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Foreword: Why should we set up a basic tutorial class on the principles of Marxist philosophy?

Reason for running the school

Since 1980 Since the National Unified Postgraduate Examination of Political Theory in 2016, Marxist philosophy principles have accounted for the highest proportion of test scores. In four of the past five years, test questions have reached 32 points. Candidates generally report that they are the most difficult: difficult to understand, difficult to guess, and difficult to test. The average is lower than the overall average. To achieve high scores in political theory, we must ensure high scores in the Principles of Philosophy exam, laying the foundation for learning better political theory, getting better exams, and getting more high scores.

Teaching tasks

Teach the most basic and important principles of the Marxist philosophy of the church.

Teaching Objectives

The most basic and important principles of Marxist philosophy are scientific truths that have been tested in long-term practice. They are the essence of the spirit of our times and help the young generation establish a scientific world view and outlook on life. , values ??are of extremely important significance. "Studying philosophy can enlighten people. Learning philosophy well will benefit you throughout your life." This is Comrade Chen Yun's profound experience in his life, and it is also a wise saying that we should strive to practice. For now, our teaching goals are: (1) to lay a solid foundation for learning philosophy and getting high scores; (2) to further understand and master teaching methods; (3) to strengthen the confidence to win high scores.

Teaching policy

In order to complete the teaching task of teaching and understanding the church and to achieve the teaching goal of getting started, the problem of policy or method must be solved. The great man Mao Zedong pointed out: "For Marxist theory, one must be able to master it and apply it. The purpose of mastery lies in application." Therefore, the teaching policies we must implement are: (1) adhere to the unity of logic and history; (2) adhere to the unity of in-depth and simple explanation; (3) adhere to the unity of understanding and application.

Achieve the "Four Essentials"

We should learn and remember the teachings of the great man Deng Xiaoping: "I firmly believe that more and more people will support Marxism in the world, because Marxism is Science." "Marxism is not mysterious. Marxism is a very simple thing, and it must be practical." As long as our attitude is correct, we must love learning. If you study hard, know how to study, and know how to take exams, you will be able to change from difficult to easy, and you will be able to realize your desire to save time, be efficient, get high scores, and be admitted to graduate school.

(6) Teaching methods

1. Teaching calligraphy is also called marking calligraphy: in appearance, it means seeing (clearly), listening (understanding), and drawing (marking), but in essence, it means understanding, remembering, and understanding;

2. Methods to find, understand, memorize, practice and master test points;

3. Phased review method:

(1) Intensive class is to comprehensively master the content, cultivate abilities, and lay a solid foundation;

(2) Sprint class is to attack current affairs, comprehensive summary, and prediction Test questions and teachers' answers to consolidate content and enhance abilities;

(3) The finishing class is a supplement and summary for informing information, explaining test questions intensively, and solving difficult problems.

4． The main symbols for learning and marking: √, □, △, ☆, ▽,——,. . . ,○, .

5. Multiple-choice answer method:

(1) Positive selection method (sequential selection method);

(2) Negative selection method (fallacy elimination method);

(3) Comparison method (Mongolian guessing method).

Introduction: Philosophy and basic philosophical issues

1. What are the philosophical principles of Marxism?

Marxism as a theory or doctrine has a narrow sense and a broad sense. In a narrow sense, Marxism refers to the system of basic theories, basic viewpoints and doctrines founded by Marx and Engels; in a broad sense, it includes the inheritance, enrichment and development of future generations, such as the Chinese version of Marx in China. ism. The basic principles of Marxism we talk about and learn are broadly speaking, and mainly include Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy, and scientific socialism. The philosophical principles of Marxism, namely dialectical materialism and historical materialism, are the scientific worldview and methodology of Marxism, and are also the philosophical foundation of the scientific system of Marxist theory.

2. Philosophy is the knowledge of worldview and methodology

Marxism believes that philosophy is neither "a collection of all kinds of knowledge", "the handmaid of theology", nor "a science that overrides all specialized sciences". It is a generalization and summary of natural knowledge, social knowledge and thinking knowledge. It is a theoretical form of the world view or a systemized and theorized world view. It is a system of people’s fundamental views on the entire nature, society and thinking. It is based on generalizations, judgments, A system of worldview composed of logical forms such as reasoning and argumentation.

Philosophy is the knowledge of worldview and methodology. A worldview is people's fundamental point of view or overall view of the world. The worldview formed in daily life is a spontaneous worldview, while the philosophical worldview is a theoretical and systematic worldview, a conscious worldview. From ancient times to the present, the main content of the world view is the opposition between materialism and idealism, dialectics and metaphysics. Method is the sum of the ways, means, procedures, etc. used by people to realize the purpose of understanding and transforming the world.

Methodology is the theory of the most general or fundamental method of understanding and transforming the world under the guidance of a worldview. Therefore, worldview and methodology are unified, and philosophy is the knowledge in which worldview and methodology are unified.

The world view of Marxist philosophy includes the world essentialism and world development theory of dialectical materialism.

3． Basic questions of philosophy

Since humans separated from nature and developed human consciousness, everything in the world can be summed up into two major categories of phenomena: material phenomena and spiritual phenomena. All human activities can be summed up into two major categories of activities: understanding the world and transforming the world. These two major categories of phenomena in the world and these two major categories of human activities cannot help but involve the relationship between thinking and existence, spirit and matter. The relationship between the two is the most basic issue that cannot be avoided by human beings in understanding and transforming the world. At the same time, it will inevitably become a basic issue that philosophy cannot avoid.

Engels summarized the historical facts of the development of philosophy for more than two thousand years, and first clearly stated: "The major basic issue of all philosophy, especially modern philosophy, is the relationship between thinking and existence." Thinking and existence The problem of the relationship is equivalent to the problem of the relationship between consciousness and matter, and the problem of the relationship between spirit and nature.

The basic questions of philosophy include two aspects: the question of what is the primary and secondary nature of thinking and existence, that is, the question of origin and derivation; the question of whether thinking and existence are identical . Regarding the first aspect of the question, philosophers are divided into two camps according to how they answer this question: those who conclude that spirit is fundamental to nature form the idealist camp. Anyone who believes that nature is original belongs to various schools of materialism. This shows that different answers to the question of what is the origin and derivative of matter and consciousness are the only criteria for dividing materialism and idealism. The second aspect of the question, that is, the question of whether thinking and existence are identical, refers to "What is the relationship between our thoughts about the world around us and the world itself? Can our thinking understand the real world? Can we understand the real world? Do our representations and concepts of the real world correctly reflect reality?" Different answers to this question are the criteria that distinguish agnosticism from agnosticism. Acknowledging the identity of thinking and existence or consciousness and matter is agnosticism, while denying the identity is agnosticism.

The most fundamental of these two issues is the first, because it is the only criterion for dividing materialism and idealism, the basic factions of philosophy. It is a question of party nature or partisanship in philosophy, and it is also the correct answer. The premise and basis of the second aspect of the basic questions of philosophy, because all materialists are agnostics.

4． Basic factions of philosophy

(1) Materialism

Materialism is one of the two basic factions in philosophy. It is an ideological system opposed to idealism and advocates that only matter can It is the origin of the world. On the basic issues of philosophy, we insist on the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of spirit, and believe that the objective material world exists independently of human consciousness. Consciousness and thinking are just the products of the development of the material world to a certain stage, that is, the functions of the human brain. and attributes. The vastly different things and phenomena in the world are all different manifestations of matter. The identity of the world lies in materiality. In the 18th century, French materialists (such as La Mettrie) began to use the concept of materialism and called their philosophy after it.

In Europe, the development of materialism can be divided into three stages or three historical forms: the naive materialism of ancient Greece and Rome; the modern materialism that emerged in Britain, France, the Netherlands and other countries from the 16th to the 18th century (Also known as metaphysical materialism or mechanical materialism); dialectical materialism and historical materialism founded by Marx and Engels in the 19th century.

(2) Idealism

Idealism is one of the two basic factions in philosophy. It is an ideological system that is opposed to materialism and advocates that only spirit is the essence of all things. world view. On basic philosophical issues, it is advocated that consciousness and spirit are primary and are the origin of the world, while nature, things, and the external world are secondary and are derived from consciousness or spirit. In terms of epistemology, idealism advocates that human knowledge is innate or subjectively generated by the human mind. It denies that knowledge comes from the external material world and practice. In terms of social history, it regards human history as some kind of innate principle. It is the embodiment of principles and principles, or the product of the will of outstanding figures, and regards spirit, will and motivation as the decisive force of historical development. In the history of philosophy, the philosopher and mathematician Leibniz (1646-1676) first used the term idealism to refer to Platonic philosophy.

Idealism has different manifestations in its long-term development, and its basic forms are divided into subjective idealism and objective idealism. Although the two forms of expression are different, the essence is the same. Both regard consciousness and spirit as independent entities and the origin of the world.

① Subjective idealism: It believes that personal feelings and consciousness are the origin of the world and are primary. For example: Chinese philosopher Wang Yangming believes that "there is no external thing in the world", and British philosopher Berkeley believes that "things are a collection of ideas", "existence is to be perceived", and "objects and feelings are originally the same thing".

②Objective idealism: the belief that a certain "objective spirit" (such as Plato's "idea", Hegel's "absolute idea", the "God" in religion) precedes the material world. Independent existence is primary and the origin of all things in the world, and the material world is its product and expression.

5. Dialectics and Metaphysics

In the historical process of the evolution of philosophy, materialism and idealism answer the question of the origin and essence of the world, and at the same time further answer the question of what the state of the world is.

Different answers to this question have formed two opposing views of development: the opposition and struggle between dialectics and metaphysics. Dialectics looks at the world from the perspective of connection and development, believing that things and phenomena in the world are universally linked, developing and changing, and the reason for their development and change lies in the internal contradictions of things; metaphysics looks at the world from an isolated and static perspective, believing that All things and phenomena in the world exist in isolation and are static. The reason for denying development and change lies in the internal contradictions of things.

These two opposing views on development are always intertwined with the struggle between materialism and idealism, and are attached to materialism or idealism. Dialectics or metaphysics are either combined with materialism or idealism. The former is always subordinate to the latter, and the latter is often influenced and restricted by the former.

6． The evolution of the relationship between materialism and dialectics

The relationship between materialism and dialectics has gone through stages of combination, division, and recombination in the evolution of Western philosophy.

(1) The stage of combining naive materialism and naive dialectics. Its typical representative is Heraclitus. He believes that the source of all things is fire, fire produces all things, and all things finally return to fire, such as: fire → air → water → earth → fire; everything exists and does not exist at the same time, because everything is flowing and constantly changing. Change is constantly arising and disappearing; everything flows and everything is always new.

(2) The stage of split between materialism and dialectics. After the end of the Middle Ages when theocracy ruled everything, that is, starting from the fifteenth century, with the development of productive forces and the progress of social and natural sciences, the opposition between metaphysical materialism and idealist dialectics emerged in philosophy. Metaphysical materialism emerged and flourished in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century, represented by materialist philosophers from Britain, France, the Netherlands, and Germany. It opposed religious idealism and agnosticism, broke through the ideological constraints of scholasticism, and promoted natural science. It has played a positive role in the struggle to move forward and advocate respect for nature, knowledge and people themselves. At the same time, it is mechanical (so it is called mechanical materialism), metaphysical and incomplete (that is, it cannot implement materialism from a natural perspective into the social and historical field).

Idealist dialectics is typically represented by modern German classical philosophy from the 18th to 19th centuries, especially Hegelian philosophy. Idealism

Idealism dialectics is a dialectical theory based on idealism. Hegel believed that the essence of the world is "absolute idea", and "absolute idea" controls the movement, change and development of the entire world. Hegel's great achievement was that for the first time he "described the entire natural, historical, and spiritual world as a process, that is, described it as being in constant movement, change, transformation, and development, and attempted to reveal this The intrinsic link between exercise and development.” "Dialectics was mystified in the hands of Hegel, but this in no way prevented him from being the first to comprehensively and consciously describe the general form of movement of dialectics.

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