong with heavy troops, in order to contain the main force of the Japanese army, our army launched a counter-encirclement against the Japanese army on the outer lines. General Zhang refused to retreat and fought with the enemy. He fought hard and was hit by 7 bullets in the end. When he was dying, General Zhang Zizhong left his last words: "I fought hard and died. I have no regrets for the country, the nation, and my superiors, and my conscience is at peace!"

He was soon killed by the Japanese army. The famous general Zhang Zizhong of a generation He died heroically for his country. After General Zhang Zizhong died heroically for his country, tens of thousands of people in Chongqing cried to pay homage to his heroic spirit and mourned his death. His subordinates sang a song of revenge sadly and angrily: "The sea can dry up, the stone can break, but I will never forget the Pumpkin Shop!" expressing their determination to avenge General Zhang Zizhong. In May of the following year, his troops killed the Japanese chief Takehiko Yokoyama who was besieging General Zhang Zizhong in the Dangyang area.

4. The Five Heroes of Langya Mountain

In the battle, they were not afraid of danger and bravely blocked the attack. After running out of bullets, they fought back with stones. Facing the enemy who was approaching step by step, they would rather die than surrender. , destroyed the gun, and jumped off a cliff dozens of feet deep without hesitation. The feats of the five soldiers demonstrated their lofty patriotism, revolutionary heroism and unyielding national integrity, and they were hailed as the "Five Heroes of Langya Mountain" by the people.

5. Zhao Dengyu

In order to effectively eliminate the enemy troops in the attacking position, Zhao Dengyu asked the troops to wait until the enemy came within 100 meters before making a sudden attack, using grenades to explode and slashing with machetes. Because the two armies were mixed, enemy aircraft, artillery, and tanks were unable to function. At night, Zhao Dengyu took advantage of the enemy's negligence and led his troops to bypass the enemy from both wings and conduct an outflank attack. The enemy was caught off guard and suffered many casualties.

During the battle, Zhao Dengyu was injured in the leg by a bomb, but he was still injured and led his troops to fight hand-to-hand with the enemy. After several days of fierce fighting, the enemy's repeated attacks failed and their morale was shattered. The Chinese army won the battle of Xifengkou. In the Battle of Xifengkou, the Japanese army annihilated five to six thousand people, which severely dealt a blow to the enemy's arrogance.

Baidu Encyclopedia - Treaty of Nanjing

Baidu Encyclopedia - Treaty of Tianjin

Baidu Encyclopedia - Treaty of Beijing

Baidu Encyclopedia - Treaty of Aihun

Baidu Encyclopedia——Liu Hulan

Baidu Encyclopedia——Yang Jingyu

Baidu Encyclopedia——Zhao Dengyu